Mitundu ya dysgraphia ndi matendawa

Dysgraphia - ndi mtundu wa kuphwanya kalatayo. Zimachitika akuluakulu komanso ana. Si makolo onse mukudziwa zomwe yonse ya dysgraphia ndipo amakhala ndi matenda. N'chifukwa chake, anakumana ndi kuphwanya enieni a m'kalata, iwo zoposa zolakwa alipidwa ndi anadzudzula mwana osadziwa malamulo a kalembedwe mawu ena. Ndi bwino kuti Pre-bwino peculiarities wa dysgraphia, amene m'nkhani ino. Izi adzalola posachedwapa matenda kuphwanya ndi muchisiye izo.

General zokhudza dysgraphia ndi zimayambitsa matenda

Dysgraphia - yeniyeni kuphwanya kalatayo. Nthawi zambiri kumachitika mu ana. Mitundu ya dysgraphia, amene angayambe ana, yodziwika ndi mavuto lophunzira kulemba luso. matenda kumachitika mwana ndi chitukuko wabwinobwino wa nzeru. makolo ambiri sakhala pomwepo kuzindikira kuti mwana alipo siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo. Iwo zambiri kutenga izo chifukwa chosadziwa zinthu.

Violation (mitundu yonse ya dysgraphia) zimachokeradi paokha. Mwina limodzi ndi matenda ena. Zikuphatikizapo matendawa, ndi underdevelopment ambiri a mawu, kapena retardation maganizo. Mwana ndi dysgraphia kuchita zolakwa chomwecho. Iwo chifukwa si athanzi ntchito apamwamba maganizo, zomwe zimafunika mu ndondomeko ya kulemba. Mitundu ya dysgraphia, zomwe zimachitika ana, kuwapatsa mavuto ambiri, chifukwa chimene iwo ali ovuta adziwe chinenero. A mwana amene ali matenda ndi zovuta kuphunzitsa kuwerenga.

Chifukwa chenicheni cha matenda ndi zovuta kuzindikira kokwanira. Mapangidwe kuphwanya izi zimakhudza zinthu zambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo akhoza kukhala chitukuko m'goli wa hemispheres ubongo. Akukhulupirira kuti mitundu ya dysgraphia ndi matendawa chichokera kutengera za kumtundu. Chotero kuphwanya ndi Nthawi zambiri amapezeka ana amene amakhala m'mabanja nzeru.

Mumadziwika zimayambitsa matenda zovuta:

1. A mlingo wochepa wa nzeru. Amadziwika kuti kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba, mwana ayenera kukhala osachepera msinkhu pafupifupi chitukuko. Apo ayi, amavutika ndi maganizo a mawu ndi kukumbukira m'makalata.
2. Mavuto ndi kukhazikitsa ndondomeko. Pankhaniyi, mwana sangathe kumvetsa pamalo oyenera a zilembo m'mawu. Iye mwina analemba pang'onopang'ono molondola, kapena mofulumira, koma pa nthawi yomweyo limalola kwambiri cha zolakwa.
3. Sititha pokonza mfundo zithunzi. Pankhaniyi, mwana ndi zovuta kuwerenga. Iye sangakhoze msanga tikambirane zimene amaona.

Kawirikawiri yonse ya dysgraphia (neuropsychology kulankhula za) Kudzachitika ana omwe makolo ayamba kuphunzira kuwerenga, si powasamalira unpreparedness awo a m'maganizo. Violation ungadzakhazikitsidwe asavulale ubongo. Matendawa akhoza kukhala kobadwa nako. Nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa akhoza zimachitika vagueness ndi incorrectness cha mawu a anthu ena.

losiyanasiyana zolakwa dysgraphia zingachitikenso akuluakulu. Violation angagwe pambuyo kulanda zoopsa choipa ubongo, sitiroko, ndi maopaleshoni ena.

Matendawa. zambiri

Nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezera pa mwanayo ali dysgraphia matendawa. Matendawa ali ndi makhalidwe kusankha kuphwanya luso amaphunzira luso la kuwerenga ndi kulemba, pokhalabe luso kuphunzira. Iwo ali magwero a ubongo.

Akatswiri amalangiza kuti makolo fufuzani mwana pamaso pa matendawa musanayambe sukulu. Zizindikiro za matenda akhoza zimachitika kuwerenga pang'onopang'ono wa permutation makalata. Lamulo maulendo ndi mawu dokotala analimbikitsa ana onse osaposa zaka 6.

