Mapiri a Tien-Shan: makhalidwe, mbiri, kutalika ndi chithunzi

Mapiri a Tien-Shan amasangalala ndi malingaliro a ambiri ndi apaulendo ambiri. Kodi mukufuna kuti mubwere kuno, ndi maso anu kuti muyang'ane pamapiko a chisanu, kuti mumve mphamvu ndi mphamvu za malo ano!

Kunena zoona, si onse omwe amatha. Chifukwa chiyani? Monga lamulo, pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zingapo, koma pakati pazinthu zomwe ndikufuna ndikuzilemba izi. Kumbukirani kumene Tien Shan ali. Tavomereze, izi siziri pakati pa njira zochezera alendo, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti ndizitali komanso zotsika mtengo kufika pano. Osafuna kwambiri okha ndi amene angakwanitse. Chachiwiri, kuti tipite kukagonjetsa chisoni cha Tien-Shan, kuphunzitsidwa mwathupi kumafunikira. Kwa oyamba, ulendo wotere ukhoza kukhala wowopsa.

Komabe, nkhaniyi sikungokuuzani kumene Tien Shan ali. Komanso, owerenga adzalandira zambiri zokhudza zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, za makhalidwe a chinthu ichi, nyengo yake, nthano ndi nthano, zomera ndi zinyama.

Gawo 1. Mfundo zambiri

Mapiri a Tien Shan, zithunzi zomwe zimapezeka m'madera ena alionse, zomwe zimatchula za malo a dziko lathu lapansi, zili ku Central Asia m'madera osiyanasiyana (Kyrgyzstan, China, Kazakhstan ndi Uzbekistan).

Gawo lalikulu lakumadzulo kuli Kyrgyzstan, theka la kum'mwera limapita ku China, kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kumadera a Kazakhstan, ndipo madera akum'mwera akuzungulira dziko la Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chigwa cha Tien Shan chimakhala makamaka m'dera la latitudinal ndi sublatitudinal. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mapiri apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi, pakati pawo pali mapiri ambiri okhala ndi mamita 6.0 zikwi.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi Victory Peak (pafupifupi mamita 7,440), pafupi ndi malire a Kyrgyzstan ndi China, ndi Khan Tengri (pafupifupi mamita 7,000), ku Kyrgyzstan pamodzi ndi Kazakhstan. Zimakhala zovuta ngakhale kulingalira anthu okhala m'madera apansi, monga kuti azikhala kumapazi a zimphona zazikulu zamapiri, mapiri omwe amakulira pamwamba pa msinkhu wopanga mtambo.

Kawirikawiri, dongosolo la mapiri ligawidwa m'madera angapo: North, West, South-West, East, Internal ndi Central.

Gawo 2. Mapiri a Blue, kapena Tien-Shan. Mvula yamapiri

Chikhalidwe cha dongosolo lino chimaphatikizapo mtundu wamakono wa continental, womwe umadziwika ndi nyengo yotentha ndi youma ndi mpweya wambiri.

Zima zimasiyana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwakukulu kusintha, mitambo ing'onoing'ono ndi kuyanika kwambiri kwa mpweya. M'mapiri, pali kutentha kwa dzuwa kwa nthawi yaitali, komwe kumakhala maola 2700 pachaka. Inde, kwa munthu wamba ma datawa sangathe kunena chirichonse, kotero, poyerekezera, tikuwona kuti, mwachitsanzo, ku Moscow, mlingo wa pachaka ndi maola 1600 okha. Kusintha kwa mfundo izi kumakhudzidwa ndi mitambo yapamwamba-mlengalenga ndi zovuta za malo.

Kuchuluka kwa mvula kumadalira kugawa ndi kuwonjezeka ndi kuphuka. Mvula yochepa kwambiri imagwa pamapiri (150-200 mm pachaka), ndipo mkatikati mwa mapiri mapiriwa amafika kale mpaka 800 mm pachaka.

