Kodi asilikali munda opaleshoni?

Pali anecdotes zambiri zokhudza ntchito ya madokotala. Ambiri a iwo ntchito anamunyoza ngati zachibwana opha nyama-humorists. Komabe, mu moyo weniweniwo, dokotala wa mbiri ino yakhala zovuta ndi udindo ntchito zokhudza chiopsezo moyo, osati mtima komanso dokotala yekha. Izi makamaka akatswiri woona mu opaleshoni asilikali kumunda. Tiyeni tipeze: mtundu wa ntchito, mmene kumasiyana ndi anthu ena ndipo mumakhala madokotala mbiri imeneyi.

Otchedwa asilikali opaleshoni munda

mawuwa anatchula mwambo zachipatala ndi nthambi ya opaleshoni kuti imakhazikika kupereka chithandizo kwa odwala, akuvutika chifukwa cha nkhondo, nthawi zambiri mwachindunji mu ndondomeko yomenyera okha.

Monga ulamuliro, m'munda wake chidwi zikuphatikizapo gunshot ndi shrapnel mabala, kubaya ndi kudula zochepa.

ndi mbali ya opaleshoni asilikali Kodi

Chithandizo cha anavutika yamtendere ndi nkhondo zimasiyana, makamaka pankhani opaleshoni.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali kusiyana.

• Mu nkhani yomenyera madokotala ndi kuchitira nambala yaikulu odwala mu nthawi yaifupi. Choncho, asilikali, madokotala ayenera kutha choyamba kuthetsa Zipatalazo pa zovuta za kuvulala awo.
• Jobs makina chipatala cha asilikali amafuna mankhwala thupi kupirira. Ndipotu, kuwonjezera zikugwira chithandizo, nthawi zina akuyenera kusamutsira molasidwa popanda thandizo la sayansi. Komanso, pamene madokotala mwachindunji nkhondowo kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito usana ndi usiku.
• Bungwe la zaumoyo ku nkhondo zimadalira mmene zinthu zilili pa kutsogolo (mseru bata, mthunzi).
• Asilikali dokotala nthawi zambiri ali osachepera zipangizo lilipo chifukwa wakhala matenda olondola a wodwalayo. Komanso, nthawi zambiri osati nthawi yokwanira kutero (chifukwa Akatswiri zimenezi, nthawi zambiri ntchito mu nkhondo). Choncho kudalira nzeru zawo ndi luso komanso osati pa kusanthula ndi kuwerenga.
• Popanga mtundu chithandizo, dokotala ikufotokozanso kupulumutsa miyoyo mu mphindi. Kwa nthawi amakakamizidwa amanyalanyaza zotsatira zoipa za mankhwala ake zina, kusankha wamng'ono zoipa ziwiri. Mwachitsanzo, pa nkhondo ya ku Vietnam mu opaleshoni asilikali munda chimagwiritsidwa ntchito cyanoacrylate (superglue). Ngakhale kawopsedwe ake chimathandiza pa gluing mabala, motero kupulumutsa Odwala kufa pa imfa ya magazi, kotheka kuwamasula ku nkhondo ku zipatala, kumene ndi thandizo kwambiri oyenerera.
• zipangizo zonse ndi zipangizo za madokotala asilikali kukhala m'manja, ndi zazing'ono ngati n'kotheka zoyendera ndi, mogwirizana ndi ntchito zawo (poyerekeza ndi zida kuchipatala) kupitirira zofunika zochepa.

Kodi kuphunzira chilangochi

Monga limatchula za opaleshoni asilikali pa nkhondoyo osiyana pang'ono kuti anzake amachita mu nthawi ya mtendere, m'mayiko ambiri a dziko pali masukulu madokotala zogwirizana. Ku Ulaya, iwo amatchulidwa usilikali Medical Academy (VMA).

opaleshoni asilikali adaphunzitsa monga chilango wothandiza ndi chizolowezi mabungwe mankhwala a mbiri ambiri. Komabe, pali mayunivesite mu Ankara (Turkey), Belgrade (Serbia), Kiev (Ukraine), St. Petersburg (Russia) ndi Sofia (Bulgaria) kwa anthu amene akufuna kuganizira specialization izi.

Kuwonjezera mabungwe, ndizosowa opaleshoni asilikali anaphunzira pa Asilikali University Medical, USA.

magawo a chitukuko

Poganizira tanthauzo la mawu "opaleshoni munda usilikali" ndiponso zimaonetsa ntchito ya akatswiri a mbiri imeneyi, m'pofunika kuphunzira mbiri yake.

Pakali pano, allocated 4 magawo mbiri ya chitukuko cha chilango chimenechi zachipatala.

