Njira ya sayansi yosiyana. Njira ya sayansi yotsalira muchuma

Chuma chimatengedwa kukhala chimodzi mwa sayansi yakale kwambiri. Ngakhale anthu achikulire omwe anali ndi chidziwitso chofunikira mderali: adali ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino la mfundo za ulimi, za ubale wolimbikitsana pakati pa anthu onse a m'deramo pokonza ndi kugawa katundu ndi kusinthanitsa zomwe analandira. Komabe, zizindikirozi sizimagwirizanitsa ndi chidziwitso chodziimira.

Mbiri yakale ya zachuma

Kuyamba kwa malingaliro a zachuma kumapangidwira nyengo yowonjezera mafakitale (agrarian) ya chitukuko cha umoyo ndipo ikuphatikizapo zitukuko zakale monga ufumu wa Roma, Greece, ndi zina zotero (Zaka 1000 Zakumapeto BC - V AD AD). Zinali zogwirizana kwambiri mu nthawi ino ndi malingaliro achipembedzo ndi maganizo andale.

Zithunzi zachuma za malingaliro zinafotokozedwa makamaka ndi mavuto ogwira ntchito, komanso bungwe la kayendetsedwe ka zachuma ndi ntchito, dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi udindo wa katundu. Makalata awa anali: malemba a malamulo, malemba a Chipangano Chakale ndi Chatsopano, mapangano osiyanasiyana, machitidwe ndi mafilosofi a anthu pawokha.

Kusinthika kwina kwazomwe chuma chinalikuchitika m'nthaŵi zamakono: Western Europe - V-XVIII zaka mazana asanu, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa maboma, Russia - IX-XIX zaka, makamaka, kusanachitike 1861. Nthawi imeneyi ikugwirizana ndi maganizo otukuka pa mavuto a kalasi, kufalitsa Ndalama, umwini wa nthaka, mgwirizano wa magulu (ma communes, magulu a amalonda, madera akumidzi, masitolo ogulitsa, magulu a alonda ndi malamulo a monastic, etc.). Mphamvu za ndale zinali za ambuye a dziko lapansi ndi achipembedzo (eni eni), malo apadera anapatsidwa miyambo, kuphatikizapo, mawonedwe achipembedzo analamulira.

Panthawi imeneyo, chidwi chinali kuyamba kuonekera, chokhudzana ndi kugulitsa ndalama. Akuluakulu a theorist anali a scholastics, ndipo malingaliro a zachuma anakongoletsedwa makamaka kuchokera ku mipatuko, mwachitsanzo, kufanana, kutsutsidwa kwa malonda a chikhululuko, ntchito ya ntchito, ndi zina zotero.

Muzochitika za kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wa chigwirizano ndi kugawidwa kwa zikhalidwe zaumulungu, sukulu yoyamba yamagulu a zachuma , mercantilism (XV-XVIII zaka), amabadwa. Kotero, nthawiyi ikudziwika ndi malingaliro a zachuma monga sayansi yodziimira payekha pakuwonekera kwa njira yoyamba ya malingaliro a zachuma, malo apakati momwe vuto la chuma likukhalira.

Nthano zachuma: tanthauzo, malangizo ndi zigawo

Zimakhala ngati chilango cha sayansi ya zachuma ndipo imayimira maziko ake a filosofi ndi azinthu, omwe ali ndi malangizo ambiri ndi masukulu. Malingaliro a zachuma, tanthawuzo la zomwe zinaperekedwa pamwambapa, lingathe kuwonjezeredwa ndi mfundo yakuti, choyamba, sayansi yokhudza chisankho chodziwika ndi anthu ndi gulu la njira yogwiritsira ntchito zoperewera zomwe zili ndi cholinga chochuluka.

Mfundo zachuma zimaphatikizapo zigawo zingapo:

• Njira ya sayansi ya zachuma;
• Microeconomics;
• Macroeconomics;
• Chuma cha mayiko;
• Econometrics;
• Masewera a masewera.

Pakalipano, sukulu zotsatirazi za sayansi komanso zigawo za zachuma zikhoza kusiyanitsidwa:

• Neo-Keynesianism;
• Mfundo yatsopano ya zachuma;
• Monetarism;
• Neuroeconomics;
• Ndalama zandale zatsopano;
• Sukulu ya ku Austria;
• Economy ndi malamulo.

