Neutrino tinthu: tanthauzo, katundu, ikulongosola. neutrino oscillations - izo ...

Neutrino - ndi maziko tinthu kuti ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi elekitironi, koma alibe mlandu magetsi. Iwo ali misa ochepa, zimene zingapangitse kuti kukhala ziro. Ku misa neutrino chimadalira pa liwiro la. Kusiyana mu nthawi ya kufika ndi tinthu mtengowo uli 0,0006% (± 0,0012%). Mu 2011, izo unakhazikitsidwa Opera kuyesera kuti mathamangidwe ndi kuposa liwiro neutrinos kuwala, koma palokha zinachitikira sikuti anatsimikizira.

The tinthu chisawawa

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa particles ambiri m'chilengedwe chonse. Popeza interacts pang'ono kwambiri ndi nkhaniyo, ndi amazipanga kovuta kudziwa. Ma elekitironi ndi neutrinos samenya nawo amphamvu mphamvu nyukiliya, koma mofanana nawo ofooka. Particles ndi katundu amenewa amatchedwa leptons. Kuwonjezera elekitironi (positron ndi antiparticle), anatchula mlandu leptons muon (200 elekitironi misa), matchalitchi anayamba (3500 elekitironi misa), ndipo antiparticle awo. Iwo amatchedwa: elekitironi, muon ndi matchalitchi anayamba neutrinos. Aliyense ali chigawo antimaterial, kutchedwa antineutrino.

Muon ndi matchalitchi anayamba, ndi elekitironi chimodzimodzi ndi particles m'munsili. Iwo muon ndi matchalitchi anayamba neutrinos. mitundu itatu particles osiyana Chrixitu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene muon neutrinos kucheza ndi chandamale, iwo nthawi zonse kubala muons ndi konse matchalitchi anayamba kapena ma elekitironi. Mu zimene particles, ngakhale ma elekitironi ndi elekitironi neutrinos analengedwa ndi kuwonongedwa, ndalama zawo amakhalabe sichinasinthe. Zimenezi zimathandiza munthu leptons kulekana ku mitundu itatu, omwe ali ndi leptons mlandu neutrino m'nkhaniyi.

Kudziwa tinthu zinkafuna zoyesera lalikulu kwambiri ndi kwambiri tcheru. Monga ulamuliro, ndi neutrinos otsika mphamvu kuyenda kwa zaka zambiri kuwala mogwirizana ndi nkhaniyo. Choncho, zatsopano nthaka yonse ndi iwo amadalira muyeso wa kagawo kakang'ono kuti interacts ndi registrars wololera kukula. Mwachitsanzo, neutrino Observatory mu Sudbury, munali tonnes 1,000 wa madzi katundu umadutsa ndi chowunikira za 1012 neutrinos dzuwa pa mphindi. Ndipo anapeza 30 kokha patsiku.

History of anapeza

Wolfgang Pauli yoyamba postulated kuli tinthu 1930. Pa nthawiyo panali vuto, chifukwa izo zinkawoneka kuti mphamvu ndi patsogolo okhota si kusungidwa mu oipa beta. Koma Pauli ananena kuti ngati palibe panamveka neutrinos zimavuta ndale tinthu, ndi malamulo oteteza zachilengedwe mphamvu zidzatsatiridwa. Chitaliyana sayansi Enrico Fermi mu 1934 anayamba chiphunzitso cha beta kuwola, ndi anam'patsa dzina la tinthu lapansi.

Ngakhale maulosi onse kwa zaka 20, neutrinos sangathe wapezeka experimentally chifukwa chake mogwirizana ofooka ndi nkhaniyo. Chifukwa particles ndi electrically uncharged, iwo sachita mphamvu atomu, choncho iwo alibe chifukwa ionization zinthu. Komanso, iwo anatani ndi mankhwala kudzera mwa ofooka ankachita pang'ono mphamvu. Choncho, ambiri ozama subatomic particles angathe kudutsa nambala yaikulu maatomu pasanabuke anachita iliyonse. 1 Only biliyoni 10 particles izi ankadutsa nsalu ndi mtunda wofanana ndi awiri a Dziko Lapansi, wakwiya ndi mapulotoni kapena nyutironi.