1. Kuyambira nthawi zakale za m'ma XIX.
2. Asilikali opaleshoni munda m'zaka za m'ma XIX. (Muziganiziranso kutsegula N. I. Pirogova).
3. Zoyambirira mu XX. (Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse).
4. Popeza m'ma XX atumwi. mpaka lero.

opaleshoni History munda Kale

Ngakhale ngati woima zachipatala chilango opaleshoni pa nkhondoyo anatuluka kokha m'zaka za m'ma XIX., Womwewo chodabwitsa chinachitika kale nthawi yathu ino. Ndipotu lonse lankhondo mbiri ya dziko zikuphatikizapo Nkhani kuthandiza zotsatira zake.

Woyamba ndi nthawi yaitali opaleshoni asilikali zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: asanayambe manja ang'ono ndi pambuyo.

Mu oyamba pambuyo nkhondo asilikali anali, monga ulamuliro, kubaya kapena kudula mabala ndi fractures. Choncho, madokotala wakale makamaka kuwachitira. Tikumbukenso kuti zolemba izi ukupezeka zikalata chitukuko amakezana (Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, India ndi ngakhale Russia). Malangizo amenewa amadziwika kuti wankhondo wakale munda madokotala anayamba ntchito zawo pambuyo pa nkhondoyi. Komanso, pamene odwala anasamutsidwa kuti kuminda zipatala, ndi kutengedwera pa malopo. Nkosafuna kunena, mmene mkulu anali imfa ya asilikali?

Kutulukira onga ndi mfuti mabala ali qualitatively anasintha chikhalidwe cha yomwe inkafuna mtundu wosiyana chisamaliro. Pankhani imeneyi, akatswiri a zachipatala anayamba kuphunzira makhalidwe kuwononga minofu chifukwa gunshot kapena shrapnel.

Kwa zaka zana madokotala ankachita mosiyana. Mpaka m'zaka XVI. ankaganiza kuti chifukwa gunshot choipa poizoni thupi ufa. Komabe, chifukwa Ambroise Pare, nthano imeneyi anali inatha, ndipo mnzake lake Henri Ledran anayamba kuchita kung'ambika ndi excision mabala amene othandizanso. Zinachitikira madokotala French wakhala ophunzira bwino ku mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo ufumu wa Russia.

Otsiriza kudziwika dokotala asilikali A. Charukovsky zochokera atulukira nthunzi ndipo Ledrana ndi kuyang'anila yekha, ikuchitika nkhani ya makhalidwe mabala gunshot napatsa mwapang'onopang'ono ndithu (monga pa nthawi) malangizo a mankhwala.

Field opaleshoni m'zaka za m'ma XIX.

Ngakhale chitukuko yogwira opaleshoni asilikali, mpaka XIX atumwi. njira makonzedwe ake silinakwaniritsidwe ndipo anali kochitika mwachisawawa kuti kwambiri amachepetsa kuthekera kwa madokotala kupulumutsa molasidwa.

Komabe, ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XIX. chiwerengero cha mikangano yaitali motero zida chawonjezeka kwambiri (poyerekeza ndi zaka zapitazi). Izi ndi zofunikira ndi ogwira ntchito yachipatala kuwonjezera luso lawo.

Chiyambi cha siteji latsopano mu mbiri ya opaleshoni asilikali chinathandiza nkhondo Napoleonic. Pa nthawi ya khalidwe lawo la asilikali a mfumu ya French anatha kutsimikizira dokotala 2 - Pierre-Fransua Persi ndi "bambo ambulansi" Dominique Jean Larrey.

Iwo anayamba kuchita chithandizo cha msilikali wovulazidwa nkhondo, koma molunjika pa iye. Choncho, Percy magulu wapadera madokotala usilikali ndipo Larrey anayambitsa mwambo wa gulu la molasidwa pa medics nkhondo. Komanso, analenga dongosolo la zipatala m'manja opaleshoni - "ambulansi."

Malingaliro a madokotala French anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena. Mu Ufumu Russian pamaziko a awo Yakov Vasilevich Villie bungwe dongosolo ntchito zipatala asilikali.

Athandiza Nikolaya Ivanovicha Pirogova

M'tsogolo, kukula kwa nthambi imeneyi ya mankhwala wapanga chopereka chopambana ku Russian dokotala Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, amene ankaona anayambitsa opaleshoni kumunda.

Kuti iye yekha ndiye anayambitsa mawu, koma ankagwiritsanso angapo atulukira zofunika zimene zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha mankhwala ambiri. Kuwonjezera kulenga woyamba mwatsatanetsatane Buku la mapu anatomical, anayamba kuchita kumaliza ndiwobvulazidwa efa mankhwala, kuchepetsa imfa kuchokera mantha chowawa, ndipo adokotala nthawi zambiri kuchititsa ndondomeko.

Komanso, Nikolai anayamba kuchita imposition wa wowuma ndi pulasitala nsalu zochizira fractures ndi ntchito antiseptics. Zonsezi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha amadulidwa chiwalo.

Koposa zonse za pamwamba, dokotala wamkulu zachitika mfundo kusanja ovulala, limene masiku ano.

Kuwonjezera pa zopereka zothandiza opaleshoni asilikali, Pirogov linalembedwa ndi angapo mapepala ongolankhula pa chithandizo cha kuvulala kwa kusinthasintha movutikira, ndi tingachipeze powerenga lero.

