Polotsk: zokopa ndi mapu ndi chithunzi. Zomwe mungazione mu Polotsk (Belarus)?

Polotsk ndi imodzi mwa malo ofunikira ndi mbiri yakale ku Belarus. Kutchulidwa koyambirira kwa mzinda kunayamba ku 862. Mu "Zaka Zakale za Bygone" zikuwonetseratu kuti izi zinakhazikitsidwa ndi mafuko a Krivichi pabanki lokongola la Dvina. Kupyolera mu Polotsk kunali njira yotchuka yotchuka kuchokera ku Varangians kupita ku Greece, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha ndale, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe chachangu chifulumire.

Kukhazikitsa kumeneku kuli pafupi ndi mzinda wa Vitebsk ndi Novopolotsk, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Belarus. Mwa njira, mzinda wakale kwambiri wa Belarus ndi Polotsk. Zochitika za malo ano zimakopa alendo omwe ali pafupi ndi akutali. Iwo amabwera kudzayamikira mapangidwe odabwitsa a zomangamanga, zipilala zambiri, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, akachisi ndi chilengedwe chokongola.

Amazing Sofia

Pafupifupi alendo onse a Polotsk mumzinda uwu makamaka akugwirizanitsidwa ndi Manda Woyera a St. Sophia. Kachisi uyu ndi weniweni wamakono. Iyo inamangidwa mu zaka za zana la 11 kumwambamwamba wa gombe la Western Dvina. Panthawiyo, zomangamanga zikuimira mphamvu ya Polotsk, ndipo tsopano St. Sophia Cathedral ndi chithunzi cha ufulu wa Belarus.

Zigawo zazitali zakale za tchalitchichi zikhoza kuoneka phokoso la makoma akummawa ndi kumadzulo. Guwa la nsembe, maziko ndi zidutswa za fresco za m'zaka za zana la 11 ziri tsopano ku Museum of the History of Architecture of the Temple.

Mzinda wa St. Sophia Cathedral ku Polotsk wakhala ndi zochitika zambiri zoopsa, moto ndi chiwonongeko. Kachisi wamakono ali ndi nsanja ziwiri zozungulira kwambiri mamita 57. Pakatikati mwa tchalitchichi ndizodziwika bwino: zipilala zamtengo wapatali, zokongoletsera za stuko, chimanga chokwanira komanso mtundu wodabwitsa wa mtundu.

Mbali ya guwa la tchalitchi idalekanitsidwa ndi katatu, ndipo chifaniziro cha Utatu wa Novozavetnoy chinali choyambirira. Kuyambira mu 1983, chipindachi chili ndi chipinda choyimba cha chipinda.

Tsopano mumzinda wa St. Sophia Cathedral simungangokondwera ndi nyimbo za organ, komanso mumapita kumalo osungirako kachisi, mumakhudza zidutswa zamatabwa akale, mukachezerere mbiri ya tchalitchichi.

Zolemba zopatulika

Timapitiriza ulendo wochititsa chidwiwu kuzungulira mzinda wa Polotsk. Zozizwitsa za padziko lonse zikufulumira kukawona ambiri, malo amodzi otchuka amatha kutchedwa nyumba ya amonke ya Spaso-Euphrosyne, yomwe imatchedwa chapakati chauzimu cha mzindawo. Mazanamazana a amwendamnjira akupita kuno chaka ndi chaka kukalambira zopatulika. Imodzi mwa malo opatulika kwambiri ku nyumba ya amonke ndi Cross of Euphrosyne ya Polotsk, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1661 ndi Lazar Bogsha wolemera kwambiri. Zoona, panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, choyambirira chake chinali chitayika, koma tsopano mu nyumba ya amonkeyi akuperekedwa kudzawona kopi yake yeniyeni, yomwe inapatulidwa mu 1997.

Zovuta za nyumbayi zimaphatikizaponso Transfiguration Church ya m'zaka za zana la 12. Kachisi uyu ndi nyumba yokha yomwe khoma limajambula ndi zomangidwe za nthawi imeneyo zinasungidwa.

