Kodi ntchito ya mapuloteni ndi yotani? Ntchito yowonjezera mapuloteni: zitsanzo

The ntchito za thupi lathu - ndondomeko zovuta kwambiri umene anthu ambiri maselo nawo, zikwi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Koma pali malo amodzi amene amadalira kwathunthu mapuloteni yeniyeni, popanda zomwe moyo wa munthu kapena nyama sizikanatheka kwathunthu. Monga inu mwina anaganiza, tikulankhula tsopano za michere ya.

Lero tiona enzymatic ntchito ya mapuloteni. Izi ndi malo aakulu a sayansi.

Popeza chifukwa cha zinthu zimenezi ndi ambiri mapuloteni, ndiye iwo akhoza kuonedwa ndi iwo. Muyenera kudziwa kuti pa michere nthawi ankagwidwa mu 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 19, koma asayansi anatenga kuposa zaka, kuti idzafika nthawi kwambiri kapena zochepa yunifolomu tanthauzo kwa iwo. Chotero kodi ntchito imagwiridwa ndi michere mapuloteni? Pa izi, komanso dongosolo ndi zochita za zitsanzo adzaphunzilanso pa nkhani imeneyi.

Muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti si mapuloteni akhoza kukhala enzyme, ngakhale chiphunzitso. mapulotini Globular yekha kupanga angathe naonetsere ntchito othandizira za mankhwala ena organic. Mofanana ndi mankhwala zonse zachilengedwe mu kalasi, michere ndi lopangidwa ndi zatsalira kwa amino acid. Onani kuti ntchito enzymatic mapulotini (zitsanzo za amene adzakhala m'nkhani) angathe kuchitidwa yekha ndi amene misa molar n'chochepa kuposa 5000.

ndi enzyme, Kodi tanthauzo lamakono

Michere - ndi chothandizira a kwachilengedwenso chiyambi. Iwo angathe imathandizira anachita, chifukwa kukhudzana pafupi pakati pa reactants (magawo). Tikhoza kunena kuti enzymatic ntchito ya mapuloteni - njira zina catalysis mosiyanasiyana amuzolengedwa zimene zimapezeka ndi zamoyo. Only mbali yaing'ono ya iwo akhoza chinaonekeranso mwa zasayansi.

Tikumbukenso kuti limeneli pakhala ena yojambula zisakuyenda bwino. Asayansi pang'onopang'ono kubwera pafupi kulenga michere yokumba amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito osati zolinga za chuma, komanso mankhwala. Iwo anayamba michere kuti angathandize kuononga ngakhale madera aang'onoang'ono khansa incipient.

Mbali enzyme mwachindunji nawo zotani?

Onani kuti, anakumana ndi gawo lapansi si monga thupi lonse la enzyme, koma ntchito ya wotchedwa malo yogwira. Ichi ndi katundu wawo Waukulu ndi mapolojekiti. lingaliro limeneli kuti enzyme ndi oyenereradi gawo lapansi mu mawonekedwe ndi katundu thupi ndi mankhwala. Tikhoza kunena kuti ntchito ya michere mu nkhani iyi ndi iyi:

• madzi awo wotsika kuchokera pamwamba chipolopolo.
• Pali mapindikidwe ena (kugawanika, mwachitsanzo).
• Pambuyo pake imakonzedwa m'njira yapadera danga, pamene kufupi ndi mzake.

zinthu zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mathamangitsidwe zotani. Tsopano, tiyeni kupanga kufanizitsa pakati pa michere ndi catalysts zochita kupanga.

Monga mukuonera, ntchito enzymatic mapulotini amafuna kulunjika. Palokha nawonso kuwonjezera kuti ambiri mwa mapuloteni amenewa komanso mitundu yeniyeni. Mwachidule, michere anthu nkomwe oyenera mbira nkhumba.

zina zofunika zokhudza kapangidwe ka michere

Kapangidwe ka mankhwala awa n'kopanda yomweyo magulu atatu. Kapangidwe chachikulu tingaone ndi zatsalira kwa amino asidi zomwe zili mbali ya michere ya. Popeza ntchito enzymatic mapulotini, zitsanzo zimene ife mobwerezabwereza ali m'nkhani ino, akhoza kuchitika kokha ndi magulu ena a mankhwala, kudziwa ndendende pa mfundo imeneyi si weniweni.