Pomaliza, mu 1956 gulu la sayansi American, kutsogozedwa ndi Frederick Reines anakanena Mipukutu ya ku elekitironi antineutrino. Mu zatsopano izo antineutrinos ankalankhula riyakitala nyukiliya, yatikhudza ndi pulotoni ndi n'kupanga neutrons ndi positrons. Wapadera (ndi osowa) anasaina mphamvu ya yotsirizira ndi-mankhwala anali umboni wakuti kuli tinthu lapansi.

Inayambira mlandu leptons muons anali poyambira chizindikiritso wotsatira wa neutrinos mtundu chachiwiri - muon. Chiphaso awo zinachitikadi mu 1962 pa maziko a zotsatira za kafukufuku mu tinthu accelerator. Mkulu-mphamvu muons kuwola neutrinos popangidwa ndi PI-mesons ndipo analamula kuti chowunikira kotero kuti kunali kotheka kwa tione anachita awo ndi thunthu. Ngakhale kuti si a zotakasika, komanso mitundu ina ya particles, chinapezeka kuti nthawi zina pamene iwo anatani ndi mapulotoni kapena neutrons, muons, muons neutrinos, koma osati ma elekitironi. Mu 1998, asayansi American Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz ndi Dzhek Shteynberger anapatsidwa ndi Nobel Prize mu sayansi ya chizindikiritso cha muon-neutrinos.

Cha m'ma 1970, pa neutrino sayansi wabweza mtundu wina wa leptons mlandu - matchalitchi anayamba. Matchalitchi anayamba-neutrino ndi matchalitchi anayamba-antineutrinos tikusonkhana ndi mlandu lepton yachitatu. Mu 2000, asayansi pa National Accelerator Laboratory. Enrico Fermi lipoti loyamba umboni experimental kuli mtundu wa particles.

kulemera

mitundu yonse ya neutrinos ndi misa, zomwe ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa anzawo mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, zatsopano zosonyeza kuti misa wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za neutrino ayenera kukhala osachepera 0,002% ya elekitironi misa ndi Uwerenge khwimbi la mitundu atatu ayenera kukhala osachepera 0,48 EV. Lingaliro kwa zaka zambiri kuti unyinji wa tinthu ndi ziro, ngakhale panalibe kukakamiza ongolankhula umboni chifukwa chake tiyenera tikhale. Kenako mu 2002, Sudbury Neutrino Observatory chinapezeka woyamba umboni mwachindunji kuti elekitironi neutrinos panamveka ndi zochita nyukiliya ku maziko a dzuwa, malingana ngati iwo kudutsa izo, kusintha mtundu wake. Amenewa "oscillations" neutrino zotheka ngati chimodzi kapena zingapo mitundu ya particles ndi misa yaing'ono. maphunziro awo mogwirizana kunyezimira kwa dziko mu m'mlengalenga amasonyeza pamaso pa misa koma zatsopano zina zifunika molondola kwambiri tanthauzo.

magwero

zachilengedwe a neutrinos - ndi nyukiliya kuwola mbali mwa dziko lapansi, amene amapezekanso pa otaya lalikulu otsika mphamvu zinthu zosiyanasiyana za antineutrino. Supernovae nawonso advantageously neutrino chodabwitsa, kuyambira particles izi zitha kudutsa hyperdense zinthu aumbike mwa nyenyezi kugwa; mbali yaing'ono chabe ya mphamvu ndi kutembenukira ku kuwala. Asayansi amasonyeza kuti pafupifupi 2% mphamvu dzuwa - ndi neutrinos mphamvu aumbike mwa zochita za nyukiliya maphatikizidwe. Zikuoneka kuti ambiri mwa nkhani mdima wa chilengedwe chonse wapangidwa neutrinos ndi opangidwa pa Big Bang.

mavuto sayansi

Madera zokhudzana neutrino astrophysics, ndi osiyanasiyana ndipo mofulumira ikusintha. mungapezepo magazini atsopano zimene zimachititsa ambiri khama experimental ndi ongolankhula, zotsatirazi:

• ndi misa osiyanasiyana neutrinos chiyani?
• Motani ankaganizira, ndi Big Bang?
• iwo oscillate?
• Kodi mtundu wina wa neutrino kwasanduka wina ngati akudutsa kanthu ndi danga?
• Kodi neutrinos mwapadera kwa antiparticles awo?
• Kodi nyenyezi kugwa kupanga supernova?
• Kodi udindo wa neutrinos mu ankaganizira chiyani?

