Mercury: ngozi anthu. The owopsa ndi Mercury

Mfundo yoyamba za mankhwala okhala ndi Mercury, yatsikira kwa ife kuchokera nthawi makedzana. Aristotle anatchula izo kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 350 BC, koma zinthu zakale zikusonyeza ina nthawi ya ntchito. M'madera chachikulu cha ntchito mankhwala enaake mankhwala, luso ndi zomangamanga, kupanga kalirole Venetian, processing zitsulo, ndi zina zotero. D. Iwo zimaonetsa anthu kupeza yekha ndi kuyesera kuti chofunika kwambiri nthawi ndi ndalama miyoyo yambiri. chakuti Mercury ndi ngozi anthu, ndi kuyambira chiyambi cha ntchito zake. njira makono pothandiza kufufuza zambiri aluso ndi otetezeka, koma zambiri za zitsulo anthu adakali sindikudziwa.

mankhwala amafotokozera

M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndi Mercury - ndi madzi katundu ndi woyera ndi siliva, adzaupereka kwa zitsulo chimene chasonyeza M. V. Lomonosovym ndi I. Brown mu 1759. Asayansi Zaoneka kuti boma olimba ndi electrically conductive ndi akhoza wopeka. Mercury (Hydrargyrum, Hg) mu nthawi ndi nthawi D. I. Mendeleeva ali atomiki nambala 80, ili mu nyengo ya chisanu, gulu 2, ndi ukukamba nthaka subgroup. Kumasulira kwa dzina Latin amatanthauza "madzi siliva" ku Old - "yokulungira." Wapadera amafotokozera ali kale mu chakuti yekha madzi zitsulo, lomwe chikhalidwe ndi mu maonekedwe omwazika ndi kumachitika mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala. Kusiya ndi mankhwala enaake oopsa, kutsetsereka pa thanthwe, - chodabwitsa zosatheka. Molar misa mchitidwe - ga 200 / mol, ndi atomiki utali wozungulira - 157 madzulo.

katundu

Pa 20 ^{° C} kulemera enieni Mercury ndi 13,55 g / ^cm3, ndondomeko limatsogolera chofunika ^za -39 C kwa kuwira - 357 ^{° C,} kuti kuzizira -38,89 ° ^C. Kuchuluka nthunzi kuthamanga amapereka ndalama mkulu evaporation . Ndi kukula kutentha, ndi Mercury nthuzi ndi owopsa kwa zamoyo, ndipo si chopinga madzi kapena madzi ena aliwonse ndondomekoyi. chuma ambiri anafuna kuchita - kupeza mapaziwo apangidwa kuti aumbike mwa nchito yanyumba ya Mercury zitsulo. Ndi nambala yake yaikulu ya ankasinthana semiliquid aloyi boma akaphatikiza. Mercury mosavuta lotulukira ku pawiri kuti ntchito ayambe zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kwa miyala. Kulumikizana osati kukhala zitsulo monga tungsten, chitsulo, molybdenum, vanadium. Mankhwala Mercury - mokwanira kugonjetsedwa membala wakupambana mosavuta mu boma mbadwa ndi amachitira ndi mpweya yekha pa kutentha (300 ° ^C). Mwa kuchita ndi kuvunda asidi kumachitika kokha asidi nitric ndi Aqua regia. Zachitsulo Mercury ndi oxidized ndi sulfure kapena permanganate potaziyamu. Ndi mwachangu amachitira ndi halogens (ayodini, bromine, fluorine, chlorine) ndipo sanali zitsulo (selenium, phosphorous, sulfure). mankhwala Organic ndi mpweya atomu (alkyl-Mercury) ndi khola kwambiri maonekedwe ndi chilengedwe. Methylmercury ndi chimodzi cha mankhwala ambiri poizoni organometallic ndi mfundo yochepa unyolo. Mu chikhalidwe ichi, ngozi Mercury kuti anthu akukhala wapamwamba.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Ngati tikambirana Mercury monga mchere, amene ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri ndi malo a zochita za anthu, ndi osowa zitsulo. Akuti mu wosanjikiza padziko lapansi kutumphuka lili% 0,02 yekha kuchuluka okwana mchitidwe anati. Ambiri mwa Mercury ndi mankhwala ake ndi nyanja ndi madzi omwazika mu mlengalenga. kafukufuku wa posachedwapa akusonyeza kuti zili mkulu wa mchitidwe umenewu muli chovala dziko lapansi. Mogwirizana ndi mawu amenewa panali chinthu monga "Mercury mpweya wa Dziko Lapansi." Ndi m'kupita kwa degassing ndi evaporation zina kuchokera pamwamba. Mpweya apamwamba Mercury zidzachitika pa nthawi ya kuphulitsa mapiri. Kenako zachilengedwe ndi opangidwa mpweya m'gulu kuzungulira, kumene kumachitika chifukwa pawiri ndi zinthu zina m'mikhalidwe yabwino chilengedwe. The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ndi kuvunda kwa Mercury nthuzi bwino kuphunzira, koma kungoganizira kwambiri Nkosatheka imatengedwa nawo mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya. Koma vuto lalikulu ndi methyl ndi demitil-otumphukira mankhwala amene anapanga mwachangu mu chikhalidwe - mlengalenga, madzi (demersal malo amatope kapena Boma kwambiri organic kuipitsa) - popanda nawo catalysts lapansi. Methylmercury ali kwambiri kufanana ndi tinthu kwachilengedwenso. Zolusa Mercury - kotero kuti zimenezi wa kudzikundikira mu chilichonse chamoyo moyo chifukwa malowedwe ndi chomasuka anatengera.

