Latin: mbiri ya chitukuko. Ntchito mankhwala

Kamodzi Europe anali anthu amene amalankhula zilankhulo kuti tsopano amatchedwa akufa, ndiye, uchoke ntchito chitachitika. Mmodzi wa iwo - chinenero Latin. Mbiri ya chitukuko akuyamba ngakhale pamaso yathu ino, koma anthu ntchito lero, cha m'ma XXI. Kuphunzira chilankhulo ndi nkhani mokakamizidwa mu mabungwe ambiri maphunziro. Latin ndi chiyani? Amene amafufuza izo? Mayankho - m'nkhani ino.

amakedzana

Dziko Latin - Ancient Rome. Anthu amene chinenero anali mayi ankakhala BC II atumwi. Koma anaphunzira kulemba patapita nthawi yaitali. History chinenero Latin chimakhudzana ndi amakedzana. Iwo limanenedwa ngati chitukuko kuti analipo kale Zapakati. Za anthu ake masiku ano kudziwa chifukwa cha maphunziro chikhalidwe cha Aroma ndi Agiriki. Aroma anatengera kwambiri kwa nzika ophunzira kwambiri wa Greece, kuphatikizapo miyambo mabuku.

The oyamba kulembedwa

History chinenero Latin, ngati wina aliyense, nkhani kuti periodization. Akatswiri olemba mbiri yakale olekanitsidwa chachikale chinkawavuta, Agiriki ndi postclassical nthawi. Ngakhale kuti Aroma ndiwo mtundu osati wa bungwe, iwo anayankhula mu chachikale chinkawavuta Latin. Koma koposa Roma anakhala, chikhalidwe zambiri otukuka, ndi lilime lake. Anapanga kalembedwe, anthu ambiri osiyanasiyana. Aroma adayamba ndi kulemba mu chilankhulo chimatchedwa chakale Latin. Ndiyeno nzika zina chidwi wa ufumu anayamba kumasulira ntchito za Agiriki, ndipo ngakhale kulenga zinthu zatsopano. Mkubwela kwa luso la mabuku akale Greek ndi Roman iyamba kukhala dziko la prose ndi ndakatulo.

mabuku

Kuphunzira m'munda wanu uliwonse luso - ndi koposa zonse, mbiri ya chinenero Latin. Zikamera wa Rome ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe anali akuthandiza kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha dziko. Choyamba, mu dziko lino panali malamulo ndi mabuku ku Latin. Kenako ananena okha, olemba. Mwamuna woyamba mu Roma, ndiwo kwambiri chidwi mitundu ya ndakatulo - ndi Liviy Andronik. Koma iye sanalembe chilichonse zawo, koma chabe anawamasulira Homer a ndakatulo kwambiri. ana Roma kwa nthawi yaitali kuphunzira analemba buku lonena za masana zodabwitsa za Odysseus.

Buku loyamba

Chidwi mbiri chinenero Latin mabuku kugwirizana ndi osachepera mwawo moyo ndale ku Roma. Nkhondo ndi masoka ena analenga mbadwo watsopano wa olemba ndakatulo ndi amene sanali kumasulira ntchito yachilendo, ndi kulenga zolemba nzika ya Roma. Gnaeus Nevij Mwachitsanzo, analemba tsoka zoyenera mmodzi wa Punic Nkhondo.

Komanso, mu mtundu uliwonse, Aroma anali nkhani zawo, amene ndakatulo kulenga ntchito zolembalemba. Nthano of Ancient Rome kuphunzira asukulu ndi ophunzira. Kudziŵa epic pangafunike kutero chifukwa ndi mmene wakale Aroma olemba anasolola nkhani. Ndipo iwo, nawonso, anabwereka miyambo ndi olemba mabuku a m'tsogolo. Mbiri ya zikamera ndi kukula kwa chinenero Latin unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi mayina monga Plautus, Virgil, Horace. Mawu a nzeru zapamwamba Roma, olemba ndi andale ndi omenyana ntchito zamakono. Ngakhale osowa wapachiyambi.