Limodzi mwa mavuto longstanding chidwi kwambiri ndi otchedwa dzuwa neutrino vuto. Limeneli ndi dzina chakuti pa zatsopano angapo lapadziko imachitika pa zaka 30 zapitazi, kosalekeza anati particles ang'onoang'ono kuposa zofunika kutulutsa mphamvu ankalankhula ndi dzuwa. Mmodzi mungachite ndi oscillation, mwachitsanzo. E. Kusintha kwa neutrinos elekitironi kuti muon kapena matchalitchi anayamba pa ulendo Earth. Ndiye kodi ovuta kwambiri kuyeza otsika mphamvu muon kapena matchalitchi anayamba neutrinos, mtundu uwu kusintha chifukwa chake sitikuchiona kuchuluka kwa particles Padziko Lapansi.

Chachinayi Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize mu Physics mu 2015 anali kupereka Takaaki Kaji ndi Arthur MacDonald kwa kudziwika kwa neutrino misa. Izi inali yachinayi ofanana mphoto kugwirizana ndi miyezo experimental wa particles izi. Wina akhoza kukhala ndi chidwi n'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kusamalira kwambiri zinthu zimene sakonda kucheza ndi nkhani wamba.

Popeza kuti sitingathe kudziwa particles izi ephemeral, ndi pangano nzeru anthu. Popeza malamulo a kwadzidzidzi zimango, probabilistic, tidziwa kuti, ngakhale kuti pafupifupi onse neutrinos kudutsa Earth, ena a iwo kucheza ndi izo. The chowunikira amatha mokwanira chachikulu m'kaundula.

Woyamba chipangizo chotere inamangidwa zaka zao za sikisite ndi kuzama mu mgodi ku South Dakota. kutsinde linadzaza mu 400 zikwi. L kuyeretsa madzimadzi. Pa avareji wina tinthu neutrino tsiku interacts ndi atomu ya chlorine, akatembenuka mu argon. Zosaneneka, koma Raymond Davis, yemwe ankayang'anira chowunikira ndi, anatulukira njira kwa kudziwika maatomu angapo argon, ndi makumi anayi mu 2002 ichi zomangamanga ft chodabwitsa anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize.

zakuthambo latsopano

Chifukwa neutrinos chifukwa iwo kucheza ofooka, iwo amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Iwo zikutithandiza kudziwa kumalo kuti mwinamwake sitikanatha anawona. Neutrinos wapezeka Davis, anapanga chifukwa cha zochita nyukiliya zimene zinachitika mu mtima wa dzuwa, ndipo anakwanitsa kusiya izi amazipanga wandiweyani ndi otentha mpando chifukwa sindikufuna kucheza ndi nkhani ina. Mukhoza kudziwa neutrinos panamveka kuchokera pakati pa nyenyezi ndi chakumene pa mtunda wa zoposa zikwi zana kuwala zaka Earth.

Komanso, particles izi kulola kusunga chilengedwe lonse ake ochepa n'chochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi amene akhoza kuyang'ana mu Large Hadron Collider ku Geneva, anapeza ndi Higgs boson. Ndi chifukwa chake Komiti Nobel anaganiza mphoto ya Nobel Prize chifukwa chotulukira awo neutrino wa mtundu wina.

kusowa chachinsinsi

Pamene Ray Davis anati neutrinos dzuwa, anapeza yekha chitatu cha kuchuluka kuyembekezera. asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Chifukwa cha ichi ndi chidziwitso osauka astrophysics ya Sun: mwina inawala subsoil chitsanzo kukambapo kuchuluka opangidwa ku neutrino ake. Komabe, kwa zaka zambiri, ngakhale pambuyo zitsanzo dzuwa akweza, ndi kuchepekedwa anakhalabe. Sayansi tcheru kuti chifukwa china: vuto akhoza zokhudzana timazindikira particles izi. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso, ndiye anapambana iwo analibe kulemera. Koma ena a sayansi amanena kuti kwenikweni particles ndi misa kakang'ono, ndi misa ichi chinali chifukwa chosadziwa.