Zambiri zimagwa pa nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe. Kuuma kwa mpweya kumakhudza mapangidwe a chipale chofewa, omwe amasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mapiri a Tien-Shan ku Kazakhstan (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa mtunda) ali ndi mzere wa chisanu wopangidwa mamita 3600-3800, pakatikati - pamtunda wa mamita 4200-4500 ndi 4000-4200 mamita kum'mawa. Ndikutanthauza kuti kutalika m'zinthu zambiri kumapangitsanso kuti zinthu zikhale bwino kuti apange nyengo.

Kuwonjezeka kwa chipale chofewa ndi chipale chofewa pamapiri a Tien Shan Mapiri ndi kuyamba kutentha kungayambitse kumalo othamanga oopsa. Ndi chifukwa chake oyendayenda ayenera kukhala osamala kwambiri.

Gawo 3. Makhalidwe a malo

Mapiri a Tien Shan ali ku Central ndi Central Asia ndipo ali m'mapiri okwera kwambiri a Alpine kupota padziko lonse lapansi. Pamwamba pamtunda wa mamita 4,000, zitsanzo za malo akale, osamalidwa, zasungidwa.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mapiri a Tien-Shan, omwe zithunzi zawo zimadodometsedwa ndi ulemerero wake, adakali mu ntchito ya tectonic ndi seismological.

Ziri zovuta kulingalira kuti pamwamba pa mapiri makumi atatu a mndandanda wa mapiri ali ndi kutalika kwa mamita 6,000. Mwa awa, apamwamba ndi Victory Peak (mamita 7439) ndi Khan-Tengri nsonga (pafupifupi mamita 7000). Kutalika kwa dongosolo kuyambira kumadzulo kupita kummawa ndi 2500 km.

Mapiri a mapiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku magmatic, ndi mapiri a m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kutalika kwa mapiri a Tien Shan, ndithudi, kumaika zolemba zake pazinthu zawo. Gawo lalikulu la otsetsereka lili ndi mpumulo waukulu ndi mitundu ya miyala yokhala ndi miyala.

Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti pamtunda wa mamita 3000 mzere wa mvula yoyamba imayamba. Pakati pa mapiriwa pali mabanki a intermontane (Issyk-Kul, Naryn ndi Fergana).

Pakadali pano, mchere wapezeka mu matumbo a Tien Shan: cadmium, zinki, antimoni ndi mercury. Ndipo mu malo osungira mafuta. Maseŵera ambiri a matalala a glaciers ndi avalanche. Ngati tilingalira kuti Tien Shan ali ndi chuma chotani, zimakhala zoonekeratu kuti ntchito ya mapiriyi ndi yothandiza bwanji m'madera ozungulira.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, tiyenera kudziŵa kuti mitsinje (Naryn, Chu, Tarim, Ili, etc.) ndi nyanja (Issyk-Kul, Chatyr-Kul ndi Song-Kel) zimakhala zodyera zamkati, ndipo ndizofunika kwambiri Pa nyengo ya dongosolo la Tien Shan. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China ndi Uzbekistan akhala akuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito izi mwachindunji.

Kawirikawiri, mndandanda wa mapiri uli ndi malo otsatirawa:

• Northern Tien-Shan, kuphatikizapo zitunda Kirghiz, Ketmen, Kungey-Alatau ndi Zailiysky Alatau;
• Eastern Tien Shan - Borokhoro, Bogol-Ula, Kuruktag, Sarmin-Ula, Iren-Khabyrga, Karlytag Halyktau;
• Western Tien Shan - Talas Alatau, Karatau, Ugam, Pskem ndi Chatkal;
• South-Western Tien-Shan: kumwera kwakumadzulo kwa Fergana Range ndi mapiri ozungulira Chigwa cha Fergana;
• Mkati mwa Tien Shan ali mkati mwa Chigwa cha Kirghiz, Ferghana Range, Issyk-Kul Basin, Ranga la Kokshtalau ndi Akshyirak Massif.

Kudera kumadzulo kwa madera a kummwera kumapangidwe mapiri atatu a mapiri, olekanitsidwa ndi mapiri omwe amachokera ku Ferghana. Dera lakumpoto la Tien Shan liri ndi mapiri awiri mpaka mamita 5000, osiyana ndi zida. Kwa dera lino, kukwera kwake kwa mamita 4000 ndizofanana - maluwa.

Mapiri a Tien-Shan ali ndi makina okwana makilomita 7,300. Chitsamba chachikulu kwambiri ndi South Inylchek. Malo akuluakulu akukhala ndi steppes ndi mapiri. Mapiri otsetsereka amapezeka makamaka m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nkhalango zomwe zimakhala zam'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso mapiri a alpine, pa syrtas - malo ozizira ozizira.

Gawo 4. Kukwera kwa mapiri a Tien Shan: nthano, nthano ndi chiyambi cha dzina

Alendo ambiri odziwa bwino amadziŵa kuti mu Chitchaina dzina limeneli limatanthawuza "Mitsinje Yam'mlengalenga". Malingana ndi chidziwitso cha Soviet geographer E.M. Murzaev, yemwe adaphunzira chidziwitso cha chilankhulo cha chi Turkki, dzina limeneli linalokedwa kuchokera ku liwu Tengritag ("Tengri" - "Mulungu, Kumwamba, Mulungu" ndi "Tag" - "phiri").

Tien Shan, amene zithunzi zake zimapezeka nthawi zambiri, zimatchuka chifukwa cha nthano zambiri zogwirizana ndi malo ena, zomwe zimakhala zokopa kwambiri. Nkhani zonse zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri zomwe zili mu gawoli zimalongosola nkhani ya mapiri a Alatoo omwe ali kumtunda wa Northern Tien Shan.

Manzhypy-Ata

Chimodzi mwa zokopa za Alatoo zotchuka padziko lonse lapansi ndi chigwa chokongola cha akasupe opatulika a Manchzhypy-Ata, omwe ndi malo otchuka kwambiri oyendayenda. Pano pali mtsogoleri wa mphunzitsi wamkulu wa Sufism ndi woyera wopereka chikhulupiliro cha Chisilamu pakati pa a Kirghiz nomad. Manzhzhypy-Ata si dzina la munthu. Kotero, mu zinenero zosiyanasiyana za Turkki, iwo ankamutcha munthu wolemekezeka, woyang'anira malo ndi amwendamnjira, wolungama kapena mbuye wa malo odyetserako ziweto. Chigwacho chimakhala ndi gorge zambiri, kuchokera pansi pa zozizwitsa zomwe zimapanga kumenya. Mmodzi wa iwo amaonedwa kuti akuwongolera, ndipo zachilendo zawo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi akatswiri ambiri otsogolera apadziko lapansi.

Inde, nthawi zakale, akasupe amenewa akanatha kuthandiza kuthirira nyama. Koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, mlaliki wa Islam anali ndi mphamvu zozizwitsa za mwiniwake akasupe.

Anthu amene anafika ku mapiri a Tien Shan ku Kyrgyzstan, zomwe zimakhala zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, mwinamwake anamva mawu a akatswiri am'deralo kuti akasupe amapereka osowa kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino, amapereka chidziwitso ndi kuzindikira komanso amachepetsa kusabereka.

Nkhani ya Alatoo

Nkhaniyi imaphatikizapo malo okongola kwambiri, omwe amakhala mumtsinje wa Terskey-Alatoo mpaka ku nyanja Issyk-Kul. Ngakhale kuti dothi la dongo la canyon, lodzaza ndi zitsamba, likuwoneka lopweteka poyamba, kuyang'ana mwatcheru, wina akhoza kudabwa momwe angasinthire maonekedwe awo ndi kuwonekera mu ulemerero wonse.

Chifukwa cha ichi dzina la canyon "Fairy Tale" linawonekera. Kumeneku kumatsegula dziko lokongola: Miyala yokongola ya mazira imakhala yofiira mwa mitundu yosazolowereka, ndipo kuchokera padziko lapansi imakula zojambula zachilengedwe za miyala yamchere ndi mchenga, zofanana ndi anthu akale oyambirira kapena mabwinja a nsanja.

Nthano ya chozizwa ichi cha chilengedwe inapezeka posachedwapa. Amati kukongola kwa mkango ndi wapadera, ndipo ngati mubwereranso kuno, nthawi iliyonse khola lidzawoneka m'njira yatsopano. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake maulendo apaulendowa akukonzekera mwachidwi, ndipo kuyenda kwa oyendayenda sikuumeka kwa zaka zambiri.

Mwa njira, siyense akudziwa kuti kupatula Alatoo, dzina la mtundali liri ndi njira zina zambiri - Atatau, Altai ndi Alai, zomwe zikutanthauza "Variegated Mountains" kuchokera ku Turkic. Mwinamwake, izi ndizofotokozera gawo lonse la Northern Tien Shan, lomwe liri lotchuka chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwake ndi kusiyana kwake. Kumeneko, malo obiriwira amasungunuka ndi mitsinje, mapiri oyera a chipale chofewa amakhala pamodzi ndi miyala yokongola kwambiri yomwe ili ndi nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Gawo 5. Madzi amkati

Mapiri a Tien-Shan mumzinda wa Kyrgyzstan, komanso m'mayiko ena onse, ndi dera lokhazikitsa malo osungiramo madzi, kumene mitsinje yambiri imachokera kumalo oundana ndi matalala a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kumapeto kwa nyanja zam'madzi kapena m'nyanja za m'nyanja. , Pamene madzi alowetsa m'mphepete mwa zigwa ndikupita ku ulimi wothirira.

Mitsinje ikuluikulu yomwe imayambira kumapiri a Tien Shan ndi mabheseni a Syr Darya, Talas, Ili, Chu, Manas, ndi zina. Mitsinje ili ndi chipale chofewa kapena chimbudzi. Chimakecho chimatuluka m'nyengo yamasika. Madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthirira osati zigwa ndi zigwa, komanso zigwa m'madera.

Nyanja zazikulu za mapiri zimakhala pansi pa mabanki a intermontane ndipo zimakhala ndi nthawi ya tectonic. Madzi oterewa ndi amchere a Issyk-Kul ndi mapiri a Chatyr-Köhl ndi a Son-Kul, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi madzi oundana. Palinso nyanja zojambula ndi zowona (Merzbacher). Dera lalikulu kwambiri kum'mawa kwa Tien Shan ndi Bagharshköl, yogwirizana ndi nyanja ya Lobnor ndi mtsinje wa Kanchedarya.

Pali magulu ang'onoang'ono a madzi, ambiri omwe ali ndi mabanki akuluakulu ndipo ali ndi zinyama zam'madzi (Lake Sary-Chelek).

Gawo 6. Malo a glaciation

Chiwerengero cha ma glaciers a mapiriwa ndi oposa 7700. Pakati pawo muli chigwa, kupachikidwa ndi magalimoto.

Malo onse a glaciation ndi okongola - oposa 900 sq. Km. Km. Ridge ya Terskey-Alatau imadziwika ndi mapiri a mapiri a mapiri, omwe ali ndi mapangidwe ochepa opangidwa ndi moraine.

Mapiri a Tien Shan amapanga ma glaciers mofulumira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti gawo loyenda pang'onopang'ono limaloledwa ndi liwiro lomwelo ndi ena.

M'zaka zapakati pa ayezi, dziko lonse lapansi linali ndi madzi oundana. Mpaka pano, m'madera osiyanasiyana a mapiri a dziko lapansi, munthu akhoza kupeza zotsalira za glaciation wamba - miyala, moraines, magalimoto, ziweto komanso nyanja zamchere.

