Lamulo la Dodd-Frank: magawo onse, zofunika ndi zida

Mu 2011, ndondomeko ya zachuma ku United States yakhala ikusintha kwambiri kuyambira kuvutika kwakukulu. Lamulo la Dodd-Frank pa kusintha kwa Wall Street ndi chitetezo cha ogulitsa linayamba kugwira ntchito. Kusindikiza kwachitidwe ichi ndi Barack Obama chakonzedwa kuti chiwonjezere kuwonetsetsa kwa ndalama. Pakatikati pa ngodya nthawiyi boma likuika zofuna za okhoma msonkho. Anthu osavuta sayenera kuvutika chifukwa cha zochita zopanda chilungamo komanso njira zochepetsera za makampani osiyanasiyana.

Zolinga

Lamulo limalimbikitsa kuyang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu azachuma, omwe amawononga ndalama zomwe zikufanana ndi kugwa kwa dongosolo lonse, monga momwe zinachitikira panthawi ya mavuto azachuma padziko lonse, omwe anayamba ndi mavuto mu mabanki omwe akutsogolera mabungwe a dziko lonse a Lehman Brothers.

Matupi atsopano

Cholinga cha kagwiritsidwe ka ntchito iliyonse yamalonda ndi phindu. Ndipo kawirikawiri chikhumbo chimenechi sichigwirizana ndi ntchito yopindulitsa anthu komanso aliyense wa mamembala ake. Choncho, lamulo la Dodd-Frank limapereka kukhazikitsa mabungwe angapo atsopano omwe cholinga chake ndi kuyang'anira ntchito za mabungwe olemera a ndalama, kuchepetsa ngozi ndi kuteteza okhomera msonkho. Zosintha zakhudzanso matupi omwe alipo. Iwo anakhudza makamaka a Securities Commission, Federal Reserve ndi Investor Protection Corporation. Komanso, bungwe loti Likuyang'anira Kukhazikitsa Kwachuma linalengedwa. Ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kuzindikira mavuto omwe alipo, kupeza njira zochepetsera ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera.

Ntchito zachilengedwe

Gawo loyambirira pa magawo 15 a Chilamulo ndilopatulira kukhalabe ndi ndalama. Amayambitsa kulengedwa kwa matupi awiri atsopano. Iyi ndi Office of Financial Research ndi Council for Stability Kuyang'anira. Mmodzi wa iwo ali ndi ntchito zake zokha, koma amagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lachiwiri lokulitsa bata la dongosolo. Utumiki wa Zachuma umayang'anira ntchito yawo. Bungwe limafufuza zomwe zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku mabungwe ogwirizana ndipo pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwunika. Pulezidenti wake tsopano, ndi chilolezo cha mamembala ambiri omwe ali ndi udindo, akhoza kutumiza ndalama ku makampani omwe amachititsa kuti azikayikira kuti ali ndi chiopsezo cha chuma cha dziko. Bwaloli likulamuliranso zochitika zonse zomwe zikugwirizana ndi gawoli, ndipo zimapereka lipoti pamsonkhano wa Congress. Cholinga cha Ofesi ndiyo kuyang'anira ntchito za matupi omwe akuyang'anira kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kufufuza komwe kumayambitsa kukhazikitsa chidziwitso chowunikira komanso chowopsa. Pogwiritsa ntchito thupili, akukonzekera kukhazikitsa malo awiri: kukonza deta ndi sayansi ndi kulingalira.

OTC malonda

Mukawerenga lamulo la Dodd-Frank m'Chisipanishi, zikuwonekeratu kuti tsopano ntchito za anthu a ku US mumsika wa Forex ndi zoletsedwa. Ntchitoyi imapereka mwayi wotsatsa malonda a OTC. Ndipo ndalama zonse ziwiri ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Kuletsedwa uku kumakhudzanso ntchito za makampani omwe amathandiza makasitomala awo a US kuti azigulitsa okha pa msika wa Forex. Zogulitsa izi sizinalembedwe m'masitengo a masitolo asanayambe kudutsa mkati mwa makampani. Kusintha koteroko kuyenera kuchepetsa chinyengo, kuonjezera kuwonetsetsa kwa kayendetsedwe ka zachuma ndikuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo cha ufulu wa azimayi ndi chitetezo.