Pamene mlingo sekondale, ndi thereto chowonjezera anatsimikiza mwa mitundu zina kumangidwa omwe angagwe pakati zatsalira izi kwa amino acid. Izi wa hydrogen kulankhulana, electrostatic, hydrophobic ndi Van der Waals ankachita. Chifukwa cha mavuto amene amayambitsa kugwirizana izi mu madera osiyana a enzyme ndi opangidwa α-helix, ndi kuzungulira ndi β-chingwe.

Kapangidwe ukachenjede ndi chifukwa chakuti mbali ndi lalikulu la unyolo polypeptide chabe pindani. Ndi chingwe chifukwa akutchedwa madambwe. Pomaliza, mapangidwe yomaliza ya kapangidwe izi zimachitika pokhapokha mogwirizana khola anakhazikitsa pakati pa madambwe osiyana. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mapangidwe madambwe okha akupita m'njira palokha kwathunthu Chrixitu.

Makhalidwe ena ankalamulira

Childs, polypeptide unyolo umene anapanga, imakhala zatsalira pafupifupi 150 kwa amino acid. Pamene madambwe kucheza ndi mzake, anapanga globule. Popeza kugwira ntchito imagwiridwa ndi enzymatic malo yogwira m'Malemba, ayenera kumvetsa kufunika kwa ndondomekoyi.

Ankalamulira yokha amakhala ndi chakuti pakati zatsalira kwa amino asidi akuphatikizapo pali ankachita zambiri. chiwerengero chawo ndi apamwamba kwambiri zochita anthu pakati pawo madambwe. Choncho, M'mimbamo pakati pa iwo ndi "osatetezedwa" ku zochita mankhwala osiyanasiyana organic. Voliyumu ya dongosolo la 20-30 angstrom kiyubiki n'zogwirizana mamolekyulu angapo madzi. madambwe osiyana zambiri ndi wapadera kwathunthu atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena dongosolo, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zosiyana.

malo yogwira

Monga ulamuliro, malo yogwira zili mosamalitsa pakati pa madambwe. Choncho, aliyense amene akuchita kwambiri pa njira zotani. Chifukwa dongosolo lino la madambwe anapeza kusinthasintha ndithu, kuyenda m'dera la enzyme ndi. Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri, popeza enzymatic ntchito imagwiridwa yekha mankhwala amene angathe suitably kusintha malo ake okhudza malo.

Pakati polypeptide chomangira kutalika mu thupi la enzyme, ndi ntchito kuti zimene iwo anachita, pali kugwirizana mwachindunji. Vuto udindo onse zimatheka ndi kupanga malo yogwira anachita pakati pa ankalamulira othandizira ndi chifukwa mapangidwe madambwe watsopano.

Ena mapulotini, michere (Zitsanzo - lysozyme ndi glycogen) akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri mu kukula (129 ndi 842 zatsalira kwa amino asidi, motero), ngakhale kuti anachita ndi catalyzed pogawanikana pamawere kumangidwa mankhwala yofanana. kusiyana ndi kuti michere unyinji wochuluka ndi lalikulu amatha bwino kulamulira pamalo ake danga, amene amaonetsetsa bata kwambiri ndi liwiro anachita.

Gulu lalikulu la michere

Panopa anavomera ndipo ambiri m'dzikoli ndi muyezo gulu. Malinga ndi iye, yaima makalasi pakati asanu, ndi subclasses zogwirizana. Tikambirana kokha zofunika kwambiri. Apa iwo ali:

1. Oxidoreductases. Ntchito michere mu nkhani iyi - kukondoweza redox zosiyanasiyana.

2. Transferases. Ingagwire ndi magawo kutengerapo pakati pa magulu awa:

• Chimodzi-mpweya mayunitsi.
• Zotsalira za aldehydes ndi ketones.
• Acyl ndi glycosyl zigawo zikuluzikulu.
• Alkyl (monga zosiyana siingathe kubala CH3) zatsalira.
• Nitrogenous zapansi.
• Magulu munali phosphorous.

3. Hydrolases. Pankhaniyi, ntchito enzymatic ndi kumamatira mapuloteni a mitundu zotsatirazi mankhwala:

• Esters.
• Glycosides.
• Esters, ndi thioesters.
• Peputayidi mtundu kumangigwa.
• mtundu ubwenzi CN (kupatula wa peputayidi yomweyo).

4. Lyases. Angathe disengaging magulu ndi mapangidwe wotsatira kwa ubwenzi wachiphamaso. Komanso, pali ingagwire ndondomeko osiyanitsidwa: kujowina magulu anasankha pawiri kumangigwa.

5. Isomerases. Pankhaniyi, ntchito enzymatic mapulotini ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana isomeric catalysis. gulu izi zikuphatikiza michere zotsatirazi:

• Racemase, epimerase.
• Tsistransizomerazy.
• Intramolecular oxidoreductases.
• Intramolecular transferases.
• Intramolecular lyase.

6. Ligases (mwinamwake kudziwika monga synthetase). Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito akuwaza wa ATP pamene kupanga ena kugwirizana.

N'zosavuta kuona kuti ntchito enzymatic mapulotini ndi amazipanga zofunika, monga iwo ali kwa ulamuliro mmene pafupifupi onse zochita zikuchitika iliyonse chachiwiri m'thupi lanu.

Kodi akhalabe mwa enzyme pambuyo mogwirizana ndi gawo lapansi kuti?

Nthawi zambiri enzyme ndi mapuloteni globular chiyambi, pakati yogwira woimiridwa ndi zatsalira ake chomwecho kwa amino acid. Nthawi zina zonse, pakati gawo mwamphamvu kokhudzana ndi apulasitiki gulu kapena coenzyme (ATP Mwachitsanzo), ubwenzi ndi yochepa kwambiri. A chothandizira wotchedwa holoenzyme, ndi zotsalira ake, pambuyo kuchotsa anapanga ATP apoenzyme.

Motero malinga Mbali imeneyi michere zimagawidwa m'magulu awa:

• Zambiri hydrolase, lyase, ndi isomerase, zomwe zambiri mulibe coenzyme m'munsi.
• mapulotini puloteni (Zitsanzo - ena transaminase) chikukhudza gulu apulasitiki (asidi lipoic Mwachitsanzo). gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zambiri peroxidase.
• Enizmy zimene chofunika coenzyme kusinthika. Zikuphatikizapo kinases, komanso ambiri a oxidoreductases lapansi.
• catalysts zina, zikuchokera amene si bwino.

zinthu zonse ndi mbali ya gulu loyamba, ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani chakudya. catalysts zina zonse zimafuna zinthu zenizeni kwambiri kwa kutsegula ake, choncho kokha ntchito mu thupi, kapena ena zatsopano zasayansi. Choncho, enzymatic ntchito - izi zimachitika kwenikweni, lomwe lili mu zolimbikitsa (catalysis) zochita pa mitundu ina ya zinthu bwino chikhalire wa thupi la munthu kapena nyama.

Kodi chimachitika mu malo yogwira ntchito, kapena chifukwa michere ntchito bwino?

Ife mobwerezabwereza anati kuti chinsinsi kumvetsa enzymatic catalysis ndi chilengedwe cha pakati yogwira. Ndi kumeneko kuti yeniyeni kumangako wa gawo lapansi, amene wotere nthawi zambiri yogwira anatani. Kuti inu mumvetse zovuta za zochita ikugwiridwa kunja uko, kupereka chitsanzo losavuta kuchitika shuga nayonso mphamvu, m'pofunika kamodzi michere 12! Mofanana mogwirizana kovuta amakhala zotheka chifukwa chakuti mapuloteni kuti amachita ntchito enzymatic ali mlingo wapamwamba wa kulunjika.

