Mmene angathetsere mavuto a chibadwa kuti zamoyo?

Kuphunzira malamulo zofunika chibadwa ndi kusintha mu zamoyo ndi mavuto ovuta kwambiri koma zingamuthandize kwambiri akukumana sayansi yamakono. M'nkhani ino tidzamva mmene malingaliro zofunika ongolankhula ndi postulates ya sayansi, ndipo kuthana ndi mmene angathetsere mavuto chibadwa.

Kufunika kwa kuphunzira chibadwa

nthambi kuwiri sayansi yamakono - mankhwala ndi kuswana - chimakula geneticists kafukufuku. Chimodzimodzi kwachilengedwenso chilango, dzina lake anali akufuna mu 1906 ndi English wasayansi W. Betsonom, si kwambiri ongolankhula wothandiza. Aliyense amene akufuna kwambiri kumvetsetsa limagwirira la cholowa cha makhalidwe osiyana (monga diso mtundu, tsitsi, magazi Mulungu), poyamba kuphunzira malamulo cha chibadwa ndi kusintha, komanso kulingalira mmene angathetsere mavuto a chibadwa anthu. Kuti ndi nkhani ife kuchita.

mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi mawu

Nthambi iliyonse ali ndi yeniyeni, achilendo yekha kwa iye, akonzedwa a matanthauzo zofunika. Ngati tikulankhula za sayansi zimene amaphunzira njira za kufala kwa makhalidwe cholowa, ife kumvetsa mawu otsatirawa ndi otsiriza: jini, genotype, fenotayipi, mbalame kholo, hybrids, gametes, ndi zina zotero. Ndi aliyense wa iwo tidzakomane, tikaphunzira malamulo, amatiuza mmene angathetsere mavuto mu zamoyo, chibadwa. Koma pachiyambi tiphunzire Hybridological njira. Ndipotu, ndi maziko a maphunziro chibadwa. Iwo anali bungwe la zachilengedwe Czech G. Mendel m'zaka 19.

Kodi adzalandira zotsatira?

Malamulo a katundu kufala kwa thupi ankagwidwa ndi Mendel kudzera zatsopano kuti ankachititsa ndi mbewu yodziwika bwino - mtola. Hybridological njira ndi kuwoloka mayunitsi awiri, amene amasiyana mzake ndi awiri chimodzi mwa zinthu (monohybrid mtanda). Ngati zimenezo zimaphatikizapo zamoyo amene ali awiriawiri angapo a njira (zosiyana) chizindikiro, ndiye kulankhula za poligibridnom kuwoloka. Wasayansi adafotokoza izi kalembedwe sitiroko mwakusakaniza zomera awiri mtola kuti ali mbewu wachikuda osiyana. A - chikasu utoto, ndipo - wobiriwira.

Mu F1 izi kujambula - hybrids wa yoyamba (I) m'badwo. Iwo onse ali yunifolomu mwamtheradi (yomweyo), chifukwa iwo ali wamphamvu jini A kulamulira chikasu mbewu. Kulowa pamwamba limafanana woyamba lamulo la Mendel (Rule F1 hybrids pachilichonse). Kudziwa Iye anafotokoza kuti ophunzira mmene angathetsere mavuto chibadwa. Kalasi 9 ali ndi pulogalamu mu zamoyo, amene anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane Hybridological njira za kafukufuku chibadwa. Komanso amafufuza ndi wachiwiri (II) zambiri Mendel lotchedwa lamulo la tsankho. Malinga ndi izo, hybrids F2, akamagwira kudutsa awiri hybrids mbadwo wina ndi mzake, ndi akuwaza mu chiŵerengero 3 1 fenotayipi ndi genotype 1 ndi 2 1.

Kugwiritsa chilinganizo pamwambawa angakuthandizeni kudziwa mmene angathetsere mavutowo ndi chibadwa popanda zolakwika ngati zinthu zawo ingagwiritsidwe woyamba kapena kale malamulo II Mendel, loperekedwa kuti ndizi kumachitika pamene ulamuliro wathunthu wa munthu wa chibadwa.

Lamulo limati palokha kaphatikizidwe zizindikiro

Ngati anthu makolo zimasiyana mitundu iwiri iwiri ya zilembo zina, monga mtundu mbewu mawonekedwe, zomera monga mtola, ndiye pakapita ndizi majini ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito Pinneta grille.