gawo

Mchere munali Mercury ndi Mercury ali oposa 100, koma pawiri zofunika amene amathandiza kupanga profitability mutuluka cinnabar. Kumbali kuchuluka, izo ziyenera kapangidwe zotsatirazi: sulfure 12-14%, 86-88% ya mankhwala enaake, mbadwa Mercury imvi ores, etc. metacinnabarite mtumiki waukulu sulfide mchere ... Makulidwe cinnabar timibulu ukufika 3-5 cm (pazipita), ambiri ndi kukula 0.1-0.3 mamilimita ndi anyamula zosafunika nthaka, siliva, Arsenic ndi zina zotero. D. (20 zinthu). madipoziti miyala mu dziko pali pafupifupi 500, ambiri obala zipatso mu Spain, Slovenia, Italy, Kyrgyzstan. njira ziwiri zofunika ntchito miyala processing: makutidwe ndi okosijeni pa kutentha kumasula Mercury ndi ambiri kuyambira chuma akutsatiridwa ndi processing ndi maganizo chifukwa.

ofunsira

Chifukwa chakuti kuopsa Mercury umboni, ndi 70 ntchentche wa XX m'ma izo okha tanthauzo lake mankhwala. Zosiyana ndi thimerosal ntchito kusamala katemera. Mapaziwo apangidwa siliva lero anapezeka ku mano, koma mwachangu osamukira zisindikizo chimawala. The ntchito kwambiri ambiri zitsulo woopsawo chili pa chilengedwe cha zida ndi zipangizo mwatsatanetsatane. nthunzi Mercury ntchito nyali fulorosenti ndi khwatsi. Pankhaniyi, ndemanga zimadalira kuwala kupatsira pachikuto cha nyumba ya. Chifukwa wapadera kutentha mphamvu kufunika zachitsulo Mercury kupanga mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane chingwe zida - thermometers. The kasakaniza wazitsulo ntchito kupanga masensa malo, mayendedwe, masiwichi losindikizidwa, actuators, mavavu ndi zina zotero. D. Biocidal utoto kale analinso ndi Mercury ndi ntchito kuphimba alumikizana sitimayo, zomwe zimawalepheretsa fouling. Mankhwala makampani amagwiritsa mabuku yaikulu ya mchere ya mchitidwe monga chothandizira mu Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa acetaldehyde. Mu nchito zaulimi sulemu calomel ndi ntchito pochiza mbewu - Mercury poizoni amateteza tirigu ndi mbewu ku tizirombo. Mu zitsulo, kwambiri mu anamuuza mapaziwo apangidwa. Mercury mankhwala Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga kuthandiza munthu kupanga electrolytic la chlorine, soda zitsulo ndi akuchitachita. Golide yogwira mankhwala mchitidwe ntchito miyala processing. Mercury ndi mankhwala ake ntchito zodzikongoletsera, mu kupanga kalirole ndi recyclable zotayidwa.

