Maphunziro azachilengedwe - chiphunzitso nthanthi ya awo alipo

Maphunziro azachilengedwe - anafufuza nzeru zaumunthu mu chikhalidwe cha kukhalapo, kukhala zenizeni, magulu zofunika kukhala ndi ubwenzi wawo. Pachikhalidwe amakuona ngati m'gulu la makampani nthanthi monga metaphysics. Maphunziro azachilengedwe amachita ndi zinthu zimene kulibe, mmene mabungwe awa angathe kuikidwa m'magulu monga ufumu wamba, anagawa malinga kufanana ndi kusiyana. Kuwonjezera pa maphunziro azachilengedwe lofunika polimbana ndi malamulo chilengedwe cha moyo, pali ambiri kum'mwera zigawo, ndi chabe zachilengedwe makamaka (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro azachilengedwe a chikhalidwe).

Mawu akuti "maphunziro azachilengedwe" wapangidwa mizu Greek "Ontos" kutanthauza "zinthu; chimene icho chiri "ndi" Logos "mwachitsanzo, "Science, chiphunzitso, kafukufuku." Ndipo ngakhale chiyambi Greek, kutchula koyamba mawu opezeka mu malemba olembedwa Latin. Mu English zikuoneka mu dikishonare Natanielya Beyli mu 1721, amene amati ndi "pofotokoza umboni wa kukhalako." Izi zikutsimikizira kuti pa nthawi Mau anali kale ntchito.

Mu analytic nzeru maphunziro azachilengedwe - chiphunzitso, umene ukugwira kudziwa magawo zikuluzikulu kukhala ndi afunsa, "kukhalapo" m'lingaliro lotani mungathe zinthu za gulu. phunziro ili umalimbana akhale yekha, opanda cholinga kupeza Mwachitsanzo, katundu munthu ndi zokhudza mabungwe ena.

Akuyesera kuthetsa vuto la maphunziro azachilengedwe, anthu ena anzeru, makamaka zokhudza chiphunzitso cha Plato, anakhalabe kuti maina onse (kuphatikizapo manauni umboni) amanena kuti kwenikweni alipo. za akatswiri ena anatsutsa izi kuwakankhira view kuti manauni si nthawi zonse ikukhudzana bwanji ndi anthu, koma ena a iwo kumasonyeza Buku gulu la zinthu zofanana kapena zochitika. Malinga ndi atsopano, maganizo, m'malo kunenanso zinthu, amatanthauza gulu la zochitika maganizo, odziwa munthu. Choncho, mawu akuti "anthu" amagwirizana ndi chithunzi gulu la anthu amene ali ndi makhalidwe ena, koma mawu akuti "Masamu" amagwirizana ndi ntchito yeniyeni aluntha.

Pakati monyanyira awa, woimira Kuzindikira ndi nominalism, pali mfundo zina zingapo view, koma maphunziro azachilengedwe aliyense - ndi sayansi, amene ayenera kupereka chithunzithunzi cha mmene mfundo amatchula chenicheni, chomwe - palibe chifukwa ndi chimene siyana tili chifukwa. Pamene kafukufuku ofanana kumafuna mfundo ngati malo, nthawi, chifukwa, chimwemwe, kukhudza, mphamvu ndi umulungu, maphunziro azachilengedwe amakhala ofunika poyerekezera ndi nthambi zambiri nzeru za anthu.

Motero, maphunziro azachilengedwe - chiphunzitso nzeru zaumunthu, mfundo zofunika ndi vuto la kukhala wotero. Kodi kukhala ndi zimene angatchedwe alipo? Ndingatani kugawa zinthu m'magulu, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, kodi? ndi tanthauzo la moyo, mtengo wa zinthu zimene? anzeru zosiyanasiyana m'dziko mbiri ya nzeru kupereka mayankho a mafunso amenewa, omwe akhoza kusonyeza chikhalidwe cha nthawi imeneyo kapena chikhalidwe.