Mzinda wa Ulendo wa Ulaya

Mpulumutsi-Euphrosyne ndi St. Sophia Cathedral ndizozizwitsa zodabwitsa. Komabe, masomphenya a Polotsk (Belarus) samatha apa. Pakati pa mzinda, palinso chinachake choti muwone. Mwinamwake makonzedwe amtundu wa madigiri 28 a 48 mphindi zakum'mawa ndi mamita 55 mphambu makumi asanu kumpoto inu simunanene kalikonse, koma kwa Apolvotas ndi ofunika kwambiri. Pafupifupi aliyense wokhala m'deralo amadziwa kuti chizindikiro "Malo a ku Ulaya" ali pa msewu wa Francisk Skaryna. Icho chimasonyeza mphepo yamkuntho, dziko lapansi lokhala ndi zolemba za ku Europe, ngalawa ndi malaya a Polotsk. Woyendera aliyense yemwe wapita ku mzinda uno akhoza kugula kalata-chikumbutso, chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti munthu wayendera mtima wa dziko la Europe.

Zithunzi zolemekezeka

Kodi mwasankha kukachezera mzinda wa Polotsk? Zosangalatsa zimawoneka pafupifupi paliponse. Mwachitsanzo, chaka chilichonse pali zikumbutso zambiri. Mu 2009, chimangidwe chinakhazikitsidwa polemekeza St. Nicholas Wonderworker (pafupi ndi Spaso-Ephrosinia Monastery). Sipanatulukirepo poyera kuwala kwazithunzi Simeon wa Polotsk, Vseslav wamkulu ndi Euphrosyne. Mu 2010, ku Polotsk, nyumba yopangidwa ndi zomangamanga John inamangidwa, yomwe inamanganso Transfiguration Church, komanso "bambo" wa filimu ya Belarusian Yuri Tarich.

Zojambula za Polotsk (zithunzi zomwe zingaganizidwe m'munsimu) zimayikidwa m'magulu ambiri m'katikati mwa mzinda. Pano pali chikumbutso choperekedwa kwa ankhondo a Nkhondo Yachikondi. Zonse zovuta zolembazo zinatsanulidwa pa fakitale ya Tekhnolit-Polotsk, chifukwa cha ichi akatswiri a chomeracho adayenera kudziwa luso lojambula.

Kodi mungapeze chiyani mu Polotsk? Mu mzinda wakalewu ndiyeneranso kuwona chipilala kwa wolemekezeka wa Polocanian Franciscus Skorina, yemwe anayamba kutulutsa mabuku mu Chirasha Chakale. Ntchito yake yoyamba inali Baibulo, lomwe adamasulira kuchokera ku chinenero cha Chisilavo chovuta. Mumzinda wokongola wa Polotsk pali chombo chokhacho kwa wamalonda ku Belarus. Musaiwale kuti mukayende pafupi ndi mwala wa Borisov, ndi mwala wawukulu, umene unatsala pano pambuyo pa madziwa. Pa gawo la dzikoli mudapeza miyala yambiriyi, onse ali mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Zimakhulupirira kuti ngati mumadutsa mwala wa Borisov katatu ndi kupanga chokhumba, ndiye kuti zidzakwaniritsidwa.

Kuti muwone zithunzi zoseketsa izi, mufunikira mapu a Polotsk ndi zokopa.

Mzinda wa Bernardine

Nyumba yomanga kachisiyo siinapitirire kufikira lero lino, koma mabwinja a malo osungirako amonke osungirako nyumba ndi mpingo. Nyumba ya amonkeyo inakhazikitsidwa mu 1498 motsogoleredwa ndi Alexandra Jagiellon. Mu 1563 moto waukulu kwambiri unayambika apa, chifukwa chakuti nyumba zonse za matabwa zinawonongedwa. Mu 1696, kuyesedwa kwina kunapangidwanso kubwezeretsa nyumba ya amonke. Paitanidwe la bwanamkubwa Alexander Slushka, tchalitchi cha Bernardine chinakhazikitsidwa. Akuluakulu a mumzindawu adafuna kulimbikitsa Chikatolika kudera lino ndipo adawapatsa ndalama zabwino kwambiri pomanga nyumbayo. Atafika ku Polotsk, amwenye a ku Russia adatsekedwa, ndipo tchalitchi chinasandulika kukhala mpingo wa Orthodox. Mwamwayi, chifukwa cha nkhondo zambiri kuti aone chipilala ichi cha zomangidwe sizingatheke, komabe, kuyang'ana zotsalira zake, tingathe kuganiza kuti zinali zokongola kwambiri.

