Ndalama, Inshuwalansi
Mbali accumulative za penshioni ndi inshuwalansi chiyani? Choka nthawi mbali chokhala ndi penshioni ya. Kodi mbali ya inshuwalansi penshioni, ndi chimene chokhala
Kuganizira za tsogolo lanu ndi kukonzekera ukalamba ndi njira yeniyeni yamoyo. Ndipo m'mayiko a kumadzulo, chikhumbo cha nzikazi chikugwiridwa ndi malamulo omwe alipo tsopano kwa zaka zambiri. Ku Russia, kusintha kwa penshoni kwakhala kwa nthawi yayitali, kwa zaka zoposa khumi. Ngakhale izi, nzika zambiri zogwira ntchito mpaka lero silingamvetsetse chomwe chiri chokwanira ndi inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni, ndipo, motero, chiwerengero cha chitetezo chomwe angalandire akalamba. Kuti mumvetsetse nkhaniyi, muyenera kuwerenga zotsatirazi zotsatirazi.
Mpaka chaka cha 2002, chiwerengero cha ndalama za penshoni kwa nzika zinachokera ku "mfundo ya mgwirizano", yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira nthawi ya USSR. Kunja kugawa kumeneku kunatchedwa "malipiro pamene mukupita", kutanthauza "kulipira pamene mupita" mu Chirasha. Chofunika cha dongosolo lino chinali chakuti zopereka za penshoni za nzika zonse zogwira ntchito za dzikoli zinagawidwa pakati pa anthu omwe ali pa mpumulo woyenera panthawiyi. Njira imeneyi inali yomveka komanso yolondola, koma mpaka nthawi yomwe katundu wa penshoni anayamba kuwonjezeka mofulumira. Poyamba, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoperekera ndalama zapenshoni imodzi kunapatsidwa ntchito kwa anthu awiri kapena awiri ogwira ntchito, koma chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu m'dzikoli, chiwerengerochi chinachepa. Ndipo, malinga ndi akatswiri, kale mu 2020, chiwerengero ichi chidzakhala 1: 1.
Kuonjezera apo, zopereka kwa inshuwalansi mbali ya penshoni, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ku PF, kuti boma lizikwaniritsa ntchito zachuma pa nyengo yamakono. Mwa kusintha malamulo a penshoni, boma sikuti limangowonjezera tsogolo la anthu ake, koma limalandiranso kulowetsedwa kwakukulu kwa ndalama kuti likhale patsogolo.
Chofunika cha kusintha ndi kukhazikitsa penshoni
Kuchokera mu 2002, malamulo anayi omwe akutsogolera ntchito yabwino ya penshoni yafika kale. Komabe, n'kosatheka kunena za kusintha kwapadera, malinga ndi zomwe zili m'mabukuwa, popeza ndizosavuta kusintha kuchokera kugawidwe komwe kunayambira kale kugawidwa-kusonkhanitsa dongosolo.
Kuyambira pamene lamulo latsopano likugwiritsidwa ntchito, mapangidwe a penshoni amapangidwa m'dongosolo la TSA (inshuwalansi ya inshuwalansi), ndipo ili ndi mbali zitatu zazikulu: inshuwalansi, zofunika ndi ndalama. Malingana ndi kukula kwa ndalama zopezera penshoni kwa nzika, amawerengedwa molingana ndi lamulo lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a federal.
Kawirikawiri, kusinthako kunapangitsa nzika za ku Russia kuti zizidzilamulira okha ndalama zawo zapenshoni, kuwonjezera ndalama zawo zokha pothandizidwa ndi makampani oyang'anira okha kapena ndalama zapenshoni zapadera zosagwirizana ndi boma.
Vuto lalikulu la omwe amapita ku penshoni
Ngakhale kuti pulogalamu ya penshoni ku Russia yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, ambiri omwe amapuma pantchito komanso anthu ogwira nawo ntchito sanaganizirepo momwe gawo la inshuwalansi ndilo inshuwalansi lirili. Ndipo, chifukwa chake, sangathe kutaya bwino ndalama zawo ndikupeza phindu labwino. Ndicho chifukwa chake, kuyamba kuganizira kachitidwe ka penshoni yamakono, ndikofunika kuphunzira mfundo zazikuluzikulu. Ndipo pambuyo pokhapokha, kukangana, kaya kusamalila gawo la ndalama za penshoni ndi momwe mungachitire?
