Mbiri ya Saratov ndi Saratov chigawo: dongosolo la zochitika kwambiri

Kuyambira kalekale anthu akhala ataima pa Volga mzinda ulemerero wakale wa Saratov. Idamangidwa mu 1590 monga linga asunga kum'mwera kum'mawa malire a Russia, ndipo kuyambira kuposa zaka mazana anayi a kuno ndi anthu ambiri, ku Russia. Mbiri ya Saratov ladzala ndi zochitika zodabwitsa, ndi limodzi ochokera m'mbiri ya dziko lathu, choncho ndi chidwi kwambiri. mzindawo unakhala likulu la chigawo chachikulu ndi kunyumba kwa anthu apadera anthu aluso kuti atumikile dziko lake nakwaniritsa okha m'minda osiyana.

Awiri maina Saratov

History alibe onse mfundo zokhudzana ndi malo awa, koma chinachake akadali osadziwika.

M'dera Middle Volga anthu ndaikhazika kalekale. Wowoneka mawanga, wolemera mu zirombo, ndi nsomba, nthaka yachonde, nkhalango ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe zomwe zachititsa ankhondo a Golden gulu kulikankhira am'deralo, Sarmatians wakale, amene anakhalapo kuno ku BC V m'ma ndi kumanga mzinda Uvek, omwe anakhala lachitatu yaikulu m'dera lonse la Mongol-Chitata katundu. Izi zinachitika, molingana ndi azambiriyakale mfundo, kuchokera VI m'ma VII AD Tikhoza kuganiza kuti kuyambira kalekale limayamba mbiri ya zikamera wa Saratov, monga pa dera la pakati dera Russian Federation, ndicho m'chigawo Zavodskoy ndi ili Uvek. Dzina ano anadza kwambiri nthawi imene Russian utumiki kalasi anthu alimbane pa Sokolova phiri umene ukulamulira pamalowo chinyumba, wotchedwa wamng'ono nsomba m'tawuni. Iye kwenikweni osati akale miyezo ya dziko lathu, mu zaka Russia 400 - osati zaka. Choncho, anati kutalika kwa Tartars ankatchedwa Yellow. The chinenero Turkic dzina la wakewu "tipitirize matchalitchi anayamba" (Yellow Mountain).

The anayambitsa atatu "ngale ya Volga" (Tsaritsyn, Samara ndi Saratov) anakhala HSH Prince ATENGEDWA Zasekin.

dziko kumbuyo

linga inamangidwa kumanzere banki la denga la. Sizikudziwika chomwe chinachitika mu 1813, koma atenthedwa. Mwina izo zinachitika pa kuzinga zonse, kapena chifukwa chosasamala wina ndi moto. mzinda matabwa mu nthawi zimenezo anadwala moto zambiri. Sanafooke ndi mfundo imeneyi, anthu okhala m'mizinda asamukira bankiyo phompho lalikulu Russian mtsinje, phindu la pophatikizana anali kupita kuti ngozi madzi (mtsinje Saratovka) mutsogolo chitetezo bwino choncho.

Ndipo kuteteza malo awa ku mtengo adani wongosamukasamuka. Nsomba nthawi zonse vodilas mfulu, Nsombazi, Nsombazi, beluga, Nsombazi, osati kutchula Pike ochiritsira ndi mlamba. Kale mu ulamuliro wa Peter Ine panali odula manja. Iwo sterlet mawonekedwe atatu mtundu wa nyenyezi, chizindikiro cha inakwaniritsidwa midzi yoyandikana nayo. Mbiri ya Saratov pakati kazembe itha 1782, pamene mzinda anakhala pakati zigawo. Iye Zatsala m'chigawo, wautali ndi chete, umboni ndi mzere ndakatulo "Tsoka kwa nzeru", wolembedwa mu 1824 AS Griboyedov. "Mu chipululu, mu Saratov ..."

