Mbiri ya makanema ojambula ku Russia

Chabwino, amene sakonda zojambula? Tsopano makampani zachitika moti kuti zojambula ndi zotsatira wapadera ndi zithunzi, ndi zina zovuta kukumbukira nthaŵi yaitali "lathyathyathya" mafilimu ndi otsika kwambiri choonetsa, popanda mitundu yonse ya zotsatira, monga, 3D. Lero ana sadzamva kubvesa bwino otchulidwa zojambula ndi dothi za khwangwala ndi tchizi tanthauzo la zojambula yosavuta lalifupi ndi maluwa chinazilala ndi pang'ono mawu muffled a m'nkhaniyi, koma za filmstrips ndiribe kanthu konena!

Mbiri ya makanema ojambula - chinthu chimodzi cha kanema, chifukwa pa zojambula kuyambira ankatengedwa osiyana kinozhanrov. Choncho zinachitikadi ngakhale kuti filimu zojambula sakhala wamba kusiyana ndi kupenta.

Zojambula tikuchipeza Joseph Plateau

Ngati mbiri ina, mbiri ya makanema ojambula ndi makanema ojambula wakhala akuluakulu ake ndi zotsika, patsogolo ndi stagnation yaitali. Komabe, mfundo ndi chidwi kuti ulimi wa zojambula anayamba pafupifupi nthawi zonse ndipo anapitiriza kutero kufikira tsopano. Mbiri ya zikamera wa makanema ojambula kugwirizana ndi dzina la sayansi Belgium Joseph Plateau. Amadziwika kuti 1832 analenga chidole otchedwa stroboscope. N'zokayikitsa kuti ana athu anayamba kusewera ndi chidole mu dziko lero, koma ana a zosangalatsa zimenezi m'ma 19 anasangalala awo. Pa chimbale lathyathyathya panayikidwa kujambula Mwachitsanzo akuthamanga kavalo (monga anali malo okwera), ndi pang'ono wotsatira wosiyana kwa wapitawo, ndi ndondomeko ya zojambula chosonyeza zochita nyama pa kulumpha a. Pamene litayamba ndi sangathenso, kuganiza za fano ikuyenda.

The multiplier loyamba

Koma ziribe kanthu momwe zovuta Joseph Plateau kusintha unsembe wake, kulenga zonse kunachitika zojambula analephera. Iye anapereka njira kwa France Emile Reynaud, amene analenga chipangizo ofanana otchedwa praxinoscope, imene inali yamphamvu TACHIMATA ndi izo monga dongosolo owonjezekera monga stroboscope lapansi.

Choncho anayamba mbiri ya makanema ojambula. Kale m'zaka 17 mochedwa, French anayambitsa yaing'ono kuwala zisudzo, kumene iye anaonetsa obwera onse azithunzithunzi ulaliki wa mphindi 15 m'litali. Patapita nthawi, mbewu linasinthidwa kuwonjezera ka kalirole ndi magetsi, zomwe, ndithudi, wabweretsa dziko chotero zotsatira zamatsenga, ngati zojambula.

Wazojambula zaka zoyambirira za moyo wake anapitiriza kukhala ku France, pamodzi ndi zisudzo ndi mafilimu a kanema. Wotchuka wotsogolera Emil onse wosewera wotchuka kuletsa zisudzo, koma ndi zojambula anamugwira iye, ndipo mu 1908 iye "penti" zojambula wake woyamba. Pofuna kukwaniritsa Kuzindikira, podzikongoletsa m'maso ntchito zithunzi ndi rubbings zinthu m'makhalidwe, koma mwana wake anali ngati buku azithunzithunzi zoyenda, osati filimu.

Choreographer wa bwalo lamasewera - woyambitsa wa makanema ojambula ku Russia

Koma atsogoleri Russian m'munda wa makanema ojambula, iwo anasamutsidwa ndi zojambula latsopano mlingo, tsopano udindo wa anthu a anali zidole. Choncho woyamba zojambula zoweta analengedwa mu 1906, amene anayamba mbiri ya makanema ojambula mu Russian. Alexander Shiryaev, kuvina mbuye wa Mariinsky Theater, ali wokwera ndi zojambula, zochita za zimene anthu 12 akhala kuvina zidole.

