Mabishopu Hermogenes. Kholo la Moscow ndi onse Russia Hermogenes

Oyera Russia kuyambira nthawi yakale, ndi kukhala oopa Mulungu amuna, osawuka yosavuta amalonda olemera, ndipo kwambiri makhalidwe akazi zabwino, ndi olamulira laulemerero. Russian Orthodox mtundu reveres woyang'anira wake Mulungu, khulupirirani chitetezo cha oyera wakumwamba, amafuna ndipo amapeza iwo thandizo panjira wawo wauzimu.

Mwachidule yonena wopambana Ambuye

Christianity mu Russia ali zambiri oyera lalikulu la zokometsera lapansi. Kholo lakale Hermogenes Mosakayika mmodzi wa umunthu lapadera kwambiri mbiri Russian wa Chikhristu. Kwambiri mu mbiri ya munthu ndi asanamvetsetse. Kufikira tsopano, mbiri yakale ali kutsutsana kwambiri za zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri za moyo wake ndi tsogolo.

Wambiri mabishopu, Hermogenes wodzala yopeka. Amadziwika kuti anabadwa mu Kazan, dzina lake dzina la Ermolay. Tsiku lenileni la maonekedwe a kubadwa silidziwika, olemba mbiri mwambowu unayamba 1530. Pa chiyambi chikhalidwe mabishopu, deta okhazikika palibe. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, Hermogenes wa mtundu Rurik-Shumsky, pa zina - wachokera kwa Don Cossacks. Azambiriyakale ofunitsitsa kukhulupirira kuti m'tsogolo St. Hermogenes, kholo la Moscow anali adakali wamba, ayenera izo mophweka nzika "za anthu."

Njira yoyamba Orthodoxy Hermogenes

Ermolai utumiki wake unayamba mu Kazan Mpulumutsi Chiwalitsiro ansembe yotchedwa wansembe wamba. Parish wansembe wa mpingo wa St. Nicholas Kazan, iye akukhala 1579 nawo mwambo kudzalandira nkhope ya Kazan Amayi a Mulungu ndipo analemba "The nthano za mliriwu ndi zodabwitsa sungunuka chifaniziro cha Kazan Amayi a Mulungu" anatumiza kenako kwa Tsar Ivan kwambiri.

Patapita zaka zingapo Hermogenes amatenga monasticism ndipo posakhalitsa wobwezera abbot poyamba, ndiyeno Archimandrite Kazan Mpulumutsi Chiwalitsiro obisika. Hermogenes erection la bishopu ndi poika Metropolitan Kazan ndi Astrakhan unachitikira mu May 1589.

Mu ntchito imeneyi kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo zaka pafupifupi zaka 18, Hermogenes ntchito mwakhama. Ndi thandizo lake, analengedwera kwa manda a atsogoleri a chipembedzo, amagwira popularize ndi (zambiri zachiwawa) of Christianity pakati pa mitundu ya Volga. Otembenuka mabanja onse anali atabwerera ku midzi wapadera kuyang'aniridwa ndi Russian Orthodox.

Chikhristu anali kufalitsa mu Russia, kuziyika izo modekha, njira kukhulupirika kwambiri ndi yachifundo, kwa opanduka "achikunja" analoledwa ntchito kumenya, ziyangoyango ndi ukaidi m'ndende. Mu hayala ndi anailemba January 1592, Metropolitan Job kholo akupereka anaumirira kuti mwa mipingo yonse Orthodox inakhazikitsidwa chikumbukiro ofera Mkhristu ndi asilikali amene adapereka mitu yawo pa Kazan chitetezo 1552.

Atate Hermogenes nawo mwambo wa kulanda zotsalira woyera Germana Kazanskogo ku likulu ku mzinda wa Sviyazhsk, umene unachitika mu 1592. Nkhani za kholo Hermogen sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda kutchula wa chopereka chake chachikulu kwa zomangamanga pa nthaka Kazan Orthodox ndi mchitidwe umenewu, za sachita mu coronation Borisa Godunova ndi anthu, ndi nawo nambala yaikulu anthu kupemphera mpanda wa Novodevichy Akatolika.