Chipwirikiti zachiwawa

City Moyo Komabe, n'zovuta dzina kuwodzera. Mavuto, ndewu, zipolowe otchuka ndi nkhondo adagulung'undisa maulendo angapo pa dziko lapansi lino. Mu 1604 panali mafunde ake chilakolako za Ilya wa Murom, amene ankati ndi Peter Fedorovich, mwana wa mfumu. Stepan Razin wamba asilikali wotanganidwa mzinda 1670, ndi mtsogoleri wake waika likulu izo wake, Cossack District. Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka 37 mbiri ya Saratov kudzadza ndi yanthaŵi wina kwambiri, kuzinga asilikali Kondrat Bulavin. Kawiri anapita pano woyamba Russian Mfumu Peter Wamkulu (1695, 1722), ndipo analamula kuonjezera m'dera wotanganidwa ndi kuthetsa yofunika. Sitinafune pochitika mzinda ndi zochitika zokhudza dzina la wonyenga wina Emelyana Pugacheva. Apa iye anamangidwa pambuyo chipolowe yimitsira.

Industrial chitukuko cha m'chigawo Saratov wa XIX atumwi

Industrial chitukuko Boom amene wokhawokha Russian Ufumu m'zaka za m'ma XIX, motsogoleredwa kukula mofulumira kupanga malonda mphamvu ya dera Volga. Koma pamaso pa malo chachikulu ndi kwambiri zingamuthandize wa ntchito zachuma ya anthu amalonda m'mphepete. Kumanga mafakitale, chinakwera ndi leaps ndi malire zamanja ndi nsalu. Ndi utakhala ngakhale kutchedwa Saratov msewu. History wateteza iwo kwa mibadwo Kuznetsk, Myasnitskaya, Salt, Shelkovichnaya Tulupnaya, njerwa awiri Kostrizhnye (Big ndi Small) (pansi pa dzina ulusi ndi hemp kupanga zinyalala). Mu zaka za m'ma zotsiriza ankatembenukira malangizo wonse wa chitukuko cha deralo motsogozedwa mafakitale ndi processing. mphero mazana khumi ndi asanu achita m'mizinda chigawo (Khvalynsk, Volsk) ndi midzi yambiri. zipangizo Local yaiwisi (apamwamba dongo) analimbikitsa amalonda m'dera kumanga ndi kukhala mafakitale yotulutsa njerwa ndi mbiya. Njira ntchito ndi makampani, chofunika zomangamanga yokonza ntchito.

A mawu wapadera oyamikira oyeneradi kwambiri Russian wokonzanso PA Stolypin, yemwe anali bwanamkubwa pano nakhala pa msewu Volskaya.

Saratov wamalonda

Trade - singasiyanitsidwe mnzake wa makampani ndi malonda. amalonda Volga mu Russia ankatengedwa anthu apadera amene amalemekeza mbiri, choncho nthawi zonse mawu. Koma nthawi zina, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma XIX, pamafunika yachinsinsi cha kampani, makamaka pa mapeto a mapangano akuluakulu amagona ndi achilendo. Apa, mmodzi wa oyamba amasinthira ku Russia anali m'magulu. Saratov anakhala malo ofunika kwambiri ochitirapo mmene kukumana pa Volga, agwilitse wachitatu ndi wachinayi malo mu ufumuwo mawu a zolowa.

amalonda a zaka amenewa ndi nkhawa osati za Barysh, nafunafuna kusiya kukumbukira. Ndiyamika ogula Azarov, Zlobin, POZDEEV ndi zina zambiri m'mphepete zofunika amatilimbikitsa mabungwe chikhalidwe (zisudzo, tambirimbiri luso, B & B). Anamanga akachisi, zipatala, zolimbitsira thupi, zinthu zochititsa chidwi komanso mabungwe ambiri amene ali othandiza kwa anthu. amalonda ambiri ankati okhulupirira Old, nawonekera m'dera Volga ndi dongosolo la Catherine Wamkulu. Anakhoza kupeza chinenero otsatira zipembedzo zina zamoyo mu dera, natulukira phindu lalikulu kwa m'chigawocho.

mphamvu Soviet

The zochitika chosintha ndi zotsatira fratricidal nkhondo kwambiri bwanji zachuma ndi mmene chuma chikuyendera wa dera Volga. Chiwonongeko zinali zodziwika kwambiri kuti yekha mu 1927 m'derali anali kupita zina mwa zizindikiro zomwe akhoza kudzitama chifukwa cha chigawo kale achifumu. Chinathandiza ichi mfundo yatsopano zachuma analengeza za Bolshevik utsogoleri. Collectivization wachibadidwe anasintha dongosolo la m'mudzi, anamatula njira Kukwatiwa wa moyo, chifukwa mu ulimi analowa pansi. M'chigawocho anali milandu kawirikawiri wamba zipolowe, zomwe zinalipo chiwonongeko cha detachments chakudya ndi thupi chiwonongeko-collectivizers olimbikitsa. kupanduka Iwowa kuletsedwa mopanda chisoni.