Matendawa, komanso dysgraphia kumachitika chifukwa chitukuko m'goli wa hemispheres ubongo. Payekha, kuyan'anila awa sali kupangidwa. Zotsatirazi mitundu ya matendawa:

• phonemic;
• zamalankhulidwe;
• agrammaticheskaya;
• kuwala;
• mnemonic.

Munthu amene ali ndi matendawa, n'zosavuta kuzindikira. Monga ulamuliro, izo zingaoneke kungoganizira kuwerenga movutikira retelling, kwambiri zolakwa pamene ankanena, m'pofunika kwambiri zokongoletsa ndife irritability. Anthu amene ali ndi matendawa, ndi zachilendo kwambiri kugwira kulemba ziwiya. Ngati mwana wanu ali chizindikiro chimodzi, Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga kuti katswiri.

A gulu la ana amene sachedwa dysgraphia

Chipatso mitundu Nkhaniyi zitsanzo dysgraphia athe makolo posachedwapa kudziwa kuphwanya mu mwana wawo. Ndi kofunika kudziwa kuti ana ali pa chiopsezo matenda.

Amadziwika kuti dysgraphia zambiri amapezeka ana amene kulemba ndi dzanja lake lamanzere. Komabe, si koyenera kuti retrain lefties. Ana amene ali ndi dzanja lamanzere amatsogolera, koma iwo kulemba chifukwa cha chilakolako cha makolo, inunso zambiri anakumana ndi dysgraphia. Iwo ali pa chiopsezo.

Ndi mavuto komanso ungatilepheretse ana ku mabanja nzeru. Tinganene, zovuta kuti azolowere ndi bwinobwino tione imodzi mwa zilankhulo. Mosavuta matenda kumawonjezera ngati mwana wanu, pali mavuto ena ndi kulankhula.

N'zotheka kuti mwana ndi mkhutu phonetic maganizo ukapezeka dysgraphia. N'chifukwa chake ana awa ali pa chiopsezo. Monga ulamuliro, iwo amalephera kusiyanitsa zilembo. Mwachitsanzo, kulemba "kathakal" m'malo mwa "kunyumba." Iwo akhoza mispronounce mawu ndipo usazilembe molondola.

Zizindikiro za dysgraphia

Mitundu ya dysgraphia pa sukulu wamng'ono ndi zitsanzo Sizikudziwika kuti makolo onse. Matenda kawirikawiri kuti madokotala. N'chifukwa chake makolo wosadziwa sindikudziwa kwambiri kuli chotero zolakwikazo. Si chinsinsi kuti matenda oyambirira a matenda aliyense angakhoze kupirira izo posachedwapa.

Dysgraphia yodziwika lililonse ndipo mobwerezabwereza zolakwika pa kulemba. Iwo zokhudzana ndi umbuli wa malamulo a kalembedwe. Zolakwa yodziwika ndi kusamutsidwa kapena m'malo a makalata. Pali kuphwanya dongosolo alpha-syllabic mawu.

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro ndi illegible cholembedwa. Pankhaniyi, makalata ndi wa msinkhu osiyana ndi kuweramira. Akhozanso pamwamba kapena m'munsimu mzere.

Mitundu ina ya dysgraphia ndi khalidwe zolakwa tingaone ndi kusokoneza mawu. Lili zolakwa mofanana m'kalata. Pali m'malo pafupipafupi makalata pa maziko ofanana phonetic. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mu kulankhula Chigawo cha mawu mu syllables zingaoneke, ndi maganizo chifukwa mawuwo.

Zizindikiro za dysgraphia mulinso pamaso pa makalata latsopano mawu, kapena sitili pa mathero. Zizindikiro zimenezi Ambiri mwa ana asukulu. Zingakhalenso pano pa milandu pachithunzichi declination, genera ndi manambala. Zizindikiro zimenezi zimachitika kulankhula pamene unformed.

Zizindikiro za dysgraphia mulinso Kuwonjezera mawu zinthu zosafunika. Munthu ali ndi matenda ndi matenda a ubongo, ntchito osauka ndipo utachepa tcheru. Ana otere ndi koipa kumbukirani mfundo. Angagwiritsidwenso anati galasi kulemba makalata.