Mapangidwe khololo

Mu 1605 wachifumu Russian mwachidule anatenga Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry I - wopanda khalidwe, wodziyesa Prince wotchedwa Dmitry, ndipo Ndipotu anathawa Chudov ansembe yotchedwa dikoni Grishkoy Otrepevym. Metropolitan Hermogenes ankatchedwa Nouveau "mwayekha" kukhoti kuti ntchito udindo wa aphungu, koma chinaperekedwa ku manyazi chifukwa chakuti mbuye Polish adamfunsa ubatizo Lzhedmitriya Mariny Mnishek pamaso "mwayekha" kumsemba.

May 17, 1606, pambuyo yochepa ulamuliro, Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry anathamangitsidwa wachifumu Russian ndi malo ake anatengedwa ndi otsiriza a mtundu wa Rurik - Vasiliy Shuysky. Chimodzi mwa zosankha wake woyamba unachotsedwa mabishopu, Ignatius (by njira, akale Polish protege) ndipo pomanga Metropolitan wa Kazan ndi Astrakhan ku Mulingo wa kholo la onse Russia. Kholo la Moscow ndi onse Russia, zopinga lingaliro ili sanali anakonza. Mu udindo uwu, wa mabishopu Hermogenes anali mpingo udakali zandale umalimbana kulimbitsa Orthodoxy mu boma Russian.

Great protege pa chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu, yekha motsutsa khamu lonse la adani a Russia, mabishopu, Hermogenes, kanthawi yonena omwe si okwanira malongosoledwe a moyo wake, zinthu zazikulu, chiyambi, chikhulupiriro chake chachikulu cathu mwa Mulungu, kulimbikira angaloŵe mu maganizo ake, dzina lake kumanja azambiriyakale 'molimba diamondi' ndi 'latsopano mneneri "dziko Russian.

Mavuto a za ndale ku Russia

Kholo lakale Hermogenes, chithunzi zithunzi yowala:

Mavuto a za ndale mu State Russian panthawi imeneyo inali yovuta. wachifumu wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja wina ndi mzake, ndi liwiro zoopsa. Bola ngati mmodzi wa usiku mu May 1606 ndi boyars apamwamba, kutsogozedwa ndi Vasiliya Shuyskogo (woimira m'modzi mwa mabanja kwambiri kalonga, mbadwa ya akalonga a Suzdal, kazembe womaliza wa mtundu wa Rurik) palibe chiwembu bungwe.

Ulendowu unali kupasula wachifumu Russian ndi Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry Ine ndi kukhala pampando wachifumu Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Kumaliza ntchito ku casemates onse matauni akaidi mobisa anamasulidwa anapatsidwa zida m'mawa wa Moscow anabwereza modetsa nkhawa alamu, anaitana anthu ku Red Square.

anthu Russian, ndatopa kupondereza Polish, khamu anatsanulira m'misewu ndi manja akuyembekezera ndi boyars lapansi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, pamene yaikulu, kukhetsa mwazi khamu anathamangira kwa kuphedwa kwa Zitsulo, msana wa achiwembu, kutsogozedwa ndi Shumsky, adaunyema mu nyumba ya mfumu ndipo mwankhanza anapha Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry I. 1 June 1606 Shuya mwalamulo anatenga mpandowachifumu pa chithandizo chopanda malire a tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox. Pofuna kutsimikizira anthu a kulondola nkhaniyi, mkulu wa mabishopu Moscow ndi onse Russia, anapereka chilolezo kwa katundu wa Uglich ku likulu la zotsalira za Tsarevich wotchedwa Dmitry, amene anayikidwa poyera pa 3 June chaka chomwecho.

nthawi ya mavuto

Komabe, muyeso uyu sanali kubala Zotsatira. Pasanathe miyezi itatu zotchulidwa, onse mu Russia anayamba kufalitsa mphekesera za kupulumutsidwa mozizwitsa wotchedwa Dmitry, kuti iye ankati anakwanitsa kuthawa m'manja mwa achiwembu aja. Kachiwiri anabangula ndi kusakondwa dziko Russian. Asilikali anasonkhana kumpoto kwa boma anakana kumvera mfumu. Mabishopu Hermogenes yekha nthawi chovutika dziko Russian anali pafupi wodzozedwa wa Mulungu, mfumu ya Basil.