Kodi nkhani yokhudza sayansi ikukhudzana ndi chiyani?

Mayankho angapo amakhala yankho la funso ili. Choncho, maphunziro apamwamba a zachuma:

1. Zochita zokhudzana ndi kusinthanitsa ndondomeko ndi malonda ogulitsa omwe akuchitika pakati pa anthu.

2. Kuchita bizinesi tsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu, kuphatikizapo kuberekanso ndikugawira njira zofunikira kuti akhalepo.

3. Makhalidwe abwino a munthu ndi gulu la anthu pakupanga, kufalitsa, kusinthanitsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito katundu.

4. Kukhoza kwa anthu kuthana ndi mavuto omwe akukumana nawo pakupanga ndi kumwa.

5. Chuma chifukwa cha maubwenzi a anthu.

6. Malamulo omwe amayendetsa zokolola, kusinthanitsa zinthu zakuthupi pamadera oyenera a kusintha kwa anthu (Engels).

7. Chuma ndi zolimbikitsa zomwe zimakhudza zochitika zaumunthu, komanso zolinga zawo zotsutsana (A. Marshall) ndi kutanthauzira kwina kwa zomwe maphunziro a zachuma akuphunzira.

Nthano ya Neo-Chimeniya ya kukula kwachuma

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi ya nkhondo. Cholinga chofunikira kuti ziwonekere ndizochitika zomwe zikuchitika m'dongosolo la chuma cha padziko lonse kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Kwa iwo n'zotheka kunyamula:

1. Kutumizidwa kwa STR.
2. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kukula kwa chuma mu mayiko a Socialist.
3. Kusalongosoka pazitukuko za mayiko akuluakulu, ndi zina zotero.

Zomwe zili pamwambapa zikuonetsa ntchito yofulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha kukula ndikukula kwa ziphunzitso zambiri za kukula kwachuma, momwe olembawo anafunira kuthetsa zifukwa zambiri za ndondomekoyi.

Chiphunzitso cha R. Harrod (England) ndi E. Domar (USA) chinasankhidwa, potengera kuti chiwerengero chokhazikika cha kukula kwachuma n'chovomerezeka ngati chofunikira kuti pakhale mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi chuma chomwe chimalola kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zopindulitsa komanso ntchito.

Chinthu china cha Harrod-Domar chitsanzo ndicho kuzindikira kuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri.

Gawo lachitatu ndilo liwu loti ndizotheka kukwanitsa kukula ndi kulimbikitsidwa kwachangu kudzera muzowonjezereka mu chuma.

Olembawo adatsiriza kuti: Pokhapokha atapatsidwa ndalama zowonongeka komanso kuchuluka kwake, kuchuluka kwa chuma cha dziko ("chiwerengero chowonjezeka") chidzakhazikika. Vuto la kupeza mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu za msika zinali zoonekeratu, kutanthauza kuti kulibe zinthu zodzidzimutsa zomwe zingathandize kuti kubwezeretsa koyambirira koyambanso kusokonezeka.

Chosowa chofunikira cha njirayi yachinsinsi ndi Harrod ndi Domar sanyalanyaza za chikhalidwe ndi chuma cha anthu omwe alipo kale, omwe amakhudza mwachindunji zizindikiro za zizindikiro zamakono.

Mfundo yatsopano ya zachuma

Amaphunzira makhalidwe a zachuma. Ili ndilo njira ina yatsopano, yomwe ili mbali ya mfundo zoyendetsera zachuma. Zomwe zimayambitsa chidwi pazithunzithunzizi zimayesedwa ndi zoyesayesa zogonjetsa zofunikira zambiri zomwe zimakhala za neoclassicism (mpikisano wangwiro, chidziwitso chokwanira bwino, kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko lofanana ndi chithandizo cha mtengo wapatali), pofufuza njira zachuma mu zovuta, ndi zofunikira zowunika kufufuza zatsopano, Yogwirizana ndi STR.

Udindo wa chitsanzo chomwe chili pansi pano

Choyamba, mabungwe amaimiridwa ndi khalidwe la ochita zachuma.