Matenda a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dysgraphia. Zizindikiro za matenda, zimene kudziletsa oterewa

Kuona mtundu wa dysgraphia - sikutha kovuta. Tinganene, kuzindikira matenda zitha kukhala katswiri. The kale ndi matenda, zimakhalanso zosavuta kuchotsa izo.

Kutengera za kwa dysgraphia anapereka ana sukulu zaka 3-5. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri kwambiri kuona zachipatala, amene ali wofunikila chikuonetseratu kuti bungwe la maphunziro. Oterewa kale, silinatchulidwe kapena zolaula pa matenda mtheradi m'badwo uliwonse.

Matenda a dysgraphia M'pofunika kusankha mankhwala ndi uphungu. katswiri A tiyenera kusamalira kukachitika kuti mwana amadziwa malamulo onse kalembedwe, koma amalakwitsa. Matenda komanso muyenera kucheza, wophunzirayo akudutsa polemba makalata ndi m'malo ena.

Matenda ndi akatswiri ntchito makadi mawu. Chifukwa cha iwo, inu mukhoza phunziro kufufuza zonse ndi kudziwa pamaso pa mtima pa mitundu ya dysgraphia Lalaeva. Khadi mawu chofunika mwachindunji deta zonse za mwanayo ndi chitukuko.

Pali zizindikiro za dysgraphia, imene makolo angathandizire oterewa matenda a mwanayo mwini. Nkofunika kudziwa iwo. Izi zimathandiza kuti ayambe kuwukonza matenda mwamsanga.

Monga tidanena kale, dysgraphia pamene mwana wanu ali zambiri zolakwika. ana izi kusiyanitsa zilembo izi:

• "L" ndi "R";
• "Z" ndi "E".

Iwo anati illegible cholembedwa. Mu pakamwa wa ana awa kulemba m'malo pang'onopang'ono. Makolo nthawi zambiri sazindikira kuti mwana alipo siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo. Iwo anamuimba mlandu kusasamala wake ndi umbuli. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mavuto a kusafuna wophunzira. Aphunzitsi kuika ophunzira amenewa sukulu zoipa, ndipo amanyoza anzawo. N'chifukwa chake makolo akuyenera Pre-bwino zizindikiro za matenda, kuti kudziwa mmene zinthu zinalili kwa kupezeka.

Mwanayo zimavuta kupirira matenda. Zimakhala olakwika. ana amenewa amayamba n'kupita okha ndi kuvina makalasi. Kuwerenga ndi kulemba wosatenga iwo zosangalatsa.

mitundu dysgraphia

Pali mitundu ingapo ya dysgraphia. Pali mitundu ikuluikulu zisanu:

• lamayimbidwe;
• agrammatichesky;
• articulatory-lamayimbidwe;
• kuwala;
• galimoto.

Komabe, pali mitundu ina kuyan'anila. Nthawi zambiri, akatswiri chimatanthauza mitundu ya dysgraphia pa ana asukulu wamng'ono Lalaeva.

RI Lalaeva limatchula mitundu isanu ya kuyan'anila. Iwo anali systematized ndi kuphunzira dipatimenti ya lolankhula Herzen Herzen, kumene Raisa ntchito. Doctor wa Education limatchula mitundu zotsatirazi dysgraphia:

• articulatory-lamayimbidwe;
• kuphwanya kuzindikira phonemic;
• agrammaticheskaya;
• kuwala;
• kuphwanya zinenero kusanthula.

mndandanda ntchito ndi akatswiri a ambiri.

Akatswiri ambiri anaphunzira ndipo anayamba mitundu awo dysgraphia. Komabe, iwo analibe bwino.

Kufotokozera za mitundu ya dysgraphia

Mitundu ya dysgraphia Lalaeva ntchito ndi akatswiri zambiri. Nkhani umu mitundu yonse, mwakuchita dipatimenti ya lolankhula RGPU.

Amapezeka ana articulatory-lamayimbidwe dysgraphia. Pankhaniyi, mwana akulemba pamene akulankhula. Bukuli lili ndi kusinkhasinkha kalata molondola. Nthawi zambiri mwanayo skips makalata ndi m'malo ena. zolakwa zambiri kukhala pa kalata pambuyo mawu uphungu.

Pamene articulatory-lamayimbidwe dysgraphia zolakwika si nthawi zonse pano pa kalatayo. Nthawi zina, pakalibe makalata ndi m'malo awo kokha mu chinenero.