The zinthu padziko latsopano Russian mwayekha anayamba kusakhazikika, ambiri akuthandiza Shuisky pamaso pa boyars ndi akuluakulu ena a anachoka kwa iye ndi kokha Hermogenes, kholo la Moscow, amene Ndakhala pansi oukira ndi manyazi, stoically anapitiriza kuteteza mfumu. Chitsanzo ndi zinachitika m'nyengo yozizira ya 1609, pamene pofuna kuti Shuisky mafunsidwe khamu anathamangira kwa boma la Russia kukakamiza boyars kuchotsa mfumu Basil, mabishopu, Hermogenes analandidwa ndi ku malo kuphedwa.

Ndipo ngakhale tsopano, pakati pa othamanga khamu munthu wachikulireyo anali kuyesera kuti ndikhadzikike mawu anthu olungama a Mulungu, kutsimikizira "osati amayamba chinsiriro ndi mdierekezi." nthawi iyi, zokhumba analephera chifukwa cha mlili wa nzeru ndi kulimba kwa mawu, mbadwa anati. Koma dongosolo la anthu mazana atatu anakwanitsa kuthawa achinyengo mu msasa latsopano Tushino wonamizira.

Inasintha Mavuto Russian

Pa nthawiyi n'kuti boma anayamba kulankhula zinthu zimene zimachititsa kusintha otaya mavuto. Mmodzi ozizira masiku yozizira mu February 1609 Vasiliy Shuysky amalowa pangano ndi Swedish wolamulira Charles IX. Swedish detachment wa asilikali anatumizidwa ku Novgorod ndi kuikidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa mphwake wa mfumu akuluakulu Skopin-Shumsky.

United Choncho Russian ndi Swedish asilikali bwinobwino anaukira asilikali Tushino wonamizira, anawathamangitsa kumpoto chakumadzulo Russia. Kusainira Shumsky ndi Charles IX ya mgwirizano ndi kulowa m'dziko Russian ndi Swedish asilikali linapereka kwa chiyambi cha offensives lotseguka lankhondo la Polish Mfumu Sigismund pa Russia. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha chaka chomwecho, asilikali Polish anapita ku Smolensk, kuyembekezera ndi adani kosavuta kwa mzinda. Koma apo icho chinali!

Smolensk molimba mtima komanso chamuna, pafupifupi zaka yaitali, anakana alimbane wa Zitsulo. Pomaliza, ambiri a Polish Army adasamutsidwa mwa Tushino kwa anazinga Smolensk, ndipo kumapeto kwa chaka kuchokera Tushino kuti Kaluga anathamanga yekha wonyengezera. Mu April oyambirira msasa 1610 kupanduka yake inawonongedwa ndipo pa March 12, anthu likulu anakumana ndi changu asilikali Skopin-Shumsky. kuopseza kutenga vuto opanga mu Moscow pa, koma zimenezo sizitanthauza mapeto a nkhondo nthawi yomweyo ndi aggressors awiri - zidzabisala Kaluga ndi wonyenga amene anakhazikika mwamphamvu pa Smolensk Sigismund.

Shumsky udindo pa nthawi ino penapake kulimbitsa, pamene mwadzidzidzi afa mphwake Hero Skopin-Shumsky. imfa yake kumayambitsa zochitika moona zoopsa. asilikali Russian patsogolo Smolensk motsutsa Zitsulo, molamulidwa ndi m'bale wake mfumu inawonongedwa pafupi ndi mudzi Klushino. Getman Zolkiewski anatsogolera asilikali Polish anali mu Moscow nakhala Mozhaisk. Wonamizira kusonkhanitsa zotsalira za asilikali mwamsanga anasamukira cha kum'mwera kwa likulu.

Tsar Vasily mafunsidwe. opal mabishopu,

Zonse mwa zochitika zimenezi amapha losindikizidwa tsoka la Vasiliya Shuyskogo. M'katikati mwa chilimwe 1610, opandukawo anathyola mu boma la Russia anagwira boyars, Kholo lakale Hermogenes kufuula kupasula mfumu, iye mokakamiza kuchotsedwa ndi boma la Russia. Ambuye wa mpingo anavutika kachiwiri kudzilimbitsa khamu ili mkati, nthawi imeneyi iye sanazimve iye. Mfumu yomaliza a ku mtundu wakale Rurik unachotsedwa pa mpando wa Russia, mphamvu ya mmonke ndi "ukapolo" mu Chudov ansembe yotchedwa, ili (pamaso kwe) mu kum'mawa kwa boma la Russia pa Imperial Square.

