Mapiri a Balkan: kufotokozera kwathunthu

Mtunda wa mapiri a Balkan, Stara Planina (Mapiri Akale) ndi umodzi mwa mapiri okongola kwambiri ku Ulaya. Timaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane zikhalidwe zake zazikulu ndi zosiyana.

Mau oyamba ku mapiri akale

Stara Planina (dzina lachi Serbian ndi lachiBulgaria la mbiri yodzitcha) ndilo dzina lachiwiri la mapiri a Balkan kapena mabalkan, monga adatchulidwira kale. Lero dzina lomaliza linakhazikitsidwa ku peninsula ya Balkan palokha. Pa mapiri akale achi Greek amatchedwa Αἶμος , mu Latin - Haemus. Iwo amaonedwa kuti ndiwo mapiri aakulu kwambiri a boma la Bulgaria, kusuntha kwa kumadzulo komwe kungapezenso mu gawo la Serbia lero.

Mapiriwa amagawaniza dziko la Bulgaria mpaka kumpoto ndi kummwera, kudutsa dziko lino kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa. Poyamba, mapiri a Balkan analekanitsa kumpoto kwa Moesia kuchokera kum'mwera kwa Makedoniya ndi ku Thrace. Mphepete mwa phirili ndi woyandikana ndi chilengedwe, kupitiliza mapiri a Southern Carpathians, omwe amayang'anizana ndi Iron Gates (kutsetsereka kwa pakamwa) kwa Mtsinje wa Danube kumalire pakati pa Romania ndi Serbia.

Kumene kuli mapiri a Balkan, nthawi yomweyo imadziwika ndi dzina la mapiri - limapereka dzina ku peninsula yonse yomwe ilipo. Zambiri zikugwirizana: 43.2482 kumpoto kwa latitude, 25.0069 kum'mawa. Mapiri onse a mapiri ndi 555 km. Kutalika kwa mapiri a Balkan sikudutsa mamita 2376 - chiwerengerochi chimafika pamwamba pa phiri la Botev.

Makhalidwe a mapiri a Stara Planina

Stara Planina, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu nyengo ya Cenozoic, ili ndi zizindikiro zingapo zosiyana:

• Zizindikiro za Geological: Mapiri a Balkan ali ndi mapiri ofanana ndi mapiri ooneka ngati opangidwa bwino. Zomwe akulembazi ndizo: Precambrian ndi Paleozoic granite ndi crystalline schists, komanso Mesozoic conglomerates, flysch, mchenga, karst ndi miyala.
• Kufotokozera za mpumulo: theka la kumpoto likuyimiridwa ndi mapiri otsetsereka, kupita kudera lamapiri pafupi ndi Lower Danube. Komabe, zitunda zakummwera, ndizowonjezereka komanso zowonjezereka.
• Chikhalidwe cha m'mlengalenga: mapiri amakhala ngati mlengalenga pakati pa kumpoto ndi kummwera kwa Bulgaria. Mbalame zawo zimasonkhanitsa mpaka 800-1000 mm mphepo chaka chilichonse; Miyezi ingapo pachaka, nsongazi zimakhala pansi pa chipale chofewa.
• Kujambula Zithunzi: M'mapiri a Balkan, munthu angathe kupeza mitsinje yotere monga Ogosta, Vit, Lom, Osam, Timok - choncho njira zawo zimayendetsedwa kumpoto, mpaka ku Danube. Kum'mawa, Stara Planina imadutsa ndi mtsinje wa Kamchia, ndi mtsinje wa Iskar kumadzulo.
• Flora: nsonga za mapiri ndi mapiri, malo odyetserako ziweto. Mapiri otsetsereka a kumpoto ndi madontho a coniferous (nkhalango za pinini) kapena beech, oak, nkhalango za hornbeam zikukwera kufika 1700 mpaka 1800. Madera akummawa a mapiri a Balkan ali ndi chivundikiro cholimba cha nkhalango zakuda, zosiyana ndi malo obiriwira, omwe amapezeka ndi lianas.
• Kuchotsa mchere: bulauni ndi malasha; Iron, copper, lead-zinc ores.