Pulogalamu ya penshoni ya 2002-2010
Olemba ntchito onse a federation, malinga ndi malamulo omwe alipo panopa, ayenera kulipira malipiro a mwezi uliwonse kwa PF pamlingo wa 20% ya malipiro a wogwira ntchito aliyense. Mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2007, mlingowo unagawidwa magawo atatu: 4% adalandizidwa, 10% - inshuwalansi, ndipo, motero, 6% - zofunika. Kugawidwa kumeneku sikunali koyenera kwa nzika zomwe zinkafuna kuwonjezera ndalama zawo kuchokera kuzinthu zachuma ndi kulandira chitetezo choyenera pamwezi pa ntchito . Kuyambira mu January 2008, kusintha kwa malamulo pa kusintha kwa penshoni kwakhala kovuta. Malingana ndi iwo, chiwerengero cha inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni chinachepetsedwa ndi maunyiti awiri, omwe adasamutsidwa ku nkhani ya ndalama.
Ponena za amalonda okhaokha, malinga ndi lamulo, iwo ali ndi udindo wolipira malipiro awo pamwezi pamwezi uliwonse. Kwa mabungwe a mtundu uliwonse wa umwini amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lapadera la msonkho, zopereka kwa inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni pa mlingo wa 10% ndi 4% kwa ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa.
Gawo limodzi la penshoni
Gawo lochepa kwambiri la pensheni ndi gawo loyambira, lomwe ndilokhazikika kwambiri lomwe likhazikitsidwa ndi boma ngati chitsimikizo cha nzika. Poyamba kuchokera mu 2002, anali ruble 450, koma chaka chilichonse ndalama izi zikuwerengedwera kugwiritsira ntchito mitengo yamtengo wapatali.
Ndiyenela kudziŵa kuti gawo lapadera la penshoni limalipidwa kuchokera ku zopereka za mwezi, zomwe abwana amapereka kwa PF. Komabe, ndalamazi sizingokwanire kulipira, choncho zidzathepidwa ndi federal budget. Ndipotu, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake kwa inshuwalansi mbali ya penshoni yomwe ikupezeka pakalipano pa nkhani za PF, boma liyenera kukwaniritsa udindo wake wopereka nzika zosagonjetsedwa.
Chiwerengero cha chitetezo chaperekedwa kwa nzika zonse zomwe zafika m'zaka zapuma pantchito, zomwe zowona za robot zoposa zaka zisanu. Kusinthidwa kuti chiwonjezere mlingo ndi anthu omwe ali ndi zaka zoposa 80, anthu olumala komanso nzika zomwe zili ndi anthu olemala. Momwemonso, ndalamayi ndi ndalama zowonjezera kale, malipiro a malipiro komanso ndalama zapenshoni. Ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kupereka chitsimikizo chothandizira, chomwe chimatsimikiziridwa ndi dzina lake.
Kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2010, gawoli la udindo lidatha pulogalamu ya penshoni, ndipo malo ake adatengedwa ndi gawo limodzi la inshuwalansi.
Zodabwitsa za ndalama za penshoni
Kukonzekera kwapenshoni pakalipano ku Russia kumatsindika kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lingaliro monga ndalama zothandizira pulogalamu ya penshoni, yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku 6 peresenti ya zopereka zomwe zimaperekedwa mwezi uliwonse ndi abwana mu PF. Zomwe zimasiyana ndi zigawo zina za pensions ndizo "moyo" ndalama, kuchuluka kwa kukula kumene kumadalira wogwira ntchitoyo. Ndiponsotu, kufunika kwa ndalama zothandizira pulogalamu ya penshoni ndi kuthekera kwa ndalama zawo. Zingatheke bwanji kuonjezera ndalama zomwe zimakhalapo zimadalira kusankha njira yolondola yogulitsa ndalama, mwazinthu zina, kuti ndalamazo zidzapatsidwa kwa otsogolera.
Nzika zinayamba kulandira malipiro oyambirira pansi pa nkhaniyi pambuyo pa kusintha kwayamba pa July 1, 2012, pamene Chilamulo No. 360-FZ chinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito (mwa anthu chidziwitsochi chimadziwika kuti "Kulipira Chilamulo"). Inde, ndalama zomwe alandira ndi nzika sizitali kwambiri, monga, komanso nthawi ya kudzikundikira, koma ichi chinali sitepe yoyamba yodzipereka kwa ukalamba.
Kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka penshoni ku Russian Federation ikupitirizabe pakalipano. Malamulo ambiri asindikizidwa kale omwe amachititsa kuti ndalama zithetsedwe komanso njira yolumikizira gawoli. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe aliyense ayenera kudziŵa ndikuti, pofika chaka cha 2015, gawoli lapatshoni ya penshoni lidzapangidwira onse ogwira ntchito "mwachinsinsi". Izi zikutanthauza kuti popanda kugonjera ntchito yoyenera kutumizira ndalama pansi pa kayendetsedwe ka mabungwe ena, gawo lolipirira ndalama limalowa mu inshuwalansi.