Kodi zinenero ali mbadwa Latin?

Amene kwambiri kuphunzira Italy, Spanish kapena French, zofunika kwambiri Latin. Mbiri ya chitukuko wake ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo Romance Studies - sayansi kuti amawerenga kuchuluka kwa zinenero, ndilo kholo la izo okhala ku Roma. Latin - nzika mokakamizidwa pa luso la philology ndi zilankhulo. Ngakhale maphunziro pali zambiri okha kumasulira malembawo, kuloweza miyambi ndi kuphunzira ndizosowa galamala. Koma ngakhale izi zokwanira kumvetsa mawu angati a Chifalansa, Chitaliyana kapena zilankhulo zina za Romance anaitenga ku mbadwo wake, Virgil ndi Horace.

Ages Middle

Mu Middle Ages, Latin anali, pamwamba pa zonse, chilankhulidwe cha mpingo. Ndipo popeza tchalitchi pafunika zonse, ndi chinenero alipo muzochitika zones za moyo. Asayansi za nthawi iyi anali mosamala anasonkhanitsa mabuku cholowa cha Kale, kuphunzira ndi woyengeka Latin, odzipereka zolemba zambiri za nkhani zimenezi zili zofunika monga momwe mbiri ya chinenero Latin. Mwachidule kuti lagawidwa magawo angapo. Kupatula chachikale chinkawavuta, Agiriki ndi maphokoso chakale kutali monga akale Latin.

Ngakhale dzuwa litalowa Medieval Latin sananene mdima, anthu osaphunzira okha. Ku Ulaya, zikalata zofunikira ndipo makalata ntchito imachitika yekha m'chinenerochi. Mu dziko lonse ndi anthu makamaka zasintha, ndipo sangathe bwanji izo. Izo kusanduka, latsopano zinthu lexical kuonekera. Koma ngakhale pamene chinenero awa kunali kutenga malo chachiwiri, iye anakhalabe nkhani mokakamizidwa mu sukulu zonse.

Latin anali pafupi mutu waukulu maloya m'tsogolo, kuti kwenikweni kumeneko kulankhula za madokotala. Mu buku "The Life of Monsieur de A Moliere" ndi M. Bulgakov Eti limafotokoza dongosolo maphunziro a nyengo iyi. Protagonist m'buku lakuti, wolemba sewero lanthabwala wotchuka Moliere, munthu wamng'ono molimbika anaphunzira Latin, kuti nthawi zina ankaganiza kuti dzina lake sanali Jean-Baptiste, ndi Zhoganes Baptistus.

Mabaibulo a Hippocrates

Olimba mtima asilikali achiroma anagonjetsa Agiriki patsogolo, iwo anali kugwiritsa ntchito za zomwe chikhalidwe osati za Agiriki, komanso sayansi. Choyamba, pati - kuphunzira mabuku a Hippocrates. Anadziŵa munthu, monga mukudziwa, anali tate wa machiritso Greek. Mbiri ya chitukuko Latin chinenero mankhwala amabwerera chimodzimodzi ndi kutumiza izi.

mankhwala

Ena mawu wakale Greek kosatha mawu a Aroma. iwo limabwezeretsa kwa anthu anagonjetsa, koma patapita kanthawi iwo anaonekera ndi madokotala awo. Yotchuka kwambiri iwo - Klavdiy Galen. wasayansi analemba oposa zana ntchito. chidwi Ankapereka kwa mawu, poganiza kuti ndi mbali yofunika zokhudza zachipatala. Koma ochiritsa yoyamba Rome yakale anali ogwidwa ndi Ahelene. pa nthawi, akapolo analandira ufulu wawo, kusukulu. Poyamba, mawu onse ali yekha Greek, koma mbiri ya chinenero Latin ndi mankhwala terminology zogwirizana. Pobwereka ku chinenero cha Hippocrates kuti mawu a madokotala Roma chaka chilichonse umayamba kuchepa.