Mitundu ya michere kulunjika

Ndi mtheradi. Mu nkhani iyi, kulunjika kukuonetsedwa chimodzi chokha, mosamalitsa kumatanthauza mtundu enzyme. Choncho, urease interacts yekha ndi urea. Ndi mkaka lactose monga akulowa anachita m'mikhalidwe iliyonse. Icho ndi chomwe ntchito imagwiridwa ndi mapulotini, michere mu thupi.

Komanso, gulu si zachilendo mtheradi kulunjika. Monga angalimvetse ku dzina, mu nkhani iyi pali "kulandira" kwathunthu kwa gulu la mankhwala organic (esters, kuphatikizapo alcohols zovuta kapena aldehydes). Mwachitsanzo, pepsin, yemwe ali mmodzi wa michere chifungulo cha m'mimba, Likuonetseranso kulunjika kwa hydrolysis kumangidwa peputayidi. Mowa dehydrogenase interacts yekha ndi alcohols ndi laktikodegidraza si zogawanika china kuposa zidulo alpha-hydroxy.

Zimachitika komanso kuti enzymatic ntchito khalidwe la gulu linalake la mankhwala, koma m'mikhalidwe winawake, michere akhoza kuchita zosiyana kwambiri ndi yaikulu "cholinga" ndi zinthu. Mu nkhani iyi, chothandizira "amamuchititsa" kwa kagulu ena zinthu, koma m'mikhalidwe zina zikhoza adzaphatikizana ndi mankhwala ena (osati kwenikweni ofanana). Komabe, mu nkhani iyi, zimene zingathandize kwambiri pang'onopang'ono.

Podziwika luso trypsin kuchita nsinga peputayidi, koma anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti mapuloteni izi kuti amachita ntchito ya enzyme kapepala kakuti m'mimba, akhoza bwino anatani ndi mankhwala osiyana Ester.

Pomaliza, pali kulunjika wa kuwala. Izi michere akhoza kupereka ndi zosiyanasiyana zinthu lembani kwathunthu, koma pansi chikhalidwe chimene iwo ali bwino kumatanthauza katundu kuwala. Choncho, ntchito enzymatic mapulotini mu nkhani iyi ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi mfundo ya kanthu si michere, catalysts chiyambi zochita kupanga.

Kodi ndi zinthu ziti kudziwa dzuwa la catalysis?

Lero, akukhulupirira zinthu zimene kudziwa ndi digiri kwambiri mkulu wa dzuwa la michere ndi:

• molongosola kwenikweni.
• okhudza malo lathu kwenikweni.
• The amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira ina ya pakati yogwira anachita.

Ambiri, zotsatira za ndende mankhwala sasiyana kuchokera mu zochita zochita kupanga catalysis. Pankhaniyi, ndende ya gawo lapansi chotero, chomwe chiri kangapo wamkulu kuposa mtengo wofanana zinthu zonse buku la njira pakati yogwira. Pakati anachita kusankha Mitundu molekyulu zinthu zimene ziyenera chiyani wina ndi mzake. N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti amenewa amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu mankhwala mlingo anachita malamulo angapo udzakwaniritsidwa.

Pamene muyezo mankhwala ndondomeko chikuchitika, n'kofunika kwambiri, chomwe ndi mbali ya mamolekyulu zimavuta adzakhala adzawombana ndi mzake. Mwachidule, thunthu la molekyulu pa nthawi ya kugunda ayenera mosamalitsa zochokera wachibale wina ndi mzake. Chifukwa chakuti imagwiridwa mokakamizika, ndiye zigawo zonse mtsikana imakonzedwa mu mzere winawake, catalysis anachita ndi inapita patsogolo ndi za zitatu malamulo a zoterozo kukhota mu malo yogwira enzyme ndi.

Pansi multifunctionality Pankhaniyi limanena za chuma cha zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za malo yogwira nthawi yomweyo (kapena mosamalitsa yolongosoka) Kachitidwe pa molekyulu ndi "ankachitira" mankhwala. Momwe munthu (molekyulu) sikuti suitably anakonza danga (onani. Pamwamba), komanso kwambiri amasintha makhalidwe ake. Zonsezi pamodzi kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti enzyme wayamba zosavuta kuchita gawo lapansi ndi akamavutika.