Short filimu olembedwa pa filimu mu m'lifupi mwake 1.5 cm, anali kwambiri yolemetsa ntchito. Kwa miyezi itatu, Alexander anathawa kamera kunena kuti kwambiri kawirikawiri kuti ngakhale acimbadzoza dzenje pansi. Zidole kuti Shiryaev osati kusuntha pamwamba ngati mizukwa, Ngamoyo, kudumpha, kuluka mu mlengalenga ndi kuchita kayendedwe zosaneneka. Mumadziwika olemba mbiri ndi kuchulukitsa simungakhoze kumasulira chinsinsi cha zilembo izi ntchito. Kaya inu mukuti, ndipo mbiri ya zoweta makanema ojambula - ndi ovuta kwambiri, kotero si nthawi zonse ngakhale akatswiri zotsogola sangathe kumvetsa bwinobwino mfundo za ntchito chipangizo.

Vladislav Starevich - yowala "khalidwe" a Russian makanema ojambula

Mbiri ya makanema ojambula kugwirizana ndi maina asayansi French ndi atsogoleri. Vladislav Starevich zinali ndendende "wakuda nkhosa" mwa alendo, chifukwa mu 1912 iye anabwera ndi weniweni 3D-makanema ojambula! Ayi, mbiri ya Russian makanema ojambula sanabadwe moti anthu nzeru zokwanira kuvala magalasi apadera, munthu anapanga yaitali zidole zojambula. Zinali wakuda ndi woyera, zachilendo ndipo ngakhale mantha chifukwa kuti khalidwe okongola ndi manja ake anali pang'ono kovuta.

zojambula limeneli linkatchedwa "Wokongola Lyukanida, kapena nkhondo a mbawala ndi barbel", chidwi kwambiri ndi Vladislav Starevich ntchito tizilombo ntchito yake, umene unali n'zosadabwitsa, pamene iye anali kutikonda kwambiri ndi zilombo izi. Zinali ndi munthu uyu anayamba zojambula ndi tanthauzo, chifukwa Starevich ankaona kuti filimu ayenera osati achilandira, komanso kuti mtundu wa subtext. Ndipo ndithu, mafilimu anabadwa monga ena Maphunziro pa zamoyo za tizilombo, iye sanayembekezere ndi multiplier, amene adzalenga ntchito yaluso.

chimodzi chokha "Lyukanide" Starevich sanaleke koma kenako adalenga zojambula za nthano, tsopano anayamba kukhala ngati mtundu wa Fairy-nkhani.

ndandanda Soviet

Mbiri ya Soviet makanema ojambula inayamba mu 1924, pamene osatchuka lero situdiyo "Kultkino" ojambula zithunzi ochepa zinapanga nambala yaikulu zojambula mosangalala. Ena mwa iwo anali "The German malonda ndi zokhudza", "Soviet Zoseweretsa", "Zochitika mu Tokyo" ndi ena. Mlingo wa chilengedwe cha munthu wa zojambula ndi kwambiri kuchuluka ngati animators poyamba miyezi ntchito amodzi, tsopano yafupika nthawi ya masabata 3 (kawirikawiri kwambiri). Izi zinachitika chifukwa cha yojambula mu luso. Ojambula zithunzi anali dongosolo mosabisa, amene amapulumutsa nthawi ndi zimapangitsa ndondomeko ya kulenga kanema nthawi zochepa wonyeketsa. Wazojambula pa nthawi anapereka dziko nambala yaikulu zojambula kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri osati Russia komanso padziko lonse.

Alexander Ptushko

Munthu uyu zachititsa kuti pakhale makanema ojambula athu. Ndi maphunziro Iye ndi wamanga ndipo wagwira ntchito ku munda wa mawotchi zomangamanga. Koma pamene iye anafika ku "Mosfilm" ndinazindikira kuti chilengedwe cha zidole makanema ojambula ndi ntchito yake. Apo iye anali kupereka kwa moyo ndi luso lake kamangidwe, ndipo anathandiza kulenga wabwino luso m'munsi wotchuka Russian filimu situdiyo.

Iye anakhala makamaka wotchuka pambuyo polenga "New Gulliver" zojambula mu 1935. Ayi, zilibe Chipindacho lemba pa phunziro, ndi mtundu wa reshaping "Maulendo Gulliver mu" njira ya Soviet Union. Ndipo kodi zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi latsopano mwa Ptushko - anatha kuphatikiza ziwiri madera osiyana kwambiri mafilimu: Zamakatuni ndi zochita zake. Tsopano mu zojambula kuoneka zidole mtima, misa, ntchito zimaonekera chochitidwa ndi mfiti lapansi. Mbiri ya makanema ojambula ana ndi makhalidwe abwino ndiponso wokongola akuyamba kuwerengetsa ali Ptushko.