Mpaka pano, pali njira zitatu zomwe mungasamalire pokonza ndalama za penshoni, ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali ndi ubwino wake, komanso "misampha."
Kotero, chinthu choyamba chimene mungachite ndi ndalama zanu zowonjezera ndalama ndi kungozisiya mu thumba la penshoni. Njirayo ndi yabwino, sizikutenga nthawi ndi khama kuti zilembetse zolembazo, koma posankha izo, munthu akhoza kungodalira kuti panthawi yomwe adzapumule bwino, kupuma kwa ndalama kumasiya ndalama zochepa zakubadwa. Chombo china chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti munthu samaliza mgwirizano wina ndi PF ndipo alibe umboni wodalirika wokhudza ndalama zake. Ubwino wa kasamalidwe koterewu ukhoza kutchedwa kuti guarantor of kubweza ndalama ndi boma palokha.
Njira yachiwiri ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa yoyamba ndipo ikugwirizana ndi kuti ndalama zomwe amapereka ndalamazo zimatha kupititsidwa kwa oyang'anira makampani oyang'anira. Zokolola za ndalama zoterozo ndizosafunikira, koma zimaposa kupuma kwa ndalama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zisungidwe. M'mawu amenewa, monga momwe adayendera, guarantor ndi boma, ndipo munthu akhoza kulandira zambiri zokhudza ndalama za akaunti yake yosungira kamodzi pachaka . Ngakhale kuti phindu lachuma, ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito malamulo a Criminal Code zili ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa mabungwewa ali ndi ufulu wopeza ndalama zopezera ndalama.
Njira yachitatu ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe sadziwa zambiri zomwe zimakhalapo pafupipafupi ndi inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni, koma amakhalanso okonzeka kupereka chitetezo cha bungwe loperekera ndalama poika ndalama zawo ku Non-State Pension Fund. Kuchokera pazizindikiro za mgwirizano waumwini, gawo lokwanira la penshoni limatumizidwa ku umwini wa NPF. Mosakayikira, zokolola za ndalama zoterozo zidzakhala zapamwamba kwambiri kusiyana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa inflation, koma ngakhale izi sizingatsimikizire kukwaniritsidwa kwa maudindo obwezeretsa ndalama.
Musanasankhe chisankho chokhala ndi ndalama zothandizira pulogalamu ya penshoni kuti mukwanitse ukalamba, zosankha zonse ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala.
Kodi mungasamalire bwanji ndalama zothandizira ndalama?
Mpaka pano, nzika yogwira ntchito za kusintha kwa penshoni omwe amagwira nawo ntchito pulojekitiyi ndi nzika za ku Russia zobadwa pambuyo pa 1967. Amatha kulamulira gawo lawo la ndalama zapenshoni ndikudziletsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotani. Ambiri, ndithudi, popanda kudzipangira okha mavuto ena, amasankha kusiya ndalama mu thumba la penshoni la federation ndikuyembekeza chabe dziko. Koma iwo omwe sakhutitsidwa ndi ndalama za pachaka pansi pa kutsika kwa ndalama akhoza kusungitsa ndalama zawo kwa kampani yoyang'anira kapena APF. Nthawi yokhala ndi ndalama zowonjezera ndalama za penshoni sizongowonjezera nthawi, choncho ntchitoyo ikhoza kuperekedwa nthawi iliyonse. Komabe, pangano la ndalama lidzayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira pa January chaka chamawa, ndipo ndalama kuchokera ku federal PF ku kampani yatsopano yosungirako kayendetsedwe ka ndalama idzasinthidwa mpaka March 31. Ngati pazifukwa zilizonse munthu wothandizirayo sakhutira ndi zotsatira za mgwirizano ndi kampani yoyang'anira, ndiye patatha chaka chimodzi ndalama zothandizira ndalama zitha kupitsidwira ku MC ina.