Tawonani kuti zonse zopanda malire, mitsinje ya ku Central Asia imachokera kumadzi otchedwa Tien Shan. Mmodzi mwa iwo ndi mtsinje waukulu Naryn (Kirghizia). Mapiri a Tien-Shan ndi apamwamba kwambiri pano, omwe amatanthauza kuti angathe kuthandizira kupanga mapangidwe amphamvu a madzi.

Anthu owotchera zakudya amadyetsa mitsinje yaing'ono yamapiri - zigawo za Naryn. Kutsika kuchokera pamwamba pa mtsinje, iwo akugonjetsa njira yayikulu ndikupeza mphamvu zazikulu. Naryn anamanga zinyama zazikulu komanso zazikulu zowonjezera madzi.

Mapale a mapiri a Tien-Shan ndi ochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'nyanja ya Issyk-Kul, yomwe ili ndi malo 7 pa mndandanda wa matupi akuluakulu komanso ozama kwambiri. Lili m'mphepete mwa tectonic pakati pa mapiri. Pano, onse am'deralo ndi alendo ambiri amakonda kupuma, akubwera ndi mabanja onse kapena makampani okondwerera.

Dera la nyanja ndi mamita 6332 lalikulu. M, ndipo kuya kwake kukufika mamita 700. Pano mukhoza kuwonjezera nyanja zina zazikulu za mkati mwa Tien-Shan - Song-Kel ndi Chatyr-Kel.

Kumapiriko muli mabwinja ambiri a glacial ndi a mitundu ina, omwe samakhudza nyengo ya dera, koma amaonedwa ngati malo okonda zosangalatsa.

Sizingatheke kuti aliyense angatsutsane ndi mfundo yakuti, mapiri a Tien Shan mumzinda wa Kyrgyzstan, zithunzi zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri - izi ndi malo oyenera kuyendera kamodzi pa moyo. Chimodzimodzinso chikuchitika m'mayiko ena. Chaka chilichonse anthu ambiri ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi amabwera kudzapuma.

Gawo 7. Zochita za nyama zakutchire

Ngati mukuganiza za komwe Tien Shan ali, munthu akhoza kuganiza kuti nyama yake imayimilidwa ndi anthu okhala mu chipululu ndi nyama.

Ambiri omwe amaimira zinyama zam'deralo zimaphatikizapo gale, gopher, hare-topai, gerbil, jerboa, ndi zina zotero.

Mwa zowomba pali njoka (zojambula zikopa, chishango-chimphuno, njoka) ndi alulu.

Mwa mbalame zomwe zimapezeka maluwa, mapiri, mapiri, ziwombankhanga.

Oimira nyama zakutchire - nkhumba zakutchire, bere lofiira, lynx, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, nyerere, ndi zina zotere zimakhala pakati-kumapiri. Zina mwa mbalame, nutcrackers ndi cysts zimapezeka pano.

Pamwamba pamapiri a mapiri mumakhala mitsinje, mapiri, mbuzi zamapiri, arhars ndi mavitamini. Chokongola kwambiri ndi chosowa kwambiri ndi ingwe yamkuntho (chiwombankhanga). Mwa mbalame - mphungu, mimba, lark, alpine jackdaw, ndi zina zotero.

Mitundu yamadzi (abakha, atsekwe) amakhala m'madzi a m'mapiri. Ku Issyk-Kul, nthawi ya kusamuka, mukhoza kuwona swans, ndi Bagraskel - cormorant ndi stork choda. Palinso nsomba zambiri m'madzi (Chebak, Marinka, Osman, etc.).

Gawo 8. Chiwerengero cha Kupambana - mbiri ya kugonjetsa

Ambiri amanena kuti mapiri a Tien Shan ku Kazakhstan, omwe kutalika kwake kaŵirikaŵiri amaposa mamita 6000, amapereka chithunzi cha zimphona zazikulu zomwe zimayandikira pafupi ndi mlengalenga. Komabe, malo apamwamba akadali panobe.

The Victory Peak (dzina la Chitchaina dzina lake Tomur) lili ku Kyrgyzstan pafupi ndi malire a China. Amaphatikizapo mndandanda wa mapiri okwana 7439.