Ana nthawi zambiri m'malo mwa mawu olembedwa zikumveka muffled, "P", "T", "W" kuti "B", "D", "F". Kawirikawiri m'malo ndi waukulu pa kuimba muluzi. Pankhaniyi, mmalo mwa "F", "W" mwana limati "Z", "C".

Mitundu zitsanzo dysgraphia zimene zafotokozedwa m'nkhani ino, kulola makolo ndi mawu madokotala kusankha malangizo abwino kwambiri a infringements. Chifukwa cha matenda pamaziko a kusanthula chinenero ndi matenda kaphatikizidwe - vuto kugawa ziganizo mu mawu. Ana ndi dysgraphia monga mavuto ndi gulu la mawu mu syllables ndi phokoso. Pankhaniyi, mwanayo angafunse za mavawelo, zilembo, ndi apo zinaphatikizidwa kalembedwe.

Sizachilendo ndi lamayimbidwe dysgraphia (kuphwanya kuzindikira phonemic). Mtundu wa kuphwanya amakhala ndi m'malo a zilembo pa mbali mofanana phonetic ( "Forest" - "nkhandweyo"). Dziwani kuti katchulidwe ndi zolondola. Nthawi zambiri m'malo mwa makalata kusonyeza phokoso zotsatirazi: H T, H ^ ndi ena.

Lamayimbidwe dysgraphia view amapezeka mu chikhazikitso lolakwika la zilembo zofewa mu kulemba ( "Pismo", "lubit"). kutali articulatory ndi phokoso lamayimbidwe akhoza kusakaniza mu Zikavuta. Mitundu ya dysgraphia lamayimbidwe Ambiri mwa ana sukulu.

mtundu wina wa dysgraphia - agrammatichesky. Iwo amagwirizana ndi hypoplasia ya kapangidwe kalembedwe wa kulankhula. Mtundu kumaonekera pa mlingo wa mawu, mawu komanso ziganizo kapena lemba. Pankhaniyi, pali mavuto kukhazikitsa kugwirizana zomveka zinenero pakati ziganizo chinenero cholembedwa kuchokera kwa ana. zinayendera awo sikuti lifanane ndi zinayendera anafotokoza. Pakhoza kukhala m'malo a prefixes ndi suffixes ( "anasefukira" - "nahlestnula").

Komanso pali dysgraphia kuwala. Pankhaniyi, mwana sangathe kulemba kalata osiyana. Ichi ndi chifukwa chosadziwa dongosolo lawo. Chilembo chilichonse chili mbali payekha. Mwana ndi dysgraphia kuwala sangadziwitse ndondomeko chaubale ndi kulemba.

Palinso mtundu wosanganiza wa dysgraphia. Kodi inu mukhoza kupeza nkhani. Dysgraphia wosanganiza mtundu amawapeza pamene wodwala alipo mitundu yambiri ya matenda. Kuti tichotse ngati kulakwila ndi zovuta. Popanda thandizo la katswiri ndi chofunika kwambiri.

dysgraphia chithandizo katswiri

Nthawi zina kulibe tanthauzo lililonse anadzudzula mwana akalakwitsa mu kalembedwe ndi kulankhula. Makolo akulimbikitsidwa Pre-tione zimene dysgraphia. N'zotheka kuti zolakwa ndi kumphatikiza ndi kusafuna wophunzira, koma ndi kuphwanya lapansi. Kuti tichotse, muyenera kudalira katswiri wodziwa, ndi mawu dokotala.

Dysgraphia kusintha ndondomeko kumatenga nthawi yaitali kokwanira. Komabe, popanda, mwatsoka, si kokwanira. Dysgraphia nthawi zonse kugwirizana ndi zosalongosoka chitukuko mmodzi wa nyumba ubongo. Nthawi zambiri ana anatumizidwa mankhwala. Mwatsoka, mapiritsi sadzapulumuka kuthetsa vutolo. Mbali yaikulu ya malangizo chikuchitika mu m'kalasi ku ndikuphunzitsidwa kulankhula.

zofunika zokwanira kupereka thandizo mwana. Mu ndondomeko ya chilangizo makolo ayenera naonsO angapezekeko. Tikumbukenso kuti nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu kuphwanya zaka 8-10. Nthawi imeneyi mwanayo ingathandize kupenda zolankhula ndi kulemba izo. zosiyanasiyana zokambirana kuthetsa dysgraphia (kalasi 5) mungapeze nkhani. Iwo ayenera nthawi zonse kuchita ndi mwana kunyumba.