Hermogenes, kholo la Moscow ndipo sanakane utumiki wa Mulungu ndi mfumu ya Basil, lomwe ngakhale zonse ankaona oona odzozedwa mpando wachifumu Russian. Amawinda Chimonko Shumsky sanazindikire chifukwa chakuti chofunika ntchito chowinda ndi katchulidwe ka mawu malumbiro mokweza mwachindunji amene anakhala wansembe.

Pankhani ya zowinda Vasily mawu renunciation zinthu zonse zachidziko analankhula Tyufyakin Prince - mmodzi mwa opandukawo mokakamiza anagonjetsa mfumu ku mpando wachifumu wake. Mwa njira, mabishopu, Hermogenes pambuyo pake Tyufyakina wansembe. Pa mafunsidwe Shumsky, molingana ndi azambiriyakale, zibwere boma mapeto ndi zandale wa Ambuye ndi Akuyamba utumiki wake chikole cha Orthodox.

Mphamvu likulu akumugwira kwathunthu boyars. Kholo lakale igwera mu chamanyazi, boma walandira dzina lakuti "Zisanu Boyars" osamva zonse zofunika, njira, malangizo ndi malangizo Hermogenes. Ndipo komabe, ngakhale boyars mwadzidzidzi deafened, nthawi athandize ake adamva kwambiri mokweza ndi mwamphamvu, kupereka kutsogolera olimba kudzutsidwa Russia ku "tulo mdierekezi."

Kulimbana mpandowachifumu

Pambuyo mafunsidwe a Vasily boyars anaima pamaso pa funso lofunika - amene amachita tsar latsopano la Russia. Vuto ili Zemsky Sobor akambirane, limene amazionera, anagawa pakati pa olamulira. Hermogenes anakakamirabe view kubwerera wachifumu Vasiliya Shuyskogo, bwino, kapena ngati izi sizingatheke mwa kudzoza kwa mmodzi mwa akalonga Golitsyn kapena mwana wa Rostov Metropolitan zazing'ono Mikhail Romanov.

Monga anazichita mbadwa mwa mipingo yonse Orthodox akuchita popemphera kwa Mulungu zisanko ndi Russian tsar. Boyars Zikatero, kuima nawo pa chisankho wachifumu Russian, mwana wa Polish wolamulira Sigismund, kalonga Vladislav. The Zitsulo anaiona wamng'ono zoipa poyerekeza ndi wochita-zayekha Zonama Dmitri II ndi Tushino wake "ankhondo." Mabishopu yekha kuzindikira zoopsa chifukwa Russia adzakhala njira osankhidwa a boyars lapansi.

Musamvere Hermogenes boyars anayamba kukambirana ndi boma Polish. The chifukwa cha nkhani zimenezi anali pangano la bungwe la seveni pa kudzoza Prince Ladislas kulamulira. Ndipo mbadwa anasonyeza kulimba onse khalidwe lake apa. Iye anayika patsogolo zinthu zingapo okhwima - Vladislav sangakhale Russian tsar popanda kuwatengera chikhulupiriro Orthodox, ubatizo Prince ayenera kutenga malo isanafike Moscow, anakwatira Vladislav adzakhala chabe mtsikana Russian, kuti zithe maubwenzi anu onse ndi Katolika Papa ndi katolizizmom mu mawonekedwe ake onse. Anatumizidwa ku Poland ndi zofunika zimenezi, akazembe anabwerera popanda Yankho khololo anati kuti ngati kukana kwa Prince anabatizidwa nkhani zina za atamdzoza mawu wachifumu sati ikuchitika.

kusakhulupirika Semiboyarshina

Back kuti Sigismund anatumiza akazembe lotsogoleredwa ndi Metropolitan Filaret ndi Prince Golitsyn ndi malangizo omveka bwino kwa kholo la kwambiri Umafuna ku Vladislav kukhazikitsidwa kwa Orthodoxy. Hermogenes anadalitsa akazembe ndi kupereka lamulo kuchirimika pa kufunika izi, ndi sangachitenso zidule aliyense wa mfumu Polish.

