Kodi zamoyo? kachitidwe Tizilombo: zizindikiro katundu, gulu

Lingaliro la dongosolo Mipikisano mlingo wa moyo bungwe - imodzi mwa nkhani zikuluzikulu sayansi yamakono. zinthu zonse zamoyo monga iye, ndi ogwirizana pa maziko a makhalidwe ena ndi ubwenzi wabwino ndi imakonzedwa mu zina kuti masanjidwe. mfundo zofanana ndi chilengedwe lonse la chikhalidwe ambiri. Ankadziwa chakuti madongosolo otero kwachilengedwenso, ndi bwino kuyamba ndi tanthauzo mfundo kiyi.

chiphunzitso mabuku

Zikhulupiriro Basic anawaika mu zaka za m'ma lapitali Ludwig Von Bertalanffy. Zinali iye amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso ambiri kachitidwe. Limafotokoza onse zinthu za chilengedwe ndi anthu. Chiphunzitso ndikuzindikiritsa kwachilengedwenso, chikhalidwe, za mlengalenga, thupi, zamalonda ndi ena kuti kuphatikiza magawo atatu lalikulu ndi microcosm, macrocosm ndi megaworld. Woyamba ndi particles pulayimale ndipo maatomu kuti chachiwiri - chirichonse kuchokera mamolekyulu kuti mayiko ndi nyanja, lachitatu - zinthu danga. Macrocosm ndi zikuphatikizapo zamoyo.

Cholinga chenicheni

mamembala mgwirizano zochokera mabwenzi ena, zochitika zina za atumiki - dongosolo. Gulu la amenewa eg, monga ulamuliro, imakhala milingo angapo analamula. Pankhaniyi lililonse mchitidwe ukhoza kukhala kuti dongosolo zochepa apamwamba. An chuma chofunika zoterozo bungwe: lonse ndi qualitatively wosiyana Uwerenge zigawo zake zonse. System - osati chabe ya makhalidwe a zinthu, iwo ali ngati khalidwe latsopano.

Onse zinthu za dziko moyo nyumba zofanana. Ndipo quality, chifukwa kaphatikizidwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndi mawonetseredwe yatsopano ya moyo.

lotseguka

Kumvetsa kuti kachitidwe zamoyo amafuna kufotokoza katundu wina wa nyumba zofanana. Izi zimachitika ndi chilengedwe. Mu chiphunzitso, bungwe la machitidwe kwachilengedwenso akhoza kukhala mwina chatsekedwa kapena lotseguka. Pa mchitidwe wasayansi Palibe dongosolo kwathunthu akachita. dongosolo moyo uliwonse zonse interacts ndi chilengedwe kudzera ena Kakhungu theka-malire. Maselo - izo bilipidnaya Kakhungu ochokera danga - chophimba. kachitidwe Social amaphatikizidwa mwa malamulo kapena mabwenzi enieni anthu.

Likukhalira, yankho la funso "Kodi machitidwe kwachilengedwenso" akhoza mwachidule motere: m'ndandanda wa zimachitika nthawi zonse maselo amoyo, yomwe inamangidwa ndi ena kuti masanjidwe ndi lotseguka kwa osiyana, kusinthitsa chilengedwe.

umboni

makhalidwe onse osiyana ndi a nyumba izi - ndi muyezo onse amasiyana chikhalidwe zopanda moyo. Timanena zizindikiro za machitidwe kwachilengedwenso mmene awo mwachidule:

1. A umodzi mankhwala pawiri. zinthu zonse zachilengedwe pomanga wa mamolekyulu chomwecho. Komabe moyo kanthu zinthu monga zofunikira monga carbon, asafe, mpweya, ndi wa hydrogen.
2. Kagayidwe chilengedwe. Izi ndi omasukirana a dongosolo anafotokoza katundu. Mmodzi wa mawonetseredwe ake - ndi osakhalitsa nyumba zimenezi.
3. Self-kugawanika (kubereka).
4. Chibadwa - katundu kutengerapo mbali ya kapangidwe ndi ntchito ku mibadwomibadwo.
5. Masiyanidwe - kupeza chuma pa moyo wa zinthu zatsopano ndi luso.
6. Kukula ndi chitukuko. Akuuzidwa kusintha sizingasinthe. Kuonetsetsa munthu ndi mbiri yakale chitukuko cha zamoyo, wotchedwa ontogeny ndi phylogeny, motero.
7. Irritability (bongo Matakisi) - katundu kuti kulabadira zimene zikuchitika ndi kusintha chilengedwe.
8. Apawokha. dongosolo lililonse moyo tichipeza zinthu osiyana koma zimavuta kupanga dongosolo masanjidwe.
9. Self-lamulo. Pali njira mkati kukhalabe homeostasis zimathandiza kuti apulumuke dongosolo. Self-lamulo zachokera pa mfundo za maganizo olakwika.
10. Rhythmicity. Kulimbikitsa ndi kufooketsa njira zosiyanasiyana fupipafupi.