Mwatsoka, ambiri maganizo wapatali Nikolai Ivanovich sizinachitike akuyendera kulikonse asanafe. chakuti iwo ankafuna kusintha lonse lankhondo dongosolo zaumoyo ya Russian ufumu pa izo kwa nthawi yaitali utsogoleri wake sanafune kuonetsetsa chuma.

Development wa opaleshoni kumunda zoyambirira za XX atumwi.

Pambuyo kutsegula Pirogov kwa nthawi yaitali mu njira asilikali kuthandiza pa nkhondo si anaonekera. Zosiyana mwina kuonedwa Kutulukira Friedrich Esmarch mtundu wapadera wa oyang'anira ndi wosabala mapaketi munthu kuvala. Last kwathandiza osati kokha, komanso kwambiri zoipa. Chifukwa cha kukhulupirira chiphunzitso chonyenga cha sterility gunshot chilonda zotupa zambiri (zofuna opaleshoni) sanali ankachitira, ndi osungidwa ndi phukusi wotsukira. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asilikali ambiri anaphedwa chifukwa matenda akufotokozera pansi kuvala lapansi.

Pa chiyambi cha First World nkhondo madokotala a British ndi French makamu anali mwachangu ochita opaleshoni mankhwalawa kuvulala kwambiri. Ankachita zimenezi pofuna kuchotsa zimakhala zowonongeka, amene kuwola ndinso anapereka kwa matenda. chiwerengero cha imfa zilonda anayamba kuchepa.

Dziwani kuti chitukuko cha opaleshoni usilikali pa chiyambi cha m'ma XX. Kwambiri ntchito za boma misewu. Ku Ulaya, komwe khalidwe anali mkulu, kubweretsa molasidwa kuti zipatala zinali zosavuta kuposa mu Russian Ufumu. Mu izo, ngakhale malingaliro pang'onopang'ono kwa Pirogov ndi otsatira ake, kwa zaka zambiri dongosolo la opaleshoni asilikali sanali kupangidwa.

zinthu zasintha chifukwa zikomo bwino kwa Vladimir Andreevich Oppel. Zinali iye amene kukhonzanso Russian asilikali munda mankhwala, zochokera zofunika kwambiri cha Akhristu ena ndi zoweta.

Kukwera kwa 1917 ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Chikomyunizimu, mwamwayi, sanaletse Oppel kupitiriza kukula kwa ntchito imeneyi ndi bungwe maofesi maphunziro kwa ntchitoyi mwadongosolo ndani.

zolemba zake kumayambiriro 30 ntchentche. Iwo anapanga chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso Soviet asilikali zachipatala. Pa maziko ake m'tsogolo kukhala osati munda asilikali, komanso opaleshoni ambiri.

Mbali wachinai mu USSR ndipo pambuyo Soviet m'mayiko

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha Soviet Union anapitiriza kuchita nkhondo Komabe, lili lonse ang'onoang'ono. luso limene tingaphunzire ndi madokotala 1941-1945., chinakhazikitsidwa mu kope 35 buku, amene mukopedwe zamoyo opaleshoni ambiri.

Ndi kupititsa patsogolo luso madokotala asilikali anatha mofulumira kwambiri atuluke ovulalawo ku nkhondo.

Chifukwa cha ichi, pambuyo pa mapeto a nkhondo Afghanistan mu 1989, chiphunzitso cha mankhwala asilikali munda wakhala ndikusinthidwa.

Mkangano Afghanstan wakhala lipindulitsa pa kutulukira zinthu zatsopano. Mwa asing'anga odziwika makampani - Evgeniy Konstantinovich Gumanenko. Asilikali opaleshoni ku nkhope yake yotengedwa ndi theorist ndi ogwira ntchito.

Osati kokha kuti iye payekha kupulumutsidwa zikwi zingapo yovulala, atakhala ntchito zovuta kwambiri m'munda, koma analembanso kwambiri wa milozo pa nkhaniyi. Iye ndi woyambitsa wa mmodzi wa wotchuka mabuku pambuyo Soviet pa opaleshoni asilikali. Gumanenko akuti ek ndi mbiri ankaona chilango.

Mayiko munda opaleshoni mu United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri

The Iron Katani, amene USSR anali wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kuchokera dziko pambuyo Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, angaletsedwe chitukuko cha opaleshoni asilikali kumunda m'dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Ulaya ndi ku US, makampani ali kusanduka mofulumira kwambiri. Chiyambireni cha Vietnam nkhondo mu United States aphunzira msanga atuluke anavulala ku nkhondo.

Komanso, mayiko a ku Ulaya pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse anali yogwira chitukuko cha mafoni zipangizo ndi zipangizo kuti apange ntchito mosavuta lero dotolo m'munda. Ndiponso anatulukira mndandanda wa hemostatic, krovozamenyayuschih, othetsa ululu - kuti amakulolani kupulumutsa masauzande miyoyo nkhondo ndi yamtendere.