Njira yothandizira

Vuto la zachuma padziko lonse la 2008 linali lalikulu chifukwa cha kupereka kwa ngongole kwa osakhulupirika obwereka, komanso kuopseza komwe kunachitika pambuyo poti Lehman Brothers akuwononga ndalama zambiri . Choncho ulamuliro wa Volcker ndi malamulo a Dodd-Frank amalamulira ntchito za machitidwe opanga dongosolo ndi kutha kwake. Kulipira ngongole kumalekanitsidwa ndi mabungwe ogulitsa mabanki, ndalama zamagulu ndi ndalama zokhala ndi ndalama za mabungwe azachuma. Lamulo la Dodd-Frank ndi Volcker likulongosola za kufunika kokweza okhomera msonkho wamba a ku America. Yoyamba imayambitsa malamulo atsopano owonetsa makampani a nsana, pomwe malire amatha kugulitsa mabungwe awo omwe amadzipangira ndalama. Tsopano iwo akhoza kukhala ndi 3 peresenti yokha ya likulu lakumapeto. Lamulo la Dodd-Frank limapereka boma lapadera lokhazikitsa mabungwe akuluakulu azachuma, bankruptcy yomwe ingayambitse kugwa kwa dongosolo lonse. Ndondomeko yonseyi iyenera kuti idalandiridwe ndi boma la United States. Zimaganizidwe kuti mwa njirayi zidzatheka kupeŵa mantha m'msika ndikugulitsa katundu wa banki pamtengo wotsika. Pambuyo pa kutha kwa ndalamazo, eni ake amalipiritsa ndalamazo. Ngati, posakhalitsa chiwonetsero cha bankruptcy, yesetsani kuyesa gawo limodzi la ndalama kapena ndalama kwa anthu ena, tsopano pali njira yobweretsera miyambo imeneyi.

Kuyamba kwa kutsogolo ndi utsogoleri

Lamuloli limaperekanso udindo wa aamuna apamwamba omwe zochita zawo zinachititsa kugwa kwa kampaniyo. Inde, iwo achotsedwa ku oyang'anira, ndipo nthawizina iwo akhoza kuletsedwa kukhala nawo maudindo ofanana mu mabungwe ena azachuma. Malinga ndi lamulo la Dodd-Frank, ngakhalenso kuwonongeka komwe kwachitika pa kampani kungapezedwe kwa iwo.

Chikhalidwe

Lamulo la Dodd-Frank lili ndi zigawo 15. Woyamba wa iwo akudzipereka kuonetsetsa kuti ndalama zimakhazikika. Zimapereka kulengedwa kwa matupi awiri atsopano. Gawo lachiwiri likufotokozera njira zowonongeka. Lachitatu ndilo kusamutsidwa kwa ulamuliro. Ikuwonetseratu kuchotsedwa kwa matupi omwe alipo kuti athe kuchepetsa ntchito zogwirizana ndi gawoli. Gawo lachinayi likuwunika kuyang'anira ntchito za alangizi a zachuma. Popeza kuti nthawi yoyamba idalamuliridwa pokhapokha pa chigawo cha dera, izi zinapereka mwayi wokhala ndi ma akaunti ndi zolakwika zina. Gawo lachisanu limatsimikizira kufufuza kwa mbali zonse za inshuwalansi. Lamulo la Dodd-Frank pankhani ya kusintha kwachuma limapereka malamulo abwino. Gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi limatchedwanso Volcker Rule. Gawo lachisanu ndi chiwiri likuyamba kufalikira kwa malamulo a msika wa ngongole zotengera ndi default swaps. Potsirizira pake, malonda awo ayenera kukhala osinthasintha. Wachisanu ndi chitatu akutsindikitsanso kuyang'anira kuchotsa ndi kuthetsa. Ndalamazi ziyenera kukhazikitsa miyezo yoyenera yogwiritsira ntchito zovuta pazinthu zamakampani zofunika kwambiri. Izi zidzakulitsa bata lachuma chonse. Lamulo la Chitetezo cha Dodd-Frank Consumer limafuna kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka msika wogulitsa. Gawo lachisanu ndi chinayi laperekedwa kwa izi. Chakhumi chimayang'ana pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ofesi ya chitetezo cha ogula mu FRS. Iyenera kuyendetsa kuti ndalama zogulitsa zimatha. Gawo la khumi ndi limodzi limapereka mphamvu zatsopano za Ndalama, zokhudzana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa makampani aakulu. Chakhumi chachiŵiri chimaphatikizapo kuchepetsa mwayi wopezeka kwa anthu okhala ndi ndalama zambiri kapena ndalama zochepa kuntchito. Gawo la khumi ndi zitatu likukonza 2008 Stabilization Act. Chakhumi ndichinayi ndikukonzekera ngongole yobwereka. Gawo khumi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndilosiyana.