Mbiri ya Vyborg: maziko, zinthu zakale, ndale kufunika asilikali

Ochepa m'dziko lina lililonse ali mizinda zambiri zosangalatsa, onse mu Russia. Mutu wa taphunzira - mbiri ya Vyborg. mzinda uwu ali ndi maganizo amanyadira oposa mazana atatu zinthu wapadera kufunika chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale.

Derali lili lofunika njira

Vyborg m'munsi Ming'oma chaka 1293. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale nthawi zambiri chithunzi ichi adakangana, kuyambira m'malire a Vyborg ano kale m'zaka khumi ndi anthu mafuko Asilavo ndi Karelian. Ngati inu mukukhulupirira mbiri, asilikali a Sweden kosalekeza anaukira mayiko a anzawo. Iwo anafuna kulanda zilumba za Vyborg zilumba zolinga njira asilikali - Vyborg zilumba ndi malo yabwino kwambiri Zombo Zankhondo. Mu miyala n'zosavuta kubisa ngakhale zombo zazikulu kwambiri. Komanso, ambiri zilumba ndi m'mavuto kwambiri, si nthawi zonse zokwanira navigation - abwino achilengedwe msampha kwa akuba.

Magawo chachikulu cha mbiri ya Vyborg

mbiri Vyborg akhoza kugawidwa mu masitepe asanu ndi awiri;

• Gawo loyamba - pamaso pa Swedish kuwukira. Kutchula koyamba za m'gawo lino ndi anthu ake amanena za m'ma IX. Wotchuka mbiri Russian Tatishchev m'mabuku ake anatchula ena Ioakimovskaya amafotokoza, omwe ankati ananena kuti mpanda wolimba wa Vyborg linakhazikitsidwa ndi Mkulu Novgorod Gostomysl. Mmodzi wa ana ake dzina lawo linali kusankha - motero dzina la mpanda wolimba kwambiri.
• Gawo lachiwiri - ndi Swedish nthawi. Kutalika kwake - kuchokera 1293 mpaka 1710, pamene inalowa mu Russian Ufumu.
• Mbali yachitatu - gawo la Russian Ufumu.
• Mbali wachinayi - Chifinishi.
• Mbali chachisanu - nkhondo zaka 1940-1944.
• Mbali chimodzi - mu USSR
• Seventh siteji - masiku, ndiye kuyambira mu 1991 mpaka nthawi ino.

anayambitsa mzinda

Mu 1293 ndi Swedish polimbana ndi mfumu regent Torkel Knutsson anatengedwa kamodzi, tsopano wopambana fambani pa dziko Karelian ndi Novgorod. Pa chimodzi mwa zilumba, anakhazikitsa mpanda asilikali wotchedwa mpanda wolimba Woyera. Umu ndi mmene ntchito yomasulira ku mawu Swedish zikumveka "Vyborg". 1293 imatengedwa chaka cha kubadwa kwa Vyborg. Kuchokera pa ichi, ife tikhoza awerenge chiwerengero cha zaka za Vyborg, ndipo pafupifupi mazana asanu ndi atatu awo.

Kutsogoleredwa zolinga wabwino Nkhondo za Mtanda, Marshall anakonza kufalitsa umwini wa Sweden ndi madera akutali. Iye anali matalente modabwitsa osati zochitika asilikali komanso ndale. Monga kazembe wa mmodzi wa zothandiza ndiponso wolemera mabanja Sweden, Torkel Knutsson anali wolamulira woyamba wa mthunzi pa odwala Mfumu Magnus Ine Ladulose, ndiyeno pambuyo inalowa mpando wachifumu wamng'ono Birger Magnusson anaikidwa regent. Atatsala pang'ono imfa ya bambo ake, kuzungulira 1290, zaka khumi wa Birger Magnusson kuika Knutsson Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Sweden.

Chiyambi cha m'ma lotsatira tinganene kuti ngati dzuwa litalowa mu yonena za courtier lapansi. Mu zaka za pakati pa 1302-1303 Birger Magnusson ndi abale ake kunabuka mkangano lamanja la motsatizana. Torkel Knutsson anatembenuka mu kamvuluvulu wa intrigue, koma nthawi udindo wake anali ofooka makamaka chifukwa kutsutsana ndi Papa Bonifesi VIII. chakuti mfumu regent, akukumana pakufunikira njira oyendetsera dziko, anayesera kuti atenge pa ufulu wa chuma cha mpingo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye ananena mdani wa chikhulupiriro, ndi wa dziko ndi moonekera mutu.