Mwamtheradi hybrids onse, ndiwo m'badwo woyamba kumvera ulamuliro wa pachilichonse Mendel. Ndiko kuti, iwo chikasu, ndi yosalala pamwamba. Popitiriza mtanda pakati pa zomera F1, ife kupeza hybrids wachiwiri m'badwo. Kuti tipeze mmene angathetsere mavuto pa chibadwa 10 kalasi mu kalasi la sayansi amagwiritsa mbiri ziwiri wosakanizidwa mating, kutsatira mfundo za komanso yogawanika phenotypically 9: 3: 3: 1. Mu chikhalidwe chimene chibadwa imakonzedwa awiriawiri osiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito Mendel lachitatu zopanda - lamulo kaphatikizidwe mbali limati palokha.

Monga tinatengera gulu magazi?

Limagwirira cha kufala kwa mbali monga gulu magazi anthu, si zizigwirizana malamulo takambiranawa. Ndiko kuti, si pansi pa chilamulo loyamba ndi lachiwiri la Mendel. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mbali monga magazi, monga maphunziro Landsteiner, olamulidwa ndi alleles atatu I: A, B ndi 0. Choncho genotypes ali motere:

• Choyamba gulu - 00.
• Chachiwiri - AA kapena A0.
• Gulu lachitatu - BB kapena B0.
• Chachinayi - AB.

0 jini recessive allele kuti majini A ndi B. A gulu yachinayi chifukwa kodominirovaniya (mwagwirizana pamaso pa majini A ndi B). Koma zimakhala zofunika kuganizira, kudziwa mmene angathetsere mavuto pa chibadwa cha gulu magazi. Koma si onse. Kukhazikitsa genotype ana mwa magazi, anabadwa kwa makolo ndi magulu ake osiyana, ntchito tebulo pansipa.

chiphunzitso Morgan wa chibadwa

Tikaonanso gawo m'nkhani "Malamulo a mayiko osadalira pa kaphatikizidwe zizindikiro", imene tafotokoza mmene angathetsere mavuto chibadwa. Dihybrid mtanda, monga amachita lamulo III Mendel, amene ndi mutu, ndi ntchito majini allelic, DNA magazi ali mu gulu lirilonse.

Cha m'ma 20 m'ma American zachibadwa T. Morgan ali ankanena kuti ambiri mwa zizindikiro olamulidwa ndi chibadwa, zomwe zili khromozomu chomwecho. Ali ndi liniya dongosolo mawonekedwe ndi Mgwirizano magulu. Ndipo chiwerengero chawo ndi chimodzimodzi haploid ya DNA. Mu ndondomeko ya meiosis, zikubweretsa mapangidwe gametes, maselo kugonana sindinabwere majini wosakwatiwa, iye ankaganiza Mendel, ndi lonse la maofesi awo, wotchedwa Morgan magulu zowalamulira.

kusinthanitsidwa

Pa prophase (Komanso woyamba meiotic magawano) pakati pa chromatids mkati DNA magazi amatumizidwa mbali (lukusami). zodabwitsazi amatchedwa kusinthanitsidwa. Ndi maziko a kusintha chibadwa. Kusinthanitsidwa n'kofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa kuphunzira zamoyo nkhawa ndi kuphunzira matenda otengera anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ziri mu chiphunzitso chromosomal cha chibadwa Morgan, tingamasulire ndi aligorivimu kuti kuyankha funso mmene angathetsere mavuto chibadwa.

Kugonana-zogwirizana cholowa milandu ndi makamaka nkhani ya kusintha kwa chibadwa, zomwe zili khromozomu chomwecho. Mtunda umene ulipo pakati majini mu magulu Mgwirizano chimaonetsera kuchuluka - mayunitsi mapu. A mphamvu lumikiza pakati majini mwachindunji njila kwa patali. Choncho, ambiri Kuwoloka pa kumachitika pakati majini, zomwe zili kutali Chrixitu. Taganizirani chodabwitsa zogwirizana cholowa mwatsatanetsatane. Koma mu timakumbukira oyambirira zimene zimapanga cha chibadwa udindo makhalidwe kugonana zamoyo.