Kawopsedwe (ndi mankhwala enaake oopsa)

Chifukwa cha opangidwa zochita za anthu mu malo athu kumaonjezera ndende ya poizoni, zoipitsa. Mmodzi chinthu choterocho, anasonyeza pa malo oyamba pa virulence ndi mankhwala enaake. Kuopsa kwa anthu a mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga ndi awiri ake. Izi chokhala kwambiri poizoni poizoni kuti akhoza kudziunjikira mu thupi kwa zaka kapena kuchita pa nthawi yomweyo. Akhudzidwa CNS, enzymatic ndi dongosolo hematopoietic, ndi mlingo wa poizoni ndi Zingadalire mlingo ndi njira malowedwe, kawopsedwe wa padzuwa pawiri. Matenda Mercury poizoni (kudzikundikira misa yovuta chuma mu thupi) amakhala ndi syndromes astenovegetativnogo, matenda ya ubongo. Zizindikiro zoyambirira zili ndi kunthunthumira zikope, mosavuta ndipo kenako miyendo, lilime ndi thupi. Ndi pofuna poyizoni akuwonetseredwa kusowa tulo, mutu, nseru, mkhutu ntchito pa mundawo m'mimba, neurasthenia, maganizo chakhungu. Ngati pali Mercury nthuzi poizoni, zizindikiro khalidwe ndi matenda kupuma. Atadziŵa wosatha wothandizila mankhwala amalephera deducing dongosolo zomwe zingachititse imfa.

Poyizoni ndi Mercury salt

The yachangu madzi ndi zovuta ndondomeko. Zizindikiro: mutu, zachitsulo kulawa, magazi m'kamwa, stomatitis, kuchuluka kukodza lawo Ndikulichepetsa pang'onopang'ono komanso kutha kwathunthu. Mu aakulu aimpso kuwononga khalidwe thirakiti m'mimba, chiwindi. Ngati munthu adzapulumuka, izo nthawizonse wolemala. Zochita za zotsatira Mercury mu mpweya mapulotini magazi erythrocyte hemolysis. Against maziko a zizindikiro pali sizingasinthe kuwonongeka kwa chapakati mantha dongosolo. Chotero chinthu, monga mankhwala enaake, vuto kwa munthu ndi mtundu uliwonse wa mogwirizana ndi zotsatira poyizoni mwina mpaka kalekale: zokhudza thupi lonse, iwo zimaonekera komanso mu mibadwo zotsatirazi.

Njira malowedwe a poizoni

Magwero chachikulu cha poyizoni ndi mpweya, madzi, zakudya. Mercury amatha kulowa mundawo kupuma ndi evaporation a zinthu padziko. bandiwifi wabwino ali ndi khungu ndi kapepala m'mimba. Pakuti chiphe mokwanira kusambira m'madzi, amene zakhudzana ndi kukha mafakitale okhala Mercury; zakudya wolemera amafotokozera mankhwala kuti ndingakhoze kuwatengera iwo kunja mitundu kachilombo (nsomba, nyama). Mercury nthuzi poyizoni amakhala chifukwa ntchito kuntchito - sanali kugwilizana ndi deta chitetezo zokhudzana pa zinthu za ulimi. Yotero ndi poyizoni chilengedwe m'banja. Izi zimachitika ntchito pamene zosayenera zipangizo ndi zida munali Mercury ndi mankhwala ake.

Kuopsa Mercury thermometer

The zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito zachipatala molondola - ndi thermometer, ilipo mu m'nyumba iliyonse. M'mikhalidwe wamba a m'moyo, anthu ambiri alibe mwayi kwa mankhwala kwambiri poizoni monga mankhwala enaake. "Ukali thermometer" - izi zili kwambiri N'kuthekanso mogwirizana ndi poizoni. Ambiri a m'dziko mwathu muno adakali ntchito mankhwala enaake thermometers. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka kuona kwa mawu awo ndi kukhulupirirana poyera umisiri watsopano. Pankhani ya mankhwala enaake thermometer kuwonongeka ngozi munthu, ndithudi, koma zikhoza vuto lina lalikulu umbuli. Ngati msanga, efficiently ndi bwino kugwira mndandanda wa mwai yosavuta, kuvulala adzakhala chifukwa ngati osachepera