Ndiyeno mabishopu kakusintha mantha. 21 September, usiku, olemekezeka zachinyengo makomo likulu la asilikali Polish kutsogoleredwa ndi Hetman Zolkiewski. Ambuye anayesa wopandukayo kanthu. Koma boyars onse anayankha ndi mkwiyo kwa kholo, mpingo chilichonse kukulepheretsani ndi zochitika za dziko. Sigismund yekha anaganiza atenge mpando Russian, kwenikweni basi agwirizane Russia kuti Kulankhula Pospolitnoy. A ambiri ndithu boyars ankafuna kulumbirira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa mfumu Polish. Nawonso kazembe Russian mwamphamvu anakwaniritsa lamulo la kholo lakale, mokhazikika kuteteza zofuna mtundu wa boma Russian ndi Chikhristu cha Orthodox.

udalonga Germagen akatulukire kwa anthu Russian kuwalimbikitsa kuti kugona kukaniza chisankho chofuna Polish mfumu wolamulira wa Russia. Hot, wodzazidwa ndi mawu olungama kholo anakwaniritsa cholinga chake, iye anapeza Echo mu moyo wa anthu Russian.

Boyars anatumiza kalata ina ndi chilolezo cha vzoshestvii Mfumu Sigismund, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa siginecha wake wopambana wa mabishopu akazembe Russian anafotokoza kuti kuyambira kale kwambiri pa nthaka Russian ntchito iliyonse, kaya anthu kapena zadziko, anayamba ndi Bungwe la atsogoleri achipembedzo cha Orthodox. Ndipo mtengo pa nthawi panopa zovuta kukhalabe boma Russian popanda mfumu, ndiye kukhala muweruzi waukulu kupatula kholo Bole palibe ndi kuthetsa ntchito iliyonse sangakhale popanda lamulo lake. Pokwiya ndi Sigismund anasiya zokambirana zonse, akazembe anabwerera ku Moscow.

madzulo Zima mu 1610 Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II anaphedwa, sparking kukondwa mwa anthu alipo Russian. Kunadetsa anayamba kuyitana kwa athamangitsidwe wa Zitsulo m'dziko Russian. Kuti anapulumuka umboni Zitsulo okha nthawi ino. Iwo amanena kuti kholo la Moscow mobisa anafalikira m'dziko ikugwirira mzinda, limene limalimbikitsa anthu kuti apeze, ndipo posakhalitsa patsogolo ku likulu la kuteteza Orthodox chikhulupiriro cha Chikhristu ndi athamangitsidwe a m'derali.

Chipilala kholo lakale Hermogenes mu Red Square mu Moscow:

Kuuma chikhulupiriro ndi ungwazi wa mabishopu,

Ndipo kachiwiri kwa mabishopu, Hermogenes anaba kuopseza. oukira Polish ndipo ankatumikira asankha kupatukana mbadwa padziko lonse kuletsa mbiri ya apilu kholo anthu.

January 16, asilikali 1611 zinatumizidwa mu mkulu wa mabishopu pabwalo farmstead agwidwa ndi Ambuye kuchititsidwa manyazi ndi kunyozedwa. Koma ngakhale kudzipatula pafupifupi onse, akuitana Russian Orthodox Church of St. anagawira anthu. mizinda ya ku Russia, chifukwa nthawi umpteenth ananyamuka chitetezo cha boma. Asilikali anathamangira kwa mpanda wa likulu lachipulumutso ake kwa adani Polish. Mu February 1611 mkulu wa mabishopu opanduka unachotsedwa ndipo m'ndende mu ndende mdima wa agulupa Chudov, kumene njala ndipo mwinamwake lakelo.

Ambuye Hermogenes ophedwa 17 January 1612 chaka. Ngakhale mbiri yakale mulibe kugwirizana pa nkhani imeneyi. Malinga ndi nkhani zina, ndi mabishopu, anafa ndi njala, pa zina - izo mwadala poizoni monoxide mpweya kapena mwankhanza zopotola.

Patapita nthawi imfa ya mkulu wa Moscow sanaphedwe ndi kukhalapo mu izo wa Poland, ndi February 21, 1613 wachifumu Russian anali kulamulidwa ndi Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, amene Hermogenes mosakayikira anapemphera Mulungu.

Poyamba, khololo anaikidwa ansembe yotchedwa Chozizwitsa. Kenako, thupi la Ambuye, anaganiza kusamukira ku Mfundo Cathedral - gulu cha atsogoleri achipembedzo apamwamba mu Moscow. Anapeza kuti mphamvu ya woyera anakhalabe incorrupt, chifukwa zotsalira sanali pansi pa nthaka. Kholo lakale canonization chinachitika mu 1913.