Atatu yachisoni tinthu

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha oscillations neutrino, mu chilengedwe, pali mitundu itatu yosiyana iwo. Ngati tinthu ali misa, kuti limayenda akhoza kuwoloka kuchokera mtundu wina ndi mzake. mitundu itatu - ma elekitironi, muons ndi matchalitchi anayamba - mu mogwirizana ndi thunthu zikhoza kusinthidwa kwa lolingana tinthu mlandu (elekitironi ndi muon matchalitchi anayamba leptons). "Oscillation" chifukwa kwadzidzidzi zimango. neutrino mtundu si nthawi zonse. Chingasinthe pa nthawi. Neutrinos, amene anayamba linakhalapo ngati e-mail, mukhoza kuwasandutsa muon, ndiyeno kumbuyo. Choncho, tinthu, kupangidwa mu pachimake pa dzuwa, pa njira ya ku Earth zikhoza nthawi n'kukhala neutrinos muon ndi mosemphanitsa. Popeza Davis chowunikira akhoza kudziwa okha zinthu zosiyanasiyana za neutrinos, zomwe zingachititse kuti nyukiliya transmutation chlorine, argon, izo zinkawoneka zotheka kuti neutrinos akusowa inasanduka zina. (Iwo likukhalira kuti neutrinos oscillate mkati Sun, ndipo osati pa njira Padziko Lapansi).

The kuyesera Canada

Njira yokhayo ayese ichi anali kulenga chowunikira kuti ntchito kwa mitundu itatu neutrinos. Kuyambira 90s Arthur McDonald a University Mfumukazi ku Ontario, iye anatsogolera gulu, yomwe ikuchitika mu mgodi mu Sudbury, Ontario. Unsembe lili matani madzi olemera, anapereka ngongole ndi boma la Canada. madzi katundu ali osowa, koma mwachibadwa zikuchitika mawonekedwe a madzi, mmene haidrojeni munali purotoni wina m'malo mwa isotope deuterium ake ankawonjezereka, yomwe zizindikiro purotoni ndi nyutironi. boma la Canada Anasonkhanitsa madzi olemera, m. K. ntchito monga coolant mu riyakitala nyukiliya. Onse mitundu itatu neutrinos ukhoza kuononga deuterium kupanga mapulotoni neutrons, ndi neutrons ndipo anawerenga. Chowunikira mayina katatu chiwerengero poyerekeza ndi Davis - ndendende kuchuluka kuti bwino ananeneratu zitsanzo Sun. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana za neutrinos akhoza oscillate mu mitundu inayo.

kuyesera Japanese

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Takaaki Kadzita ku University of Tokyo imachitika kuyesera winanso wochititsa chidwi. chowunikira A wokwera mu kutsinde mu Japan analemba neutrinos kudza osati kwa dzuwa subsoil pamodzi chapamwamba mumlengalenga. Mu purotoni mwansanga kunyezimira dziko ndi mlengalenga anapanga yamvumbi particles ena, kuphatikizapo neutrinos muon. Mu mgodi iwo anatembenukira kwa mtima wa hydrogen mu muons. Chowunikira Kadzity akhoza kuona particles akubwera mbali ziwiri. Ena anagwa kuchokera pamwamba, akubwera kuchokera mlengalenga, pamene ena ikuyenda pansi. Tinthu chiwerengero anali osiyana, amene analankhula za chikhalidwe chawo osiyana - anali pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana mu oscillatory mkombero wake.

Kusintha Science

Ndi zonse zosowa ndi zodabwitsa koma chifukwa neutrino oscillations ndi misa kukopa tcheru kwambiri? chifukwa ndi losavuta. Mu chitsanzo muyezo wa pulayimale tinthu sayansi, chinatenga zaka makumi asanu zapitazi wa mzaka zana makumi awiri, amene molondola limafotokoza anaona ena onse accelerators ndi mayesero ena, neutrinos anali kukhala massless. Kupezeka kwa neutrino misa chimasonyeza kuti pali chinachake akusowa. The Standard Model si wathunthu. Akusowa zinthu koma kuti anapeza - ndi thandizo la Large Hadron Collider kapena ena, sanabadwe adalenga makina enieni.