Mmasate ndi makumi anai amapha

Kwa mmasate zinachitika mafakitale kuphunzitsidwa luso, gawo mafakitale anakhala wafala m'dera chitukuko.

Mbiri ya mzinda wa Saratov mu zaka nkhanza nkhondo anawulula angathe yaikulu kwambiri chigawo Mipikisano mitundu. M'dera akhala anasamutsidwa kupanga m'mbuyomu m'magawo linali la woyendera nthambi imene zosakhalitsa. Zikuphatikizapo kusoka, makina zomanga ndi mabizinezi ena. Saratovchane molimba mtima anamenyana pa amadzibisa lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha a ku imodzi yokha malo aang'ono wa pakati m'boma, wa'mudzi wa Volsk kupereka mutu Hero wa Soviet Union panthawi ya nkhondo itafika makumi asanu.

Saratov Germany

Alendowa German m'zaka za m'ma XVII mofunitsitsa anakakhala kudera lachonde. Mbiri ya chigawo Saratov ndi kuwuluridwa kwaife mayina a mazana a m'midzi anatenga German phokoso (Rosenberg, Unterdorf, Rosenberg, Balzer, etc.) atsamunda imatchula adziwane zawo, ndipo Lutheran chipembedzo, chinenerocho, kuti akhale anthu Russian ndi okonda dziko lawo. Neman ndi zopereka zawo vuto la zachuma derali.

maina German anayamba kutha kwa mapu mu 1915, pa nkhondo German. Volga Atsamunda anali anabwezeretsedwa pambuyo pa February utasintha. Pambuyo Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira, ngakhale ambivalence zawo za kusintha, anapanga ngakhale Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSRNP), wopangidwa mwa 22 cantons (okwana m'dera 25 zikwi sq M. Makilomita, mizinda inayi. Pafupifupi 550 m'midzi ndi midzi, anthu zoposa 500 zikwi. pers.). Mu 1941 anathetsa Chilamulocho ndi anthu German anachotsedwa, makamaka North Kazakhstan ndi kum'mawa Siberia. The akusowa maphunziro utsogoleri amafanana kupulumuka mayina awiri a mizinda Chichewa (Pokrovsk moyang'anana Saratov, ndi Volga) ndi Marx (Marksshtadt).

Chuma waukulu wa anthu

Today Saratov Province - limodzi mwa madera chofunika kwambiri la Russia, yaikulu mafakitale, chikhalidwe, sayansi ndi maphunziro pakati ndi anayamba gawo ulimi chuma. Amalima wotchuka ndege "Yak", zabwino dziko simenti, kuchita malamulo zina zamakono chitetezo, kumanga zosiyanasiyana makina zifuno za mtendere, umabala mankhwala chakudya ndi zina zambiri. Koma chuma chachikulu cha m'dera lokongolali, amene wakhala mtima wa Russia, komabe anthu odabwitsa, luso ndi olimbika ntchito. Kuti iwo akumalemba mbiri ya Saratov, Balashov, Volsk, Balakovo ndi mizinda yonse ena, m'midzi ndi m'matauni a m'deralo lodabwitsa.

The enumeration chabe wotchuka Saratov mbadwa angatenge nthawi yochuluka ndi danga. Mwa olembawo Leo Kassil, Alexander Yakovlev, analemba Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, PV Kuznetsov (amene analemba wotchuka "Kalinka"), choyamba cosmonaut dziko Yuri Gagarin, ndi ndege-ngwazi Viktor Talalikhin ndi Yakov Shishkin , mlengi wa mizinga Academician PD Grushin, zisudzo Oleg Tabakov, Oleg Yankovsky ndi Gleb, wolemba ndakatulo fabulist Krylov ndi ena ambiri. Mbiri ya Saratov amagwirizana ndi mayina a ndege DC Antonov, ndi wolemba Mikhail Bulgakov, chithunzicho Vrubel, Yuri Bykov (mlengi wa kachitidwe danga kulankhulana), koma osati onse amene ali.

Anthu ambiri aluso sangabereke mwana wamasiyeyo ndi chabe mphepete zachilendo.