Newton mechanistic chithunzi cha dziko

Ngakhale kalelo, mu masiku a Plato, anachita mobwerezabwereza anayesa kumvetsa ndi kumvetsa zomwe zidzachitike kunja kwa munthu ndi mwa Iye yekha. Chifukwa kupanda nzeru ndi luntha udindo ambiri monga mawonetseredwe zauzimu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chidziwitso anapeza zachititsa kuti kumvetsa bwino njira wogwila ubale chikhalidwe.

Mbiri ya mapangidwe chithunzi mechanistic a dziko

Njira ya chilengedwe kudziwa anali zaminga. Iwo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya kukhala kumvetsa wamba malamulo ndi mtima wa anthu pa nthawi kuvomereza kapena kukana view makamaka a dziko. Udindo ankaimba ndi chipembedzo mu Ages Middle, polepheretsa zoyesayesa aliyense pa njira sayansi zikuchitika. Mitundu yonse ya zochita zosemphana ndi ziphunzitso za anathema mpingo ndi kutheratu. A nambala yaikulu maganizo kwambiri anawatentha pamtengo wachiroma kusaka. Izo zinali kokha kwa zaka za m'ma 17-18, pansi pa mavuto umboni weniweni, mozama ndithu anayamba popularize chithunzi mechanistic a dziko. Pa nthawi iyi, izo imachitika woyamba akuyesetsa kwambiri pa systematization ndi processing kafukufuku anapeza ndi ntchito za Nthawi zakale za anthu. Zikomo kumvetsa watsopano wa gulu la dziko kunatheka kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsa mu kupanga ndi moyo wa Zomwe mungaphunzire pa mlingo zopindulitsa.

Society ndi luntha chikhalidwe

Mapangidwe chithunzi mechanistic wa dziko chinathandiza mofulumira zamakono chitukuko cha anthu. Koma panapita nthawi yaitali kukhazikitsa. Kwenikweni, chifukwa chivomerezocho maganizo a anthu kuvomereza zinthu zatsopano kumvetsa maziko a chilengedwe chonse. Kujambula view mechanistic a dziko ndi mapangidwe ake wonse unatha pafupi zaka mazana awiri, mpaka cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Mothandizidwa akatswiri, anzeru ndi asayansi wa Nthawi yapita, monga Democritus, Aristotle, Epicurus, Lucretius, ndipo pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuzindikira ndi kuvomereza njira zakuthupi.

The anapeza chidziwitso cha masamu, sayansi, umagwirira, kusonyeza kusiyana ndi mbali ya chithunzi mechanistic wa dziko ku kumvetsa panopa malamulo a chilengedwe chonse pa nthawi imeneyo.

Ntchito za Aristotle ndi Ptolemy panthawiyi si wolondola. Komabe, izi zinali zoyesayesa loyamba kumvetsa ndi kuzindikira kodi mechanistic chithunzi cha dziko.

Chiyambi cha nthawi ya chithunzi mechanistic a dziko

Chinachake kenako mu zaka za m'ma 16, uyenderere wina wa ganizo sayansi ndi kumveka bwino m'dziko la Aiguputo "pa kasinthasintha wa zakuthambo zimangokhala malo" Nikolaya Kopernika. otsatira ake adawona rationality ndi kufunika kwa njira za sayansi, kuphunzira dziko. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito za Copernicus ndi Galileo anabadwa nyengo yatsopano ya dziko.

Pa ndondomeko kulenga view mechanistic wa dziko ndi mapangidwe ake anali kwambiri kukopa French wasayansi Mnazareti Dekart. m'madera chidziwitso chake chinali yotakata zokwanira, iye wagwira ntchito m'munda wa sayansi, masamu, nzeru, ndi zamoyo. maphunziro achipembedzo wa achinyamata Mnazareti sanakhale choletsa mu chitukuko cha chidziwitso, ndipo iye anali wokhoza kukhala m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa womvetsa latsopano dongosolo la dziko.

About zaka seveni nzeru zapamwamba ndi wasayansi anakhala akungoyendayenda m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri Europe, wambirimbiri zomwe zimachitika m'moyo ndi kusinkhasinkha mavuto ndi akatswiri a masamu a chi.

Descartes lakwaniritsa bwino kwambiri m'munda wa masamu. Robert zikugwirizananso ndi wotchuka ntchito "Masamu", lofalitsidwa mu 1637. Ndi ntchito asayansi maziko onse a masamu ano. Mnazareti komanso uli zizindikiro kayendetsedwe mu ajebura. m'mabuku ake anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko cha masamu m'tsogolo. Mu 1644, French wasayansi ndi nzeru zapamwamba anapereka tanthauzo lake la zikamera ndi kukula zina mtendere ndi chikhalidwe ozungulira.

Malinga ndi iye, dongosolo dzuwa ndi mapulaneti anapangidwa kuchokera chuma vortices ndi likuzungulira dzuwa. Iye anakhulupirira kuti thupi wosiyana sing'anga kumafuna imathamanga osiyana galimoto. Malire a thupi limakhala zenizeni, ngati thupi ikuyenda, ndipo amasankha mawonekedwe ake ndi kukula. ndi mitunduyi onse ndi matanthauzo iye yafupika makina kusamutsidwa matupi. Zachilendo tanthauzo, amadziwa kupezeka kwa ife tsopano, sichoncho? Koma anali maganizo a akatswiri a nthawi imeneyo.

maganizo Newton za njira mu chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe

Yosiyanasiyana maganizo mlengi wa chithunzi mechanistic wa dziko - Isaak Nyuton. Iye anali masamu, sayansi, katswiri wa nzeru ndi zakuthambo. mfundo zake zonse pundit zimenezi pamaziko a zatsopano ikuchitika, kusanthula iwo. The credo waukulu anali akuti "amanena si kuyambitsa!" An sayansi kupambana zofunika anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiphunzitso Newton wa zoyenda za mumlengalenga ndi zinthu zakuthambo zimangokhala malo. Akugwirizana ndi ntchito imeneyi, atulukira kukoka chilengedwe maziko a kuphunzira zonse za dongosolo heliocentric. Newton mechanistic chithunzi cha dziko anali olondola ndi zothandiza.

Mu 1688, zinachitika mu England ndi Glorious utasintha. Dziko nthawi ino aona wamphamvu nayonso mphamvu zandale ku ufumu wa ku analogue wathunthu wa chikominisi. Komabe, ngakhale vicissitudes la moyo, katswiri kwambiri ndi nzeru zapamwamba anapitiriza ntchito zolembedwa nthanthi za dziko.

Philosophy ndi sayansi ya m'mbuyomu

Newton mechanistic chithunzi cha dziko wadutsa ndi zaminga ndi zovuta njira. Mu ndondomeko ya kulemba gawo lotsiriza la iye anati: "The gawo lachitatu, ine ndikulinga tsopano kuthetsa nzeru za - ndi chimodzimodzi wamwano dona, kuthana ndi zomwe n'chimodzimodzi ndi kuchita nkhondo ndi malamulo." Kenako, mu kuwala anatuluka wake "Mfundo masamu a Natural Philosophy" (1687). dongosolo lino anatilola ambiri ndipo wakhala amphamvu okhazikika bwino chiphunzitsochi.

Mu Newton wapatsidwa ntchito ya Copernicus kuphunzira zoyenda ya mapulaneti dzuwa. The lomaliza wasayansi anali atatu malamulo akamaliza Descartes, Huygens ndi Galileo ndi maganizo ena lalikulu la nthawi, potero kudziŵa kukhazikitsidwa winanso wa mechanistic view dziko ndi kumvetsa njira m'chilengedwe.

Mu malingaliro ambiri za dziko m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chithunzi mmodzi wa dziko analenga ndiponso kusamalira chilengedwe. Newton ankaona danga la cholandirira cha zinthu zonse, ndipo nthawi - njira yaitali. Danga malire ndipo sasintha mu nthawi.

Atatu malamulo Newton mu dziko lamakono

Ambiri zatsopano wasayansi ntchito pa njira thupi pakati pa matupi. Pa ntchito anabweretsa malamulo atatu kuti ife ntchito lero.
Loyamba limati kuti mphamvu akutumikira monga chifukwa mathamangitsidwe wa thupi. njira zonse mu dziko amakhala imathandizira pa zinthu ndi chifukwa mogwirizana kwa matupi.

Lamulo lachiwiri limanena kuti mphamvu pa chinthu panthaŵi yotchulidwa ndi mfundo anapatsidwa amasintha liwiro lake, sipangakhalenso masamu.

Lamulo lachitatu limanena kuti zochita za matupi pa wina ndi mzake ofanana mphamvu ndi zosiyana mu dera.

Kuti chinali Newtonian mechanistic worldview. Space, nthawi sankalankhula ndi mzake, izo zinakhala ngati chodabwitsa osiyana. Komabe, tanthauzo la Newton anatumikira monga kutsogolera kwa kusintha kwa malingaliro ndi kusintha zonse chithunzi zonse za mlengalenga ubwenzi - nthawi.

kumvetsa chenicheni cha chikhalidwe cha malo ndi nthawi?

zaka mazana awiri kenako, m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, Albert Einstein ananena kuti Newtonian mechanistic chithunzi cha dziko la nkhani ndi danga angathe kutanthauziridwa okha mwachizolowezi, bwino kwa ife mu dziko. Mu lonse dziko umaimiridwa ndi malamulo sizikugwira ntchito ndipo amafuna rethinking. Kenako, wasayansi anayamba chiphunzitso cha relativity, lomwe linali malo ndi nthawi mu dongosolo limodzi.

Komabe, izi si malo omwe malamulo Newton mulibe ntchito zawo. Mkubwela kwa kuphunzira particles pulayimale ndi makhalidwe a khalidwe lawo zinaonekeratu kuti limeneli pali malamulo osiyana kwambiri. Iwo ali osamvetseka kwambiri, nthawi zina sizimadziwika ndi angasokoneze kumvetsa kwathu mwachizolowezi nthawi ndi malo.

Amaonera ku mawu sayansi ammudzi kuti kwadzidzidzi sayansi n'chosamveka likhoza ndikukhulupirira, kufotokoza disparity kwambiri maganizo za dziko ndi njira zonse zikuchitika ku mlingo subatomic.

Ndi zotsatira

Mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe pakati zakuthupi zachilengedwe azinga Newtonian mechanistic worldview watsimikiza njira zina za mbiri ya anthu. Technology ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko ndi umakhudza zinachitikira m'mbuyomu ndi udindo waukulu kwa m'mbuyomu ndi mawonekedwe pano chithunzi cha maganizo a dziko.