DNA kugonana

Mu karyotype anthu ali ndi dongosolo la padera; akazi womwewo awiri X chromosome, pamene anthu mu banja kugonana, kuwonjezera pa X khromozomu, palinso U-Baibulo, zinapanga onse mu mawonekedwe ndi mwa m'ndandanda wa chibadwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti si magazi kwa X khromozomu. Chotero matenda otengera anthu monga amapatsira mwana wake, ndi khungu mtundu uka chifukwa "kunyema" imene imachititsa munthu pa X khromozomu. Mwachitsanzo, mwini wake wa ukwati wa amapatsira mwana wake ndi munthu wathanzi akhoza kubadwa mwa mbadwa za.

Njira pamwamba pa ndizi majini chikutsimikizira kuti jini zowalamulira zimene zimalamulira magazi clotting, ndi kugonana X khromozomu. Mfundozi asayansi pophunzitsa ophunzira maluso, kudziwa mmene angathetsere mavutowo ndi chibadwa. 11 kalasi ali ndi pulogalamu mu zamoyo, zomwe ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zigawo monga "chibadwa", "Medicine" ndi "chibadwa anthu". Iwo amalola ophunzira kuphunzira tinatengera matenda ndi kudziwa zifukwa umene Yak.

Mwanjira jini

Kusamutsa makhalidwe cholowa - ndondomeko m'malo zovuta. machenjerero awa kale bwino pokhapokha ngati ophunzira zofunika kudziwa osachepera. Nkofunikira, monga lili kuti makinawa yankho la funso mmene kuphunzira kuthetsa mavuto zamoyo. Chibadwa maphunziro mogwirizana ndi ndipamene chibadwa. Izi epistasis polima, mapolojekiti. Ife kulankhula za iwo.

CHITSANZO cholowa m'makutu anthu ali fanizo la mtundu wa zimachitika monga mapolojekiti. Atamva olamulidwa ndi mitundu iwiri iwiri imene imachititsa osiyana. Woyamba ndi udindo chitukuko wabwinobwino wa cochlea wa khutu lamkati, ndipo chachiwiri - chifukwa kugwira ntchito kwa mitsempha Makutu. Ukwati wa makolo wogontha, omwe ndi homozygous recessive aliyense wa awiriawiri awiri a majini, ana ndi kumva bwinobwino. genotypes awa alipo majini awiri lalikulu omwe amalamulira chitukuko wabwinobwino wa zothandizira kumva.

pleiotropy

Choncho chidwi mogwirizana jini imene jini mmodzi amene alipo mu genotype ndi, phenotypic akuti zimadalira zinthu zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, kumadzulo kwa Pakistan anapeza anthu ena oimira. Iwo alibe zopangitsa thukuta m'madera ena a thupi. Pa nthawi yomweyo anthu amenewa anawapeza ndi pakalibe molars ena. Sakanatha aumbike mwa mayendedwe a ontogeny.

Nyama, mwachitsanzo, nkhosa karakulskih pano lalikulu jini W, amene akulamulira mmene ubweya mitundu ndi chitukuko yachibadwa m'mimba. Taganizirani mmene W jini anatengera mitanda ya anthu awiri heterozygous. Iwo likukhalira kuti ana awo ¼ nkhosa ndi genotype ww, amafa chifukwa anomalies mu chitukuko cha m'mimba. Pa nthawi yomweyo ½ (ndi ubweya imvi) heterozygous ndi yotheka, ndi ¼ - ndi anthu ndi ubweya wakuda ndi chitukuko yachibadwa ya m'mimba (genotype awo ww).

Genotype - dongosolo kwathunthu

Zotsatira angapo a majini poligibridnoe kuwoloka, chinthu zogwirizana cholowa kutumikira umboni monga yomaliza chakuti ya chibadwa mthupi lathu ndi lathunthu zochitika, ngakhale ukufanizidwa ndi alleles munthu wa chibadwa. Iwo akhoza anatengera malamulo a Mendel, kapena loci kumayambitsa kumvera mfundo za chiphunzitso cha Morgan. Poganizira malamulo udindo njira zothetsera mavuto chibadwa, tinapeza kuti fenotayipi wa chamoyo chilichonse zimakhudza onse allelic ndi chibadwa sanali allelic kulimbikitsa chitukuko mbali umodzi kapena kuposerapo.