Chachiwiri, iwo amalingaliridwa kuchokera pakuwona momwe iwo amakhudzira pa zisankho zomwe zimatengedwa ndi ogwira ntchito zachuma.

Chachitatu, zinthu zambiri sizinayanjane ndi "mabokosi wakuda", ndiko kuti, bungwe (boma, mabanja, makampani) amadziwika ngati dongosolo lokhala ndi zofuna za mkati.

Chachinayi, kuyerekezera njira zothandizira pakati pawo, osati kokha ndi zinthu zabwino.

Chachisanu, njira yowonjezereka padziko lonse yodziwira zosankha zosankha mwachitsanzo, yomwe imatipangitsa kumasula zoperewera za njira ya statics.

Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, malangizo awa akukonzekera kuti chuma chikhale chofanana.

Njira yofunika kwambiri ya chidziwitso cha sayansi

Iwo ndi njira ya kusayansi. Mu zachuma, izo zikuyimiridwa ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa kuphunzira kwa chinthucho kuchokera ku zinthu zazing'ono ndi zosalongosoka, kuphatikizapo tanthawuzo lachizolowezi, chokhachokhakha ndi chokhazikika.

Zochitika zachuma sizimangobwereka kufufuza pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zakuthupi, motero, kupatula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yaikulu yophunzirira, kapena, makamaka, kuchoka ku zinthu zonse zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha chinthu chomwe chikuphunziridwa.

Zingamveke kuti kusuntha kwa sayansi kumachokera ku chidziwitso chenicheni chachuma cha chinthu chowonedwa. Komabe, izi ndizolakwika zomveka. M'malo mwake, izo zikuyang'ana mawonetseredwe ake enieni, kubisala kumbuyo kwa mulu wa zochitika zambiri zakunja ndi zochitika.

Udindo wa njira imeneyi pakufufuza zachuma

Zimaphatikizapo kuphweka njira yophunzirira zachuma. Njira imene asayansi amatsutsa imakhulupirira kuti zochitika zina, kupatula zomwe zaphunziridwa panthawiyi, sizikhala zosasintha.

Kusintha, makamaka, kumakhala kosavuta komanso kumangokhalira kuphweka. Motero, zovuta za sayansi zimatanthauzira monga kuwonetsera zofunikira kwambiri pa zochitika zomwe zikufufuzidwa ndikupewa chilichonse chochitika ndi chachiwiri.

Njira zazikulu za njirayi

Muzinthu zachuma, ofufuza ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito, monga tazitchulidwa kale, njira ya sayansi yotsalira, yomwe ili ndi njira zazikulu ziwiri zomwe zimakwaniritsidwira: kuchotsedwa ndi kudulidwa.

Amachita monga njira zowonjezera osati zotsutsana. Zomwe amakhulupirira zimakhazikitsidwa pazifukwa zawo ndizoona za zachuma zomwe zimakhala zofunikira pazomwe zikuchitika pazomwe zikusonkhanitsa deta. Maganizo osiyanasiyana pazinthu zina ndi dziko lonse lapansi ndizofunikira kuti ziweruzidwe zowonjezereka.

Kufunika kwa njirazi

Monga tanenera kale, njira yopezera sayansi mu chuma ikuyimiridwa ndi njira ziwiri. Choncho, kulowetsa (chitsogozo) ndi njira yofotokozera, yomwe imachokera ku kuikapo mfundo zina. Kupyolera mu njirayi, chomwe chimatchedwa kutembenuka kuchokera ku kuphunzira zapadera (osakwatira) zowonjezera kuti ziganizo zambiri ndi malo aperekedwa.

Komanso, njira ya sayansi yotsalira imaphatikizapo njira yotere yofufuzira chinthu chomwe chimachotsedwa (kudula) - kulingalira, mwa njira yomwe lingaliro limatsimikiziridwa ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Njira imeneyi imapangitsa kusunthira kuchoka pamaganizo onse kuzipinda zawo.

Njira ya sayansi yosawerengeka, yomwe imasonyezedwa ndi kuganiza kosadziwika, imatithandiza kuti tiwone pang'onopang'ono kufunika kwa zochitika zachuma. Pachifukwa ichi, pakufunika kupanga mfundo zina zomveka zomwe zikuwonetseratu zoona zenizeni zachuma.