Malo ena ofunika

Chochititsa chidwi ndi Katolika ya Epiphany, yomwe imakhala ndi nyumba zakale zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Chikumbutso ichi cha zomangamanga chinamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 18 (1777). Ikugwirabebe ntchito lero. Pano, miyambo ya ubatizo ndi maukwati ikuchitika. Osakongola kwambiri kwa okaona ndi Ivan woopsa kwambiri. Anakhalabe wosadziwika kuyambira nthawi ya nkhondo ya Livonian (1558-583 gg).

Kungoyenda kuzungulira mzinda kungakhale kosangalatsa. Yendani m'misewu yake yakale, yang'anani nyumba zakale ndi malo opatulika - ndizosangalatsa kwambiri.

Madzi otchuka

Kuti muzisangalala ndi zokongola za dera lino, ziyenera kuyang'ana ku Novopolotsk. Pali chitsime chodabwitsa, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa polemekeza chaka cha 50 cha mzindawo. Zokongola izi zimaphatikizapo 6 mogwirizana ndi ntchito zitsime zamphamvu. Madzi amapangidwa motsekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa mphamvu zopatsa mphamvu za LED.

Zotsatira za chikhalidwe

Zambirimbiri zosungiramo zinthu zakale zimatha kupereka alendo Polotsk. Zojambula za mzindawo ndi Museum of Local Lore, mabuku a ku Belarusian yosindikizira mabuku, Museum of Children, Natural and Environmental, nyumba ya Peter I (Tsar kwenikweni anakhala pano), Simeon Polotsky Museum-Library, kuluka, Kulimbana ndi Ulemerero, ndi zina zotero.

Mumudzi uno mukhoza kuyenda kumbali ya mabwinja a Dvina Dvina ndi malingaliro osangalatsa, kuyenda ku Moto Wamuyaya ndi Barrow of Glorious Work. Zochitika zonse za mbiri ya Polotsk ndi Novopolotsk zili pansi pa dziko kutetezedwa ndi National Culture and Historical Museum-Reserve.

Amakhala ndi mizimu

Monga mumzinda wakale ndi wamtundu uliwonse, pali amtundu wa Polotsk. Malingana ndi nkhani za anthu okhala mmudzimo, mmodzi wa iwo amakhala m'zipinda za zithunzi, zomwe zimakhala m'magulu a koleji ya a Yesuit. Zoonadi, chinthu ichi chosadziwika amakhala mwamtendere ndi mwamtendere apa ndipo sichivutitsa munthu aliyense, koma nthawi zina amatsitsa zithunzi pansi. Malingana ndi mawu amodzi a chiphunzitsochi apa pali mzimu wa General Gabriel Grubber. Panthawi ya moyo wake, munthu uyu adali dokotala wamakono, katswiri wamakina ndi makina, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti akhoza kulankhulana ndi mphamvu zoipa. Wachiwiri anaphedwa pansi pa zovuta kwambiri, ndipo anabwerera ku sukuluyi mwa mawonekedwe a mzimu.

Dera lakale lokongola

Malo otchuka kwambiri a Polotsk angakuwonetseni. Zithunzi za mzindawo ndi makedzana akale komanso akachisi, zipilala zodabwitsa komanso zipilala zochititsa chidwi, mabanki okongola kwambiri a Western Dvina, masamu osungiramo zinthu zakale komanso malo osangalatsa kwambiri. Pano mungamve ukulu wa mzinda uno. Malo awa sataya chikondi chake m'chilimwe kapena m'nyengo yozizira, choncho bwerani kuno pa tchuthi nthawi iliyonse ya chaka ndikusangalala ndi zozizwitsa za Polotsk.