Ana ndi dysgraphia Nthawi zambiri chifukwa mavuto ake. Iwo kuopa kulakwitsa. N'chifukwa chake kusewera truant ndi manyazi kuchita homuweki. Makolo ayenera kuchitira mwana uyu ndi kumvetsa choncho ayi anadzudzula iye.

Kuti anayamba kukonza mwana, mawu dokotala m'pofunika matenda ndi kudziwa maonekedwe ake. Pakuti ili, monga ife tinanena kale, katswiri ntchito khadi kulankhula. Izo ziyenera kumela mu luso mwana.

Pambuyo njira kukonza mtima kakufunika konzanso chithandizo. Madokotala mankhwala mankhwala thupi, kutikita ndi hydrotherapy.

Pafupifupi nthawi zonse ana ndi dysgraphia pali zabwino zithunzi kukumbukira. Choncho, ntchito ya malangizo kusokera inefficient. luso mwana panopa. Iye basi kukonza zolakwika mu malemba basi.

dysgraphia chithandizo ayenera kutenga malo mu malo omasuka mwanayo. M'kalasi, ayenera kulandira maganizo chabe positive. Mulimonsemo sikutheka kuwonjezera ndi kupanga mawu a m'lemba kuti kulilembanso kangapo. Zimenezi zingachititse nafe ndiponso kusafuna nkhani iliyonse.

Kulankhula ndi dokotala ndiponso makolo Mulimonsemo sayenera kusonyeza kuganizira kwambiri za matendawa. Musaiwale kutamanda mwana wanu ngakhale bwino zazing'ono.

Zochita kukonza dysgraphia ndi matendawa

Mitundu zokambirana kuthetsa dysgraphia (kalasi 5) ndi kukhazikitsa awo - ndi gawo lofunika mu ndondomeko ya ndiyotani pakuchotsa nkhanza. Ndi bwino ntchito kupyolera mwa iwo ndi mwana wanu tsiku lililonse. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti tichotse dysgraphia ndi matendawa mu nthawi yaifupi zotheka.

Pali njira zambiri ndi ntchito kuti amakulolani tichotse kuyan'anila mu kulemba ndi kulankhula. Nthawi zambiri, akatswiri amalangiza mwana kutsindika makalata mabvuto.

Kuthetsa dysgraphia tikulimbikitsidwa kuti ntchito zithunzi zapadera. Kupereka mwana chithunzi kuti alipo nkhani kanthu ndi kapangidwe ka mawu. wophunzira woyamba ayenera dzina phunziro, kenako lembani phokoso onse mmodzi ndi mmodzi.

Ana ndi matendawa ndi dysgraphia komanso akupemphedwa kuchita womberani, akamanena za ndiko kumanga makalata tchulani mawu. Ndiye mwana ayenera kuwerenga mawu mokweza. Akatswiri amalangiza kuti ngati kuli kotheka kulemba dictations. Izi zimathandiza kuti kwambiri kusintha kulemba luso.

aphunzitsi ambiri sadayidziwa yonse ya dysgraphia, ndi chilangizo cha makalasi awo pa sukulu, monga ulamuliro, si ikuchitika. Ngati mphunzitsi amadandaula za ntchito otsika maphunziro a mwanayo, amene amagwirizana ndi mawu pachithunzichi kuwerenga kapena kulemba, makolo ayenera kumatsatira chifukwa nkhaniyi ndi kukaonana ndi katswiri pa matenda.

Kuthetsa dysgraphia ana amalangiza kuphunzitsa luso galimoto ya manja ntchito labyrinths - mwana ayenera lembani mzere unseparated. Akuti ogwira mizere thupi. Pankhaniyi, mwana amafuna kuti zichotsedwa kuchokera zambiri za malemba anapatsidwa kalata.

Polongosola mwachidule

Dysgraphia - matenda amene amakhala ndi matenda enieni mu chinenero. Ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse limodzi ndi matendawa. Kupeza matenda amenewa n'kovuta. Nthawi zambiri makolo ndi vuto la mwanayo chifukwa akufuna kudziwa. Ndiyamika nkhani mupeza mitundu angati a dysgraphia waima mankhwala amakono kulankhula ndi momwe iwo yodziwika. Izi adzalola aliyense amene akufuna kusiyanitsa kuphwanya olembedwa ndi chinenero kophunzira.