Kukumbukira tate wa mzinda moyo imeneyi mu chipilala mkuwa, kuikidwa kwa nyumba Old Town Hall.

Crusader Nyumbayi

The kukopa waukulu mumzinda - Vyborg Castle. Chizindikiro cha Vyborg anakhazikitsidwa mu 1293 ndi mtsogoleri wa nkhondo zomenyera Torkel Knutsson. Pa kumaliseche nthawi yomweyo, malowa anali wa ukulu a Novgorod, nakhala pa izo Karelia. Swedish polimbana, popeza analanda mzinda wa Vyborg, Novgorod oletsedwa malonda kokha wopita ku Europe ndipo anapereka maganizo ake kwa akutali kumtunda dziko la Asilavo.

Nyumbayi ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha Western European zomangamanga akale asilikali. Iye waima pa Castle Island, poyamba ankatchedwa ng'ombe. mbali kumpoto ndi otsika ndi oyenera zolinga ulimi, ndi kum'mawa ndi phiri la miyala. Pali anamanga wamphamvu khoma makulidwe pafupifupi 2 mamita. Pakati pa chisumbu anamanga nsanja. Pa pansi ali lalikulu mtanda chigawo. The yaikulu zinayi mita mpanda wa kusunga molondola kuteteza mkati mwa linga ku cannonballs. Pamenepo nyumba yaitali kwambiri Scandinavia. Ndi dzina lake nsanja ya St. Olav polemekeza Mfumu ya Norway, amene anabatizidwa mayiko Denmark.

Mu zaka za m'ma XV, bwanamkubwa wa Swedish Mfumu Karl Knutsson Bunde bwinobwino ennobled ndende zamkati danga, nagawira mu zipinda zolinga zosiyanasiyana, chivalry ndi maholo mwamwambo, anapanga masitovu tiled. M'zigwa hedged gawo dziko khoma ndipo mwala chapamwamba kunapangitsa. Makoma anawonjezera alonda lalikulu nsanja ndi kumanga m'bwalo la Paradaiso Tower. Izi nsanja yozungulira amadziwikanso ankaona chizindikiro cha Vyborg ndi zambiri za pa mapositi khadi ndi maganizo a mzinda ndi alendo. Pa kazembe kumtunda anamanga mpanda wolimba khoma ndi nsanja kumbuyo, motero kutembenukira Vyborg Castle m'nyengo kumbuyo ndi khoma awiri.

Mu 1556, chilumba pamalo abwino zofunika, anapita Swedish mfumu Gustav Vaz. Kachiwiri, kusintha kwakukulu akukonza Vyborg Castle. Vyborg linga anasintha silhouette: nsanja yaikulu anawonjezera awiri mpaka asanu ndi awiri nkhani octagonal mzati ndi munakhazikitsa. Dilapidated mkati linasintha ndi watsopano, mtengo ndi zokongola wokongola, ndi m'bwalo la Nyumbayi anawonjezera olimba nyumba munda.

Ambiri a nyumba anali opangidwa ndi matabwa. Nthawi zambiri kutenthedwa, ndi m'zaka za zana XVI, nyumba anali kuchotsedwa, ndipo malo awo anaimika mwala. M'bwalo la Nyumbayi anakumba mayiwe angapo komanso kasupe. Pamodzi kumpoto chakumadzulo mpanda kunja kwa m'chipindacho mwala anamanga. Ena nyumba akale, amene anaonekera pa nthawi, zilipodi.

Vyborg Castle anakhalabe kufikako mpaka 1710.

Vyborg mu Russian Ufumu

Atagonjetsedwa ku nkhondo kumpoto ndi kugwa kwa mpanda wolimba ndi Oreshek St. Petersburg anabwera pansi kuopseza matenda mwachindunji ndi asilikali a Sweden. Kuyambira ndi 1706 Peter Ine akuyesetsa angapo kuti asilikali a Sweden kumupatsa choncho n'kofunika kuti chilumba Russian, koma izi zimawakanika. Only yotsirizira inayamba mu 1710, yobweretsa chipulumutso mfumu. June 23 kaboma Swedish anasaina chida cha kudzipereka.