Kuchuluka kwa gulu la machitidwe kwachilengedwenso

katundu zonsezi anakhalabe pa siteji iliyonse ya kapangidwe masanjidwe. misinkhu Basic wa gulu la machitidwe kwachilengedwenso amadziŵika m'malo lachabechabe, popeza aliyense wa iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu zigawo zingapo. Ambiri, kulankhula za magawo anayi a utsogoleri wolowezana izi:

• mlingo maselo majini;
• mlingo kakulidwe;
• mlingo anthu-mitundu;
• biogeocenotic mlingo.

Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

mlingo maselo majini

macromolecules chotero monga mapulotini, lipids, chakudya zidulo mkati ndi zinthu structural wa chamoyo, koma okha si ochokera zonse moyo.

Aliyense wa zinthu izi amagwira ntchito yake. Chakudya - gwero la mphamvu. Lipids mbali ya madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu ya maselo. iwonso ndi katundu mphamvu. Mapuloteni ntchito kwambiri moyo. Iwo amakhala ndi mitundu kwa amino asidi makumi awiri kuti akhoza interleaved kuti aliyense. Chifukwa, pali nambala yaikulu kwambiri mapulotini angachite ndi ntchito yosiyana kwambiri. The mkati zidulo DNA ndi RNA, - maziko cha chibadwa.

Macromolecules amaphatikizidwa mu maofesi, n'kupanga selo organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, myofibrils, ndi zina zotero. Onsewo ali ndi udindo zizindikiro zina zamoyo koma samafuna mlingo wa Kuvuta kuti angatchedwe moyo.

Chotsatira

kachitidwe Kodi enieni mlingo kakulidwe? Ndi zamoyo zonse, kuyambira unicellular kutsiriza ndi nyama ndi anthu, komanso ziwalo, zimakhala ndi maselo a thupi. zinthu zonsezi akhoza kuonedwa mlingo munthu wa gulu la machitidwe kwachilengedwenso, koma kwa mayiko ndi chifukwa cha malamulo onse, ndi ogwirizana.

Cell - pulayimale structural unit wa kapangidwe ka zamoyo. Iye ndi mlingo wa kuchulukitsa kwa dongosolo zamoyo zomwe koyamba monga chodabwitsa cha moyo. Monga tanenera kale, nyumba wosavuta kupereka mbali yekha zina. Khola ali ndi katundu onse kachitidwe kwachilengedwenso.

Zimakhala ndi ziwalo - wapakatikati sublevels kakulidwe siteji. Pambuyo pawo ndi multicellular chamoyo. Iwo amakhala ndi luso la palokha kuli chitukuko, ndi kubalana. Mbali imeneyi chimasiyanitsa munthu ndi maselo kuchokera ku ziwalo ndipo zimakhala.

Population, ndi view

Kuyambira siteji kuti siteji amakhala machitidwe zovuta kwachilengedwenso. Pa mlingo lotsatira pali mitundu ndi anthu. The choyamba ndi ya anthu, yodziwika ndi cholowa kufanana kwa chiwerengero cha magawo: kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, chibadwa, malo linalake. Ndipo Chofunika kwambiri, zinthu zimene zimapanga mawonekedwe, momasuka interbreed ndi kusiya ana chonde.

Gulu la anthu amatenga gawo ena wotchedwa malo. Nthawi zambiri, izo tatha ku mavuto osiyanasiyana ndi malo a dziko. Chifukwa, mawonekedwe lagawidwa anthu angapo ndi lakutali. Mwachibadwa, zikhalidwe za disunion ku mpumulo wa mawonekedwe zimathandiza kuti kudzikundikira chuma yeniyeni chibadwa. Ndi zizindikiro amphamvu divergence a anthu, zamoyo zina.

zimadalirana

Mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa anthu ndi mitundu ayenera kukhala biogeocoenosis ammudzi ndi Biosphere. The choyamba ndi ya anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, anayikidwa mu dera limodzi. Kuonetsetsa zomera, nyama ndi madera tating'onoting'ono. kuphatikiza awo akuno limodzi adzatchedwa biocoenosis. misinkhu izi za kachitidwe kwachilengedwenso yodziwika ndi ubwenzi wabwino wa anthu onse.

Zikhalidwe zimene majeremusi kulibe kalekale kuwakhudza. Kuchotsedwa awa zinthu zopanda moyo chikhalidwe cha m'dera amatchedwa biotope. Environment ndi m'madera a zamoyo ali zimachitika nthawi zonse, pali makope zinthu ndiponso mphamvu. Choncho biotope ndi biocenosis amaphatikiza biogeocoenosis kapena topezeka. mlingo umenewu yodziwika ndi mbali zonse za amoyo: iye nthawi zonse pokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, izi imayendetsedwa pa mfundo za ndondomeko kudziletsa lamulo imvera m'zinthu zina.

Pa mlingo wokweretsa la utsogoleri wolowezana amaika biosphere dziko lapansi - chipolopolo anthu zamoyo. amadza yaikulu ali zochita za anthu amene akuwonjezerabe kumabweretsa masoka zachilengedwe.

Kodi zamoyo? Ndipotu, ndi zinthu zamoyo zonse zimene zatizungulira. Munthu isiyana ndi zinthu zina biosphere ndi kuthekera kuzindikira, chotero kufika ndi kusintha zochita zake. Pamene luso limeneli ndi Homo sapiens akugwira ntchito ndi chikhalidwe. Komabe, chifukwa cha ife mwayi vutolo.