Mbiri ndi zamakono

Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba dzina lachibugariya-Serbian la mapiri a Stara Planina linalembedwa mu 1533. Kumalo otsetsereka a kumpoto kwa mapiri a Balkan, alendo angakumane ndi zipilala zambiri zokhudzana ndi nyengo ya ufulu wa ufulu wa ku Bulgaria. Makamaka ndikuyimira Chikumbutso cha Ufulu. M'mapiri munapezanso malo awo okhala amwenye ambiri - Kremikovsky, Sokolsky ndi ena.

Mitengo ya mapiri ku Balkan Peninsula inakhazikitsidwa ndi malo ambiri otchuka a mapiri - Ribaritsy, Varshets, Teteven ndi ena. Park National Steneto ndi zochitika zodabwitsa: Shipkinsky, Petrokhansky, Virbishsky, Churek, Pass Republic ndi Iskar Gorge nawonso amatchuka.

Kumadzulo kwa Staro-Planina kuli karst, chifukwa chiyani alendo oyenda kumapiri amafuna kuyamikira mapanga a karst kumadera awa: Rabish (pano palibenso zithunzi zojambulajambula zamakedzana), Ledenik, Siyeva-Dupka, ndi ena.

Phiri la Botev

Malo apamwamba a mapiri a Balkan poyamba anali kutchedwa Yumrukchal (mwa kumasulira - Kulak Mountain). Zaka zinayi (1942-1946), idatchedwa mkulu wa Ferdinand kulemekeza mfumu, yemwe adakwera kumsonkhano wawo. Pambuyo pake, kwa zaka zinayi kunali phiri la Fist, mpaka mu 1950 ilo linatchulidwa dzina lake lamakono - dzina lake Hristo Botev, wotembenuzidwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo wa Bulgaria.

Pamwamba pa Botev pali TV ndi wailesi, zomwe zizindikiro zawo zimaphatikiza 65% mwa gawo lonse la boma la Bulgaria, komanso malo oyendetsa nyengo, omwe pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse adagwidwa ndi fascists ndikugwira ntchito zawo. Masiku ano okaona otsiriza amatha kupumula, kubisala nyengo yoipa, khalani ndi zozizwitsa. Pazitsulo zake amalowetsa zipilala zosakumbukira za kukwera kwawo.

Madera a mapiri a Balkan

Mwachikhalidwe, zigawo zitatu za Staro-Planina zimasiyanitsa:

• East. Ndilo gawo losasuntha kwambiri, lopatulira ku spurs osiyana, limodzi lalo ndi Horn yapadera ya Old Planet. Mfundo yake ndi Emine Cape, yomwe ili kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mapiri a Balkan.
• Avereji. Malo okongola kwambiri, okongola kwambiri komanso otchuka kwambiri ku Balkan, omwe ali kutali ndi ena awiriwo. Zili ndi malire ndi Chipata cha Iron (Womulondera Chipata) ndi Pass Zlatyshsky. Pano pali pamwamba pa Botev, Triglav, Vezhen, Kupena (Aleko), Ambaritsa (Levski).
• Kumadzulo. Zimayambira kumalire a dziko la Serbia ndikupita ku Zlatyshsky kudutsa. Apa mukhoza kuyamikira msonkhano wa Mijur.

Mapiri a Peninsula ya Balkan

Kuwonjezera pa mapiri akale, mapiri otsatirawa ali pa chilumbachi:

• Mapiri a Dinaric - madera akumadzulo (Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina).
• Mphepete mwa mapiri a Pind ndi pang'ono kum'mwera kwa omwe kale (Macedonia, Albania, Greece).
• Mapiri a Rila ndi kumpoto (Bulgaria), ndipamwamba kwambiri pa Balkan Peninsula, mtunda wa mamita 2925 wa Musala.
• Mphepete mwa mapiri a Rhodope, mbali yakum'mwera yozungulira nyanja ya Aegean.
• Mitundu ya mapiri ya Pirin ya mtundu wa Alpine.

Motero, Stara Planina sikuti ndilo mapiri okhawo a Balkan Peninsula. Koma ndiye amene adatchula dzina lake, ndiye iye amene amachititsa chidwi kwambiri nyengo yonse ya Bulgaria.