Chigawo chokwanira cha penshoni lero
Kukhulupirika kwa ndalama zogulitsa ndalama zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russian Federation mpaka 2013, pambuyo poti boma likuyendetsa bwino malamulo, adapindula kwambiri ndi nzika zomwe sizichita nawo malonda awo. Koma sizinthu zonse ziri monga momwe zikuwonekera poyamba. Amene akufuna kwambiri kuthana ndi vuto lakalemba, mwayi umenewu waperekedwa mokwanira. Ndi cholinga ichi kuti gawo la ndalama za penshoni likulonjezedwe, makamaka nthawi imene anthu angathe kusankha mwachindunji mlingo ndi kampani ya ndalama. Mpaka chaka cha 2015, nzika iliyonse yogwira ntchito ingagwiritse ntchito kusungira 6% ya zopereka zowonjezera ndalama. Ngati chikalata choterocho sichinatumizedwe, boma liri ndi ufulu wochepera mlingowu kufika pa 2% kapena ngakhale kutumiza zonsezi ku chiwerengero cha inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni. Ngakhale kuti pali mwayi wopezera ndalama ndi ndalama zowonongeka ndalama zapenshoni, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu ku PF.
Kodi mungalandire bwanji ndalama za penshoni?
Kuchokera pa nthawi yopuma mpumulo aliyense wogwira nawo ntchito pulogalamu ya penshoni ali ndi ufulu kulandira ndalama zake. Mungathe kuchita izi mwa njira zitatu, zosavuta kwa penshoni. Choyamba, ngati ndalamazo sizing'ono, ndalama zowonjezera zingapangidwe, zomwe zidzachitike mkati mwa masiku 90 kuchokera tsiku loperekera ntchitoyo. Chachiwiri, malipiro amatha kupitilira kwa nthawi ndithu ndipo amalandira ndalama zokwanira. Chachitatu, ngati inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni yakale ndi yaing'ono, mukhoza kugawa ndalama zowonjezera kuti mupulumutse ndikuzilandira ngati bonasi.
Koma, monga mu lamulo lirilonse, pali zosiyana ndi lamulo pa kulipira kwa penshoni zowonjezera, kulola kulipira mwamsanga. Komabe, amadalira kokha gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi inshuwalansi omwe adachita nawo ndalama zothandizira pulogalamuyo ndipo amapereka zopereka pawokha. Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kukhala amayi omwe adatumiza mbali ya amayi omwe akuyembekezera kubereka kwa PF. Mawu a malipiro amenewa sangakhale osachepera zaka khumi.
Cholowa cha ndalama zapenshoni
Podziwa chomwe chiwerengero cha inshuwalansi ndi inshuwalansi ndi gawo la penshoni, ndizovuta kuti ndidziwe kuti ndi ndani mwa iwo omwe angapereke ukalamba wabwino. Koma izi sizinapindula zonse za chigawo chophatikizapo. Amulandira a munthu wothandiziranso akhoza kulandira. Kuti muchite izi, ndikwanira kugwiritsira ntchito Code Criminal kapena penshoni thumba ndikulemba zofanana mapepala.
Inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni
Poganizira kufunika kwa inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni, tikhoza kunena molimba mtima kuti gawoli ndilo gawo lakale la penshoni. Ndiponsotu, zopereka zonse zomwe olemba ntchito anzawo amapereka ku chigamulo cha chitetezochi zimayikidwa pamtundu wa boma ndikugawidwa pakati pa anthu omwe ali pantchito. Chifukwa chake, inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni yakale ndilo lingaliro lokhazikika.
Ngakhale chaka cha 2010 chisanafike, gawoli laperesidenti linaperekedwa ku gulu losiyana, ndipo linapereka 8 peresenti ya zopereka za ogwira ntchito pamwezi. Komano chiwerengero cha inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni chinaphatikizapo zofunika, ndikuwonjezereka ndalama za inshuwalansi. Kubwezeretsedwa kwa ndalama zomwe zilipo kwa boma kunathandiza kuthetsa kulipira kwa ndalama zapenshoni kwa onse omwe ali panthawiyo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zina.
Mawu otanthauzira ochepa mu mawerengedwe a penshoni
Musanayambe kulingalira mbali ina ya penshoni ndi inshuwalansi, ndipo ndalama zomwe munthu adzapereke akadzafika zaka zapuma pantchito, zifukwa zina zofunika kuziganizira. Kotero, pansi pa mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri akuti "ndalama za penshoni" ayenera kumveka ngati kuchuluka kwa ndalama, zopangidwa kuchokera ku zopereka za mwezi uliwonse kwa wogwira ntchito kwa zaka zonse zapamwamba. Mfundo yachiwiri, koma yosafunika kwenikweni, lingaliro lomwe muyenera kudziwa kuti muwone kukula kwa inshuwalansi gawo la penshoni ndi "kupulumuka". Kugwiritsira ntchito mawuwa, poyamba, kumawoneka mopanda ulemu komanso kulemekeza anthu opuma pantchito, koma popanda izo sizingatheke kuwerengera mwezi uliwonse. Zimatanthauzanso nthawi yeniyeni yopulumuka nzika za zaka zolemekezeka ndipo ndizofanana kwa onse, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti patha nthawi yomwe munthu adzaleka kulandira penshoni. M'tsogolo, bajeti ya boma imalipidwa mofanana monga kale.