Kuthi Celsus

Amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha terminology zachipatala anayambitsa Aulus Korneliy Tsels. munthu uyu anali mosalekeza umunthu, anali wothandiza wa m'malo a Greek mawu miyambo Latin zachipatala. Celsus analemba ntchito zake m'chilankhulo chawo. ntchito dokotala ameneyu wakhala chofunika kwa chilengedwe cha terminology ano zachipatala.

Mu Mibadwo ya M'dima chitukuko mankhwala ndayima kaye. Monga Komabe, ndi nthambi zina zonse sayansi. Ufulu Society of the Church. Iwo unafalikira umbuli. Pafupifupi Zakachikwi mankhwala European Padalibe kusintha. Aluya, azungu utakwaniritsa kwambiri m'dera limeneli. Ndipo pamene mankhwala mu Europe anakumbukira chinthu unayambira ku chitukuko cha zochitika mankhwala - amamasulira ku Latin wa Mfundo Arab, umenenso njira, sichina koma kumasulira kuchokera Greek.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Pakati pa XIV ndi XVI atumwi ku Ulaya adzabadwanso, makamaka mankhwala. Madokotala kamodzinso anatembenuka mipukutu yoyambirira yeniyeni wakale. Patapita zaka analenga chinenero mankhwala konsekonse. Madokotala ku mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya ayenera kumvetsa mzake. Lofalitsidwa mabuku ndi otanthauzira. M'zaka za m'ma XV, limapezeka imodzi malaibulale a ntchito ndi aiwala Roma dokotala Celsus. ntchito Roma anali republished, ndi terminology ntchito ndi madokotala ku dziko lonse lero.

Vezaliy Andreas - ndi dokotala wamkulu ndi anatomist a chi. wasayansi ameneyu anali anatomical tchati, zochokera ntchito ya wolemba Roma tinalisindikizanso. Kuwonjezera gretsizmov alipo, anakhala woyambitsa ndi mawu atsopano Latin. Komabe, ambiri a iwo kenako anasiya kugwiritsa ntchito.

malamulo a Aroma

Ndithu chikoka pa terminology inafunika Latin. Mbiri ya lamulo kutenga mizu mchiphunzitso cha Chilamulo Roma. Ndicho, ndi gwero la terminology m'zinenero zambiri. chifukwa ndendende mawu. Latinism kukhala chuma cha dongosolo ano malamulo. A mbali yaikulu pano chinali chifukwa chakuti mu dera malamulo a zikalata akale wasenza yekha mu Latin. Chifukwa cha terminological thumba lonse unakhazikitsidwa.

M'zinenero zina, mawu ogwirizana ndi mawu a malamulo, analankhula lero mu Latin, popanda kusintha kulikonse zidalengedwa. A ambiri Latinisms alipo makamaka zinenero Romance. Gulu German zoterozo pobwereka zochepa.

philology

akatswiri a zinenero tsogolo komanso kuphunzira Latin. Udindo wa chinenero mu kwambiri dongosolo maphunziro owolowa manja. Kwa iye anabwera onse Romance Zinenero. Pobwereka ku mawu a Aroma wakale ndi pano lero mu mawu a French, ku Italy ndi ku Spain. Choncho, ophunzira a philology Roma, kotero zofunika Latin. Mbiri ya galamala, phonetics ndi zigawo zina za zilankhulo - muyenera kudziwa mozama za chinenero china.

Latin anali kusokoneza kwambiri mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha zinenero zambiri masiku ano, motero ndi ofunika kuphunzira osati maloya tsogolo ndi madokotala. Wophunzira chinenero Latin, alemere mawu anu ndi mosavuta kuphunzira mawu atsopano. Ndi zilembo Latin ndi maziko amanenendwe onse European, ndi galamafoniyo phonetic maziko a.

Latin komanso limakhudza chinenero chamakono Russian. Lili mawu zoposa zikwi khumi amene anachokera ku chinenero cha wakale Aroma.