Posachedwapa, iye anakhala mkulu wa latsopano situdiyo "Soyuzdetmultfilm" zojambula, koma mwanjira patapita kanthawi kusiya malo ake, ndiye ntchito yake makatuni amadziwika yekha kuti inatha. Alexander anaganiza kudzipereka kwa makanema. Koma ntchito yake wotsatira film, anagwiritsa ntchito "tchipisi" makanema ojambula.

Walt Disney komanso "chopereka"

Likukhalira, mbiri ya makanema ojambula mu Russia inamangidwa ndi kusanduka mu zidutswa osati ofufuza Russian asayansi ndi mafani wa zojambula Walt Disney anadzipatsa yekha Moscow filimu chikondwerero chokulungira lonse wa khalidwe filimu penti ndi zojambula ankakonda zonse zokhudza zinthu zakale Mickey Mbewa. Wathu wotsogolera zoweta filimu Fyodor Khitruk anadabwa kwambiri ndi yosalala ndi inconspicuous mlingo chimango ndi khalidwe la zojambula, ndinazindikira kuti tikufuna yemweyo! Komabe, mu Russia panali zidole zija n'zimene kuziyika izo modekha, zidole unpresentable. Mogwirizana ndi chilakolako kusintha situdiyo iwo unalengedwa, odziwika Soviet ndi ana pambuyo Soviet - "Soyuzmultfilm".

"Soyuzmultfilm" - Chikhumbo Corporation

Mu 1935, animators wathu anazindikira kuti nthawi inali itakwana kuti chinachake zithunzi moyo zojambula kusintha, ndi nthawi kuthamangitsa zidole akale ndi kuyamba kuchita zinthu kwambiri. Yonseyi situdiyo angapo yaing'ono anamwazikana kuzungulira dziko, anali kulenga ntchito zikuluzikulu, ofufuza ambiri amanena kuti mbiri ya makanema ojambula akuyamba ndi mphindi ino mu dziko lathu. Woyamba situdiyo ntchito anali wokongola wotopetsa chifukwa iwo anali odzipereka kwa chitukuko cha patsogolo ku Ulaya, koma ndi 1940, akatswiri ochokera Leningrad kwa Moscow anasamukira Union. Komabe, ngakhale pambuyo pake, palibe wabwino chachitikapo chiyambireni pamene nkhondo inayamba, mabungwe onse ndi mbendera - kulera mzimu zosonyeza kukonda anthu.

Nkhondo itatha, panali nyamuka lakuthwa mu mlingo wa ulimi wa zojambula. Kum'patsa sanaone kusintha chizolowezi cha zithunzi osati zidole mwachizolowezi ndi zilembo zotsimikizika ndi ziwembu chidwi. Zonsezi zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano, watsimikizira bwenzi American Walt Disney ndi situdiyo wake. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1952 akatswiri lisanalengedwe ndendende kamera mofanana "Disney" situdiyo. Kuti akonze njira zatsopano kuwombera (stereoscopic zochitika) ndi kubweretsa automatism wakale. Pa nthawi imeneyi, zojambula kutenga khungu lake latsopano, m'malo ana opusa "kinoshek" amapezeka ndi maphunziro ndi zina apamaliro ntchito. Kuwonjezera mafilimu lalifupi, anawombera zonse kutalika zojambula zosangalatsa kwambiri, monga "The Snow Mfumukazi". Ambiri, kuyambira pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Soyuzmultfilm" makanema ojambula ndi nkhani umayamba Russia. Ana m'masiku amenewo, ngakhale mosinthana wamng'ono anali noticeable ndipo ngakhale kochepa mafilimu pang'ono zinali zofunika.