Kodi mungawerengere bwanji ndalama zapenshoni ?
Kuti mumvetsetse kuti gawo la inshuwalansi lidzaperekedwa kwa nzika yanji mukatha msinkhu wopuma pantchito, m'pofunika kudziwa ndendende kuchuluka kwa ndalama za penshoni komanso nthawi ya moyo. Ndipo chizindikiro chomaliza chaka cha 2002 chinali zaka 12 ndipo chaka chilichonse chinawonjezeka ndi miyezi 12. Choncho, mu 2013 nyengoyi inali miyezi 228.
Calculated inshuwalansi mwezi Kuphunzira kwa chilinganizo yosavuta masamu: COA = PC / CD + CP, kumene PC - masamu penshioni likulu popangidwa ndi zopereka kuchokera pensioner kwa zaka zambiri ntchito; DM - anakhazikitsa nthawi ya malipiro a penshoni (kupulumuka nyengo); CP - amodzi mbali ya penshioni, limene kale linkatchedwa gawo m'munsi.
Kuti chifukwa ndalama penshioni chofanana mlingo wa kufufuma, inshuwalansi mbali ya penshioni ntchito ndi osanjidwa pachaka. Njira imeneyi kuteteza ndalama nzika 'limakupatsani kupulumutsa mtendere wa zikhalidwe za moyo wa akuluakulu.
Zotsatira za kusintha pa miyoyo ya pensioners asilikali
malamulo onse a kusintha penshioni kuti anabwera mu mphamvu mu 2002, ufulu wa pensioners asilikali kulandira choyenera kwayekha zonse akhala kukanakhala kumuphwanyira. M'mawu ena, gulu la anthu amene zaka anapereka ngongole boma, napita pa holide, ine ndikukhulupirira yekha inshuwalansi mbali ya penshioni asilikali. Ngati atachoka asilikali, anthu anapitiliza kugwira ntchito pakampani ina iliyonse, ndipo bwana wake amalipira zopereka thumba penshioni, a ndalama ndinangokhala mu bajeti ya Federation lapansi. chilungamo Izi zayambitsa mkwiyo wa misa osati asilikali, komanso magulu ena antchito bajeti, choncho kunali koyenera kuti athetse vutoli mwamsanga.
Pakati pa 2008, zinthu zasintha kwambiri kuchokera kubwera mu mphamvu ena kusinthidwa kwa malamulo zofunika pa kusintha penshioni. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo inshuwalansi mbali ya penshoni kwa pensioners asilikali uja anachita masamu pamaziko a likulu okwana. M'mawu ena, ngati munthu wamaliza kutumikira asilikali ndipo anapitiriza ntchito pa mabizinezi wamba, zopereka zonse pamwezi ku thumba la ndalama za penshoni anapita pa mapangidwe likulu lake woikidwiratu.
Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti kusintha penshioni zaposachedwapa, mwina ndi pang'ono kusintha ndalama umoyo wa okalamba, koma zolinga konse anafika. chiwerengero cha pensioners ndi mokwanira lalikulu, motero, kukhalabe pa osachepera inshuwalansi mbali ya penshioni ya. Chimene chiri zachuma zolakwa kapena mwatsatanetsatane ndinaganiza dongosolo? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli ndi kovuta kwambiri lero, ndi zokhumudwitsa. Yang'anani chifukwa cha kulephera mochedwa kwambiri, m'pofunika kuthetsa vutolo, ndipo PF anapeza njira yopindulitsa mwa zinthu ziwiri kuwonjezera kukula likulu akuti kudzera zopereka za anthu ntchito.
Kumene watsopano kusintha penshioni, ife sindikuyankhula za kuwonjezeka chiwongola dzanja, koma kungoti womwe ukulozera ndalama kuchokera Code Wachifwamba mu mphamvu ya bajeti chitaganya cha. Kwa anthu amene samvera mavuto okha ndi nkhani zimene zimachokera ndi inshuwalansi mbali ya penshioni, chirichonse mosavuta. Iwo nkhabe dzakhala kuganiza za ndalama ndalama, ndi kutsamira yekha pa boma, lomwe udzapereka penshoni yawo. Choncho, PF nazo adzakhala kwambiri ndi ndalama kulipira maudindo ake, koma kodi pali ngati dongosolo, nthawi yokha adzatiuza.
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