Njoka: mafupa a chokwawa ndi Mau ndipo zithunzi

Njoka - nyama ndi yaitali, ndi lopapatiza kusintha thupi. Iwo alibe miyendo, mapazi, mikono, mapiko kapena zipsepse. Pali chabe mutu, torso ndi mchira. Koma pali njoka mafupa? Tiyeni tikupeza Kapangidwe ka thupi la nyama zokwawa izi.

makamaka njoka

Njoka za kalasi zapoizoni, wazikang'a kumuwombera. Akukhala mu dziko lapansi koma Antarctica, New Zealand, Ireland, ndi zilumba zina Pacific. Iwo anapezeka ku Arctic Circle, ndipo amakonda kotentha ofunda. Anthu nyama zimenezi mu madzi chipululu, mapiri ndi nkhalango zowirira.

Thupi la njoka anatambasula ndipo malingana ndi mtundu wa kutalika yochokera kwa masentimita angapo mpaka mamita 7-8. khungu lawo ali ndi mamba, mawonekedwe ndi makonzedwe amene zimasiyanasiyana ndi khalidwe yeniyeni.

Iwo alibe zikope makina, akunja pakati khutu. Amva zoipa, koma mwangwiro kusiyanitsa kugwedera. thupi lawo amakhudzidwa kwambiri Phokoso, ndipo nthawi zambiri mu mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi pansi, nyama kuzindikira ngakhale zazing'ono kugwedeza-ndi matanthwe a pansi padziko.

Masomphenya bwino anayamba osati njoka zonse. Ndikofunikira kuti iwo makamaka kuti kusiyanitsa chisonyezo. Choyipitsitsa cha zonse kuona oimira mitundu wamoyo mobisa. Kuzindikira njoka nyama kuthandiza zolandilira wapadera kutenthetsa masomphenya. Iwo zili patsogolo pawo pansi maso (kuchokera pythons, njoka) kapena pansi m'mphuno lapansi.

Kodi muli njoka mafupa?

Njoka ndi adani. chakudya ndi yosiyanasiyana: makoswe ang'ono, mbalame, mazira, tizilombo, achule, nsomba, nkhanu. njoka Large akhoza kuluma ngakhale nyalugwe kapena Boar zakutchire. iwo nyama amakonda kumeza lonse, akukoka pa izo monga kuwonjezera pa. Zingaoneke kuti alibiretu mafupa ndi thupi ndi zina minofu.

Kumvetsa ngati njoka mafupa, zokwanira akaonekere kwa gulu lawo. Mu zamoyo, iwo kukhazikika bwino mu inakhala, ndipo motero, osachepera gawo ili la mafupa iwoŵa. Pamodzi ndi abuluzi, iguanas, akamba, ng'ona zikugwirizanirana zokwawa (zokwawa) agwilitse mungafike pakati achule ndi mbalame.

Nyoka mafupa dongosolo ali zofanana, koma mu njira zambiri zosiyana kwa mamembala ena a m'kalasi. Mosiyana achule, zokwawa asanu msana (khomo lachiberekero, truncal, lumbar, sacral ndi caudal).

Khomo lachiberekero msana tichipeza vertebrae 7-10 removably chikugwirizana kukhala kotheka osati kukweza ndi kutsikira, komanso kuti mutu wake. Mu thunthu ndi zambiri 16-25 vertebrae, aliyense wa iwo amamangiriridwa awiri nthiti. Caudal vertebrae (40) ali yafupika kukula kwa nsonga ya mchira.

Chibade zokwawa zambiri ouma ndi okhwima kuposa a achule. m'madipatimenti ake ofananira ndi choipidwa mu akuluakulu zinaphatikizidwa. Ambiri mwa oimira ndi sternum, mafupa a chiuno ndi miyendo iwiri lamba.

Mafupa a njoka ndi mawu olongosola

Mbali yaikulu ya njoka ndi kupanda kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Amasuntha ndi kukwawa pansi, kwathunthu kudalira thupi lonse. zoyamba za nthambi mu mawonekedwe a mphukira yaing'ono alipo mu kapangidwe ka mitundu ina, monga pythons ndi boas.

Njoka zina mafupa imakhala a Chigaza, ndi thunthu, mchira ndi zipsepse. torso dipatimenti kwambiri anawonjezera ndi nkhani zambiri "mfundo" kuposa zokwawa ena. Kotero, iwo ali pakati pa 140 450 vertebrae. Iwo inakula Mitsemphayi ndi kupanga dongosolo kwambiri kusintha zimene zimathandiza nyama kuti ndichotse mbali zonse.

Mafupa a njoka kwathunthu kwina sternum. Lililonse linkawonongeka pa mbali zonse za nthiti kuwonjezera, zimene sizinalembedwa cholukanalukana. Zimenezi zimathandiza kangapo kuonjezera voliyumu ya thupi pamene ingested chakudya lalikulu.

The vertebrae ndi nthiti ogwirizana ndi minofu zotanuka ndi thandizo limene njoka akhoza kuukitsa thupi vertically. Mu mmunsi mwa thunthu dipatimenti nthiti pang'onopang'ono kufupikitsidwa, ndipo mu gawo mchira ali kwina palimodzi.

chigaza

Onse mafupa njoka ya cranium ndi ogwirizana flexibly. Sochlenovaya, naduglovaya ndi okhota mandibular fupa zinaphatikizidwa wina ndi mzake, olumikiza makina wamsuwachi fupa olowa. Nsagwada m'munsi chili pamwamba pa gulu la amatha kwambiri anatambasula kwa ingestion nyama zikuluzikulu.

Ndi cholinga chomwecho m'munsi nsagwada yokha tichipeza mafupa awiri amene olumikizidwa kwa aliyense yekha mitsempha ena, koma osati fupa. Mu ndondomeko ya ulimi wa kudya, chimachititsanso njoka alternately kumanzere ndi kumanja mbali, kukankhira chakudya mkati.

Chibade njoka ali ndi dongosolo lapadera. Ngati maonekedwe a msana ndi nthiti ankaikira suborder lonse, chigaza limasonyeza peculiarities wa mtundu makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, mafupa mutu wa njoka yambobo ndi triangular mu mawonekedwe. Mu mutu Python ali elongated chowulungika-mphako ndi pang'ono flattened, ndi mafupa ndi okulira kwambiri kuposa njoka yambobo.

mano

Mano ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu kapena mtundu. mawonekedwe awo ndi chiwerengero zimadalira moyo wa chinyama. Njoka safuna kutafuna ndi kuluma, adani ndi kugwira nyama.

nyama chakudya kumeza, sikuti kudikira imfa yake. Wozunzidwayo si anathyola, mano nsagwada za njoka anayikidwa pa ngodya ndipo akuuzidwa mkati. limagwirira Izi zikufanana ndi mbedza kuti nsomba ndipo amalola mwamphamvu kukumba mu ulimi.

Mano leptophis, pachimake ndipo anawagawa mitundu itatu: constrictor kapena mosalekeza, corrugated, kapena pakati, dzenje, kapena tubular. Masiku ano choyamba, monga ulamuliro, mitundu si chakupha. Iwo ndi waufupi ndiponso ochuluka. Nsagwada chapamwamba imakonzedwa mizere iwiri, ndipo pansi - mu chimodzi.

mano pakati ili kumapeto kwa nsagwada chapamwamba. Iwo yaitali anapereka ndi mipata mosalekeza kudzera amene poizoni abwera. Iwo kwambiri ngati mano tubular. Iwo ayenera kubaya njoka. Iwo atathana (zonse udindo) kapena erectile (zidatunsidwa kuchoka poyambira pamene nsagwada za ngozi).

ululu njoka

A ambiri njoka - chakupha. Chotero chida oopsa, sayenera kwambiri chitetezo monga kugwetsa wovulalayo. Kawirikawiri ziwiri dzino poizoni bwino kwambiri ku nsagwada, koma ena mitundu ya iwo zobisika kuya pakamwa.

poizoni amapangidwa ndi zopangitsa wapadera, zomwe zili pa kachisi. Kupyolera mu njira olumikiza mano dzenje kapena ziboliboli ndi adamulowetsa pa nthawi yoyenera. Kuchotsa ake "mbola" mungathe munthu mamembala a rattlesnakes ndi mamba.

The owopsa kwa anthu mtundu wa njoka Taipan. Iwo kufalitsidwa ku Australia ndi New Guinea. Pamaso katemera anapezeka, mlingo wa njoka awo imfa unkachitika 90% ya milandu.