Anthu kumeneku sadamve kuvutitsidwa aliyense ndi ankhondo Russian. Iwo sinafalikire lamulo la serfdom. M'mayiko Orthodox, adasunga kwawo, chikhulupiriro Lutheran. Komanso, mzindawu anapitiriza kukhala awo akale, mwachitsanzo Swedish, malamulo. Ndi kubera malonda Russian mu mzinda atachira, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono chilichonse mafakitale, chiwerengero cha malo omwe anthu amakhalako, midzi, Sinthani chitetezo akale. Mwa njira, mmodzi wa Mabwanankuba anali Abramu Petrovich Hannibal, agogo ake a wolemba ndakatulo A. S. Pushkina.

Kuchokera kunja kwa zigawo Swedish tawuni ya Vyborg chinakhala chigawo wolemera wa Russia. Ngakhale maonekedwe a mzinda ndi zomangamanga lasintha kwambiri. Pali zinachitikadi ntchito zawo, ambiri otchuka mapulani, kuphatikizapo Eduard Ivanovich Totleben ndi Yuhon Yakobo Arenberg.

Kuchokera pakati pa XIX atumwi Vyborg anali kofulumiraku kwambiri za mafakitale. Kutumiza chinaikidwa Saimaa Ngalande, mzinda gasified, ndiye anadza kwa magetsi, madzi chapakati ndi telephony. Kuyambira 1856 mpaka 1912 Vyborg anali mu kanjira unprecedentedly chitukuko mofulumira zachuma. Mu zaka zitatu kumanga njanji ndi kutalika zoposa 350 Km, ndipo mu 1870, pa njira yake St. Petersburg - Helsinki ndinkakhala nalo gawo loyamba. Mu 1912, ngodya akutali kwambiri a Vyborg anagwirizana sitima mizere ndi anthu a mumzindawo nthawi kuti wakula kwa anthu zikwi 50. Iwo unali mzinda wachiwiri kukula kwa Grand Duchy la Finland. Anthu inkakhala makamaka a Finns - za 81%, Swedish anali 10%, ndi Russian - 6.5 okha%.

Specific zapitazi, maganizo ndi miyambo liberalisticheskie anali chifukwa kuti Viborg wakhala kukopa anthu a adani a ufumu. Izo zinali apa anabadwa wotchuka "Vyborg Manifesto" akuyitanira zosonyeza kusamvera boma. Pamaso zitasintha pano mu kubisala V. I. Lenin.

Wazomangamanga Yakobo Arenberg

Arenberg wamanga wa maganizo kwawo kukhala chitsanzo kwa onse, awonetsere ndi kuphunzitsa, monga oimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zipembedzo akhoza kukhala mwamtendere pamodzi. Si zofunika zimene akuluakulu kusamalira gawo limene akukhala. Chinthu chachikulu - bwino-mnansi ndi kulemekezana.

Arenberg anakhala ndi ntchito mu Russian Ufumu, ndipo akunena kuti ndi Russian wamanga (pa nthawi Vyborg anali Grand Duchy la Finland mbali ya Russia). N'zochititsa chidwi kuti iye anali Swede ndi kubadwila tsopano ankaona Chifinishi wamanga. Choncho anasonyeza mbali yapadera Vyborg dziko.

Nthawi zambiri, mbiri ya Vyborg - ndi mbiri za nkhondo wankhanza kuwagonjetsa, ndipo Torkel Knutsson chipilala, analengedwa ndi Yakobo Arenberg - chipilala choyamba, chikondi ndi chimagwirizana ndi mbiri ya deralo.

Yakobo Arenberg (1847-1914) kulinganizidwa ndi kumangidwa angapo nyumba amene adakali zimakongoletsa mzinda wa mayiko atatu oyandikana. Amenewa m'misewu ya Vyborg, monga Union (poyamba Posesskaya) ndi Linga (poyamba Catherine), yomwe ili pakati pa mzinda, chidwi kwambiri kuliwerenga kulengedwa kwa wamanga wotchuka. Pa mphambano zawo ndi zazikulu positi ofesi nyumbayi. Izi ndi ntchito lotsiriza la Arenberg. Apa wamanga penapake adasokera Kubadwa Kwatsopano nthawi zonse ndi anauziridwa ndi kukongola kwa nyumba Drottinghemskogo amatsanzira ndi Petrine Baroque.