1980-1990-m

Pambuyo kusintha malangizo anakumana makanema ojambula zojambula Soviet ndi kuyamba bwino kumapeto a 1970. Inali nthawi khumi kuti wotero analipo zojambula odziwika bwino monga "Hedgehog mu Chifunga" imene ndinayang'ana, mwinamwake, ana onse obadwa pamaso 2000s lapansi. Komabe, zochotsa ntchito yapadera multiples anamuona pa 80 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Pa nthawi pakubwera wotchuka zojambula filimu achiroma Kachanova "chinsinsi cha Chachitatu Planet". Izi zinachitika mu 1981. chithunzi ichi anapambana mitima ya ana ambiri a nthawi, ndi akulu si squeamish za kuonera, kuti ndikhale woonamtima. Mu chaka chomwecho anafalitsa wotchuka "Plasticine Khwangwala" zizindikiro kubwera ku situdiyo "Ekran" multiplier latsopano, Aleksandra Tatarskogo. Patapita zaka zingapo katswiri chomwecho amalenga zojambula makatuni "kutsidya lina la Moon," amene dzina lake ndi kutikopa kudziwa zimene pali mbali ina ya mwezi?

Koma dongo - ndi "maluwa", monga Sverdlovsk nawo mbali pa ntchito makatuni wa dziko kokha, wotengedwa filimu zinalengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito galasi. Ndiye wotchuka galasi wojambula Alexander Petrov. Mwa zojambula zimenezi galasi - "nthano za Mtsikana kuyesera", linatuluka mu 1985.

Mapeto a 1980s ndi chimene chinali ndi zikwapu nkhanza ndi zamwano mu anajambulapo, khalidwe osauka fano ndi zonse vagueness, n'zosavuta kuona chitsanzo cha "The mipira kufufuza kutsogolera». mwanjira imeneyi unali ngati matenda, inafikira dziko la zoweta makanema ojambula, aluso pang'ono kuchotsa chizolowezi kupenta osasamala, ngakhale kuti angatchedwe kalembedwe munthu mu kupenta.

Mu 90s wa Russia anayamba kugwirizana ndi situdiyo yachilendo, aluso ndi kukapangana ndi akatswiri yachilendo kulenga zojambula zonse kutalika. Komabe, ojambula zithunzi zambiri zosonyeza kukonda kukhala pakhomo, ndi thandizo lawo ndipo anapitiriza mbiri ya makanema ojambula m'dziko lathu.

makanema ojambula lero

Utatha la Soviet Union, osati moyo wa dziko asangalala mavuto, koma moyo weniweniwo makanema ojambula. Zikuoneka kuti mbiri ya makanema ojambula ana komanso akuluakulu, Kwatha. Situdiyo wakhalapo yekha malonda komanso yosowa malamulo. Koma panthawiyo anali ntchito, zomwe kupereka mphoto ( "The Old Man ndi Nyanja" ndi "Zima ndi nthano"). "Soyuzmultfilm" komanso anawonongedwa, akuluakulu anagulitsa ufulu zonse zojambula ndi kwathunthu anakomoka situdiyo.

Koma kale mu 2002 Russia kwa nthawi yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta kulenga makanema ojambula pamanja, ndipo ngakhale "osamveka" nthawi mu mbiriyakale ya makanema ojambula, ntchito ya animators Russian amanyadira malo pa mpikisano dziko.

Mu 2006, anayambiranso yopanga zojambula mu Russia, udatuluka "Prince Vladimir", "Little Longnose". Pali situdiyo latsopano "Mill" ndi "Sunny House".

Koma kunapezeka kuti pamene oyambirira kusangalala, zaka chifukwa pambuyo 3 pambuyo amasulidwe mafilimu otsiriza kudziwika anayamba wakuda lamizeremizere mavuto. situdiyo ambiri anatsekedwa ndipo boma unatha kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha Russian makanema ojambula.

Tsopano ambiri m'banja situdiyo kumasulidwa onse zojambula mumaikonda, nkhani zina sizikugwirizana mu filimu, kotero ife kuti titenge 2-3 komanso madera kwambiri. Ngakhale zolephera m'mbiri ya makanema ojambula mu Russia ndi sayembezereka.

Kunena zimene mukufuna, ndipo ngakhale akulu amakonda kuona zojambula, ndipo nthawi zina zambiri mosamala ana awo, ndipo onse chifukwa zojambula ano owala, chidwi ndi oseketsa. Tsopano sizimagwirizana ndi chidole, yemwe anapezeka ndi mphemvu ndi tizilombo tina. Komabe, siteji iliyonse, limene "anakwera" mbiri ya Russian makanema ojambula ndi zofunika, chifukwa aliyense wa iwo zinachititsa kuti ungwiro.