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siteji 1

Choyamba, muyenera kusonkhanitsa zidutswa zonse thermometers wosweka ndi mankhwala enaake. Awa ndi nthawi yambiri ndondomeko, koma kukhazikitsa umadalira pa umoyo wa anthu onse m'banjamo ndi ziweto. Pakuti kutaya moyenera, muyenera kutenga botolo galasi, zimene ziyenera mwamphamvu chatsekedwa. Asanayambe ntchito chipinda amachotsa anyantchoche onse, ndi bwino kupita kunja kapena chipinda china, pomwe pali kuthekera kwa mpweya wabwino okhazikika. The ndondomeko ya kutolera Mercury droplet sangathe anachita ntchito zingalowe m'malo zotsukira kapena tsache. Yotsirizira chikhoza kuwononga nusu lalikulu la zitsulo ndi kuonetsetsa lalikulu la yogawa awo. Pamene zingalowe m'malo zotsukira ali pangozi pa Kutentha pa injini ntchito, zimakhudza ndi kutentha imathandizira evaporation wa particles ndi zipangizo izi zikhoza yaitali ntchito pa cholinga chake, izo kokha kuwataya.

ndondomeko ya zochita

1. Kuvala disposable magolovesi, chigoba opaleshoni, nsapato chimakwirira kapena mapepala apulasitiki kuti nsapato.
2. Mosamala kuyendera malo thermometer unathera; ngati n'zotheka alipo mankhwala enaake oopsa pa nsalu, zovala, makalapeti, iwo mwamphamvu ankanyamula mu thumba zinyalala ndi kuwataya.
3. mbali galasi kupita mu chidebe okonzeka.
4. madontho Large wa Mercury ntchito pepala kapena singano kuluka masingano anasonkhana kuchokera pamwamba pansi.
5. Titalandira tochi, kapena kumapangitsanso kuyatsa chipinda, m'pofunika kukuza kufufuza particles ang'onoang'ono (chifukwa mtundu wa zitsulo n'zosavuta kupeza).
6. Mosamala mipata jenda, mafupa yazokonza pansi, baseboards kuthetsa kuipitsidwa zotheka m'malovu ang'onoang'ono.
7. Mu m'madera akutali ndi Mercury ati syringe, amene ndiye ayenera kutayidwa.
8. m'malovu Small zitsulo akhoza kulumikiza ndi zomatira tepi, zomatira.
9. Pa nthawi yonse ya kufunika kusiya m'dera mpweya wokwanira kapena mu msewu aliyense mphindi 20.
10. Zonse zinthu ndi zida imathandiza ntchito yosonkhanitsa Mercury ayenera kutayidwa pamodzi ndi nkhani za thermometer.

sitepe 2

Pambuyo mosamala msonkhano Buku n'kofunika kuti zipangizo mankhwala processing. Ntchito kungakhale potaziyamu permanganate (potaziyamu permanganate) - mkulu ndende njira (mdima mtundu) mu kuchuluka chofunika m'dera ankachitira. Kwenikweni ayenera kuvala magulovu lalabala latsopano ndi chigoba. kali onse ankachitira ndi njira chifukwa kudzera mwa nsanza, ndi kukhala recess, kagawo ming'alu ndi mfundo yabwino anadzazidwa ndi yankho. Pa 10:00 zabwino lotsatira kusiya pamwamba mu njira wopatulika. Patapita nthawi imeneyi potaziyamu permanganate yothetsera anali osambitsidwa ndi madzi oyera, ndiye kutsukidwa ndi detergent ndi zapakhomo. Masiku 6-7 kumafunika kuti tigwire asamafalitse zonse za malo ndi tsiku chonyowa kuyeretsa. Pofuna kutsimikizira pakalibe Mercury, mukhoza kuitana akatswiri ndi zipangizo zina zapadera malo EPIDEMIOLOGY.

Kuledzela Njira

WHO likusonyeza 8 zinthu owopsa zili imene m'mlengalenga, chakudya ndi madzi ayenera kuyang'aniridwa chifukwa amuleka awo moyo ndi thanzi la munthu. Izi patsogolo, cadmium, Arsenic, tini, chitsulo, mkuwa, nthaka ndi, kumene, mankhwala enaake. Hazard kalasi ya zinthu deta ndi mkulu, ndi zotsatira za poyizoni n'zosatheka kuzithetsa kwathunthu. The chamankhwala chodalirika chithandizo kumateteza anthu ku kusonkhana ndi poizoni. Pamene ulesi ndi milandu sanali aakulu a Mercury poyizoni ndi excreted mu chimbudzi, mkodzo, thukuta. mlingo poizoni 0.4 ml, zakupha - 100 mg. Pamene amaganiziridwa kucheza ndi poizoni ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndi katswiri amene pamaziko a zotsatira kudziwa mlingo wa kuledzera ndi mankhwala mankhwala.