Mu msewu Soviet, mukhoza kuona zogona kale anali bwanamkubwa wa Vyborg. Pakali pano, izo m'nyumba Bungwe la akuluakulu a m'chigawo Vyborg City. House bwanamkubwa tinganene kuti khalidwe loona za Arenberg. Zochenjera Potsanzira wamanga ku Italy m'zaka XVI ndipo chimaoneka mu kamangidwe ka wapakamwa lapansi. ntchitoyi amagwiritsa okongoletsedwa matailosi chapansi, amaayoni mizati, polutsirkulyarnye mazenera, chosokonekera ndi okhwima mizere zojambula. Pa msewu omwewo nyumba bwino anasunga wa munthu wakale weniweni, ndipo ngati inu kupita patsogolo pang'ono, ku Sukulu ya msewu, ndipo inu mukhoza kuwona nyumba za sukulu atsikana kale, anamanga ndi mbuye wotchuka.

nthawi Chifinishi

The February utasintha cha 1917 ndi zochitika zotsatira za October anali incitement kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi secession wa Grand Duchy la Finland. Mu boma latsopano, Finland, ulimi wofiira anagonjetsedwa, ndipo mu dziko anakhazikitsa boma Republican.

mauthenga onse ndi Soviet Union sanathyoledwe. Kulingana amitundu yosiyanasiyana m'malo ndi ulamuliro wa anthu Chifinishi. The chinenero Chifinishi anakhala boma.

Vyborg unali mzinda wachiwiri zofunika kwambiri dziko - ndi momwe chikhalidwe, ndipo makampani ndipo ngati malo ndale komanso. Local wamanga Otto Iivari Meurman anayamba makumi dongosolo zaka chitukuko, komanso mu mzere wake wa mzinda. Kukhazikitsa ziwaya ake unayambitsidwa mu 1929 ku Finland, ndipo anamaliza mu 70s mu Soviet Union.

Mbiri ya Vyborg anasunga umboni kuti ngakhale isanayambe nkhondo ndi Nazi Germany ena nyumba chidwi kwambiri, sizionekaoneka functionalist kalembedwe zinamangidwa. Chinapangidwa ndi Ragnar Yupyuya malonda Naval Academy, State Archives polojekiti Uno Ullberg Vyborg Library.

Vyborg Library

Mu 2013, pambuyo akamaliza kubwezeretsa yaikulu, izo anatsegula zitseko zake owerenga Vyborg City Library. Kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi amadziwika monga Vyborg Library. Iwo okha anabwera mwa dongosolo la dziko lathu kwambiri Chifinishi wamanga. An adherent wa functionalism, pamodzi chimakono, Aalto kulinganizidwa ndi kumangidwa nyumba likumanenso zofunika zonse anafotokozedwa masitaelo a zomangamanga.

Laibulale inamangidwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndipo anatsegula mu October 1935. M'kalatayo si kuonongeka panthawi ya nkhondo, koma osati akubera mu zaka unawonongedwa. Chifukwa cha dampness ndi kunyalanyaza kubwera kwa kulankhulana ziyambe kukonzedwa, pulasitala, kudenga, mindandanda yamasewera ndi mipando anasowa, yatsekera dongosolo lapadera mpweya wabwino.

Kubwezeretsedwa loyamba la 50 ntchentche zinachitikadi popanda zojambula weniweni, kutsegula laibulale mu 1961 anaberekera nkhope ya zachilengedwe Alvar Aalto. Kubwezeretsedwa wachiwiri wa zaka 1994-2013. Iye anabwerera ku mtundu wapachiyambi. The Ntchito unakhazikitsidwa mu 1992 mu Finland, Komiti adzabwezeretse Vyborg Library. mayiko mabuku kafukufuku pulogalamu kubwezeretsa ntchito za mmisiri Alvar Aalto wakhala otukuka. The mbali Russian anali ndalama ku bajeti feduro.