Zikuoneka kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba chigawochi chinagonjetsedwa ndi gulu la anthu okwera Soviet mu 1938. Ngakhale pali kukayikira kuti afika pamwamba. Mu 1943, polemekeza kupambana kwa Ajeremani ku Stalingrad, boma la Soviet linatumiza lamulo ku Victory Peak kupita ku Victory Peak.

Komanso, mu 1955 kukwera kwa magulu pamwamba awiri. Njira m'modzi wa iwo adathamanga kwa Chon matani mu Kazakhstan, ndi zina - pamodzi asterisk glacier ku Uzbekistan. Chifukwa nyengo gulu ku Kazakhstan, kufika mamita 6,000, anakakamizika kupita pansi chammbuyo. Gulu la anthu 12, chimodzi chokha anapulumuka. Kuyambira pamenepo, mapiri ali ndi mbiri zoipa. Chitunda akupitiriza lero. Kwenikweni ndi okwera wolimba ku Russia ndi CIS.

Gawo 9. Akumwamba Nyanja Tien Shan

Pa 110 Km from Urumqi, pamwamba m'mapiri a China, izo anabisa nyanja momveka Tianchi ( "Nyanja Akumwamba") nakhala ndi kachigawo mawonekedwe. A padziko dera mosungiramo pafupifupi 5.0 sq. Km, kuya kwa - oposa 100 m.

Anthu amatcha nyanja "Pearl wa Mountain Kumwamba." Iwo anadyetsedwa nsonga Sungunulani madzi. Chilimwe dziwe amapulumutsa anthu ozizira wake kuchokera kutentha. Tianchi wazunguliridwa ndi nsonga achisanu, malo otsetsereka okutidwa ndi nkhalango paini, ndi minda maluwa. Mmodzi mwa nsonga ya - Bogdafen pachimake kutalika kuposa 6000 mamita mu thambo pamwamba pa nyanja mphungu kuuluka ..

Dzinali wakale wa nyanza anali mu 1783. Choyamba iye ankatchedwa Yaochi ( "yade Nyanja"). Mwambo ananena kuti dziwe anali wosasintha wa Taoist wamkazi XI Wang-Mu, woyang'anira akasupe ndi zipatso wosakhoza kufa. Pa magombe a kukula pichesi mtengo, amene zipatso ndipereka moyo wosatha kwa anthu.

Gawo 10. Mountain zokopa alendo

apaulendo ambiri, makamaka kumbali ya ntchito masewero, yesani kamodzi pa moyo ulendo Tien Shan. Photos atengedwa pano kale anachezeredwa ndi apaulendo, munthu kudzakuthandizani kudziwa malangizo latsopano la holide. Ndipo munthu amazisamalira pokonzekera kampeni lotsatira.

M'dera waukulu wa maiko onse tatchulawa wapangidwa m'mapiri. N'zosadabwitsa kuti dera limeneli ndi abwino kwa kukula kwa ntchito zokopa alendo ski. Pa otsetsereka anatsegula zambiri pogwiritsa, otsetsereka ali oyenera akatswiri komanso oyamba kumene. Pakuti mayiko zida ntchito malipiro ndi alangizi chingatithandize kuphunzira luso kutsetsereka.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Kyrgyzstan, pogwiritsa wotchuka kwambiri ski "Oru-Sai", "Orlovka" "Kashka-Suu" ndi "Caracol".

nyengo Masewerera a Ski akutsegula mu December ndipo itha mochedwa March. The miyezi bwino obadwa kuchokera tikambirana February ndi March. Mu mapiri a kuwundana wa chisanu samabwera, ngakhale chilimwe. Fans wa freeride kwa kukweza pa phiri angagwiritse ntchito ndege kapena galimoto. Pakuti okwera bungwe Yokwerera pa nsonga ndi oundana ndipo otsetsereka. Phiri otsetsereka oyenera kutsetsereka ndi snowboarding.