Linakhalanso denga kuwala - kuzungulira mazenera 57 padenga lathyathyathya. awiri awo ndi 1.8 m. Aalto masamu makulidwe ndi bevels mipata cylindrical kuti dzuwa refracted momwemo ndipo ananyezimiritsa. Kuwala uku anamwazikana si zoipa m'maso ndiponso kupewa kuwotcha mabuku.

Anayamba kugwira ntchito ndi mpweya "kulamulira nyengo" dongosolo. Alvar Aalto analipanga kuti fumbi sizimawasuntha mu mlengalenga. Kutentha mipope anaika mu denga, mu mpanda wokwera migodi mpweya, ndi pansi mazenera anaika mpweya wambiri mavavu.

Mu holo nkhani wapadera undulating lamayimbidwe denga limzake.

Kubwezeretsa laibulale, kupatulapo ochepa, tinali zipangizo yemweyo amene atsatira wamanga mwini.

Zaka zitatu za nkhondo 1939-1944

Kuyambira November 1939 mpaka June 20, 1944 pa dera la chigawo Vyborg katatu anasintha mphamvu Kapangidwe ka anthu. yokopa onse atatu nkhondo yodziwika ndi asilikali oopsa ndi ovulala katundu mwa wamba.

Woyamba anakhalabe mu mbiri ndi dzina la "The Zima nkhondo". Soviet Baibulo limati nkhondoyo anayamba Finns, shelling malire m'dera Soviet zida zankhondo. World capitalist m'dera analengeza chiyambi cha ntchito asilikali akatiputa a boma Soviet ndi Soviet Union achotsedwa League of Nations. March 12, 1940 pamene nkhondoyo inatha ndi kusaina wa Moscow Pangano, chimene 11% ya m'dziko la Finland, kuphatikizapo Vyborg, anasamukira ku Soviet Union. Boma Chifinishi mokakamiza adasamutsidwa anthu ozungulira pa dera la Finland. Pa chindapusa anatenga maola 24: palibe munthu nthawi kupita limodzi, chuma onse m'banja anatsala kuti tsoka ake. A m'mayiko msonkhano wapadera linalanda anamukwiyira kwambiri litadzala ndi Russia, anayamba mafakitale ntchito, mabungwe chikhalidwe, maphunziro ndi thanzi.

Yamtendere inatha August 29, 1941, pamene mbali ya 4 Corps wa gulu lankhondo la Finland anapezerapo kusuntha kubwezera choipa ndi kulanda Vyborg. Russia kachiwiri anataya achitetezo ake a kumpoto chakumadzulo. Asilikali a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi Alimi 'Red Army anachoka mumzindawo. anthu Chifinishi abwerera kwawo, koma kuno kwa zaka zitatu.

June 20, 1944, asilikali a Soviet kachiwiri analowa Vyborg - Russia anatenga kubwezera ake, ndi Finns msanga anasamutsidwa mu mkati mwa dziko.

Mbali chimodzi - mu USSR

Nthawiyi akuti ndi m'chilimwe cha 1944 kuti 1991. Atatu nkhondo achititsa zimaononga mzinda. Asanachoke, Finns ncho ndi mabizinezi zofunika kwambiri mafakitale ndi nyumba zogona. Siyense anakwanitsa zimachepetsa. nyumba zoposa 500 zawonongedwa. Pa mapewa Soviet anthu kuyala katundu wolemera kubwezeretsa chuma m'tawuni. Vyborg anali m'gulu mizinda 15 kukhala yaikulu ya boma.

Mu 1947 dongosolo chitukuko zomangamanga ya Vyborg anayamba kupanga. Pofika m'ma 50s anayamba kugwira ntchito chida ndi shipbuilding zomera, citric acid ndi ena. Mu malo kugwirizana sitima basi anadza, m'malo ndi sitima magetsi. zinthu zakale monga Crusader m'linga, malinga, milatho ndi zambiri nyumba zakale anayamba kubwezeretsa. Anatsegula chosema paki ndi owonetsera zakale "Mon Repos Park." Ndi pang'ono koloko nsanja tchalitchi.

"Mon Repos Park"

Tverdysh pachilumbachi, kumpoto cha Vyborg, ndi mbiri, mapulani ndi masoka owonetsera zakale-otetezedwa "Mon Repos Park." Poyamba, m'mayiko amenewa Mfumu Petulo anapereka chigulitsire commandant ya Vyborg linga Stupishin. Iye chatsanulidwa ndi m'madambo, linakhazikitsa nthaka yachonde anabzala ndi mitengo ya zipatso ndi deciduous. eni onse wotsatira zachititsa kuti kukulitsa wa chuma.

Wotchuka mapulani, amisiri, Osema ndi ambuye munda panthawi zosiyanasiyana ntchito pa nyumba farmstead ndi malo. Wokwanira kutchula mayina monga Montferrand, Martinelli, Gonzaga, Thomas de A Thomon A. Stakenschneider, Mettenleyter, Takanen. Pa zaka zitatu 1939-1944 nkhondo zambiri za katswiri wa chawonongeka, kuchotsedwa kapena kuwonongedwa. Mu Soviet Union, kubwezeretsa ntchito pa dera la paki chimakwirira pang'ono. Ambiri mwa nyumba kupulumuka ntchito bungwe chikhalidwe cholinga - sukulu ya mkaka, zina kunyumba, etc ...

Panopa ndi bwino paki. Lililonse zikondwerero yotentha nyimbo ya Acelt ndi wowerengeka nyimbo, pali kubwezeretsedwa kwa zaka ndi ntchito yomanga maofesi atsopano, cholinga kubwerera paki tione akale ndi cholinga.

Mbiri posachedwapa Vyborg

Mbiri posachedwapa Vyborg chimaonekera kuyambira mu 1991 mpaka nthawi ino. Ngakhale kuti anthu ena a m'nthawi yathu kuti ku mawonedwe a malire kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Chitaganya cha Russia, Vyborg anataya kufunika kwake kale, timakhulupirira maganizo awa ndi cholakwika ndi zoipa. The mudzi walinga akadali amateteza ndi dera lino, ndi dziko lathu ku nkhondo ya mfundo mlendo ndi moyo. Pagona kufunika kwake ndale ndi pa nkhondo. Iye ndi zofunika kwambiri panyanja ndi asilikali m'munsi mwa dziko.

Modern Vyborg - ichi ndi wokongola, mzinda wamakono kuti ndi wauzimu ndi ntchito moyo yogwira. Pali mafakitale, mabungwe a apamwamba ndi sekondale sukulu, sukulu kindergartens, zipatala ndi mpumulo m'nyumba. Mavuto ndi mabasi ndi magalimoto ndi kuthetsedwa chifukwa cha zikamera wa interchanges latsopano zoyendera. Akutukuka gawo zokopa alendo a chuma. Makamaka, kulimbitsa Vyborg pa mfuti phiri anakhala mbali mwa njira ulendo.

zizindikiro za mzinda

Mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za mzinda, amene nthawizonse amandiuza atsogoleri ndi amene akuonetsedwa pa alendo ndi Crusader m'linga, ndi Latin kalata W, chovala manja a mzinda, wotchuka Vyborg pretzel, Drakkar, mpingo huwakinto, nsanja ya St. Olaf, Paradaiso ndi wotchi nsanja, komanso tatchulazi chipilala kulamulira Knutsson.

Pretzel, monga iwo amati, si yemweyo amene anayamba unabala. mzinda, koma ndi chokoma kwambiri, ndi alendo adakali akuyesera kuti agule ndi kugulitsa kwa okondedwa awo.

Pankhani chizindikiro, izo zinasintha manja kangapo. Mu 1710, pambuyo chigonjetso cha Peter Ine, zinali pofuna kukongoletsa m'chifanizo chake cha njovu, koma khalidwe si kugwidwa. Chovala yamakono ya manja Vyborg - pang'ono bwino Baibulo la chizindikiro cha, anavomereza zambiri Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri mu 1788. Pa muli magulu atatu - buluu, chikasu ndi wofiira. Iwo - akorona atatu ndi kalata W. Kumanja ndi kumanzere angelo awiri. mapiko Large wa ogula wakumwamba ndi mpanda wolimba khoma chapansipansi ndi kuteteza moyo wa anthu a dziko kudziko apatsidwa.