Kodi njuchi? Boma monga njuchi ndi tanthauzo masiku ano akuti "achilango"

Kodi njuchi, ambiri a ife akukumbukirabe maphunziro a mbiri. Colonia ndi dera yozungulira umene uli pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma yachilendo (mzinda). Pa nthawi yomweyo pa izo sizingakhoze kuchitidwa mphamvu za ndale ndi chuma, ndi ulamuliro zachokera ulamuliro wapadera. nzika matauni m'midzi ali ndi mphamvu zambiri ndi mwayi poyerekezera ndi anthu pachiyambi. Kuchokera mbiri imanena, mapangidwe midzi wanena kuti boma adafunafuna kukuza dera ake chikoka chifukwa cha adani a m'mayiko ena m'mayiko.

m'mbiri

Kodi njuchi, ife apeza. Tsopano ndi nthawi kuti tipeze mayiko ndi mmene kutenga nawo mbali mu kulamulira kwa limati zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, pakati pa ulamuliro XVI m'ma zonse Africa American analanda Spain, ndi madera Spanish wotanganidwa pafupifupi onse a North America, pamene m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya sanathe kupambana pa mbali ina ya dziko la America. Komabe, kufunafuna golide ndi siliva anaimitsa Spain kulamulira lawo mwaluso, ndi protracted nkhondo ndi Netherlands kwambiri kuchichepetsa kuthekera Spain. Zonsezi zakhudza chakuti England anali mofulumira osauka kuti azitsogolera mu anagonjetsa dziko.

kulamulira madera ndi ndondomeko atsamunda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana

The madera loyamba la North America, amene anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XVII., Maziko ndi atsamunda ku France, England ndi Holland. Misa kuchuluka zinali ankalamulira English. Loyamba m'Chingelezi Pamudzi pano anayamba Virginia, ndiye Atlantic gombe anaonekera 13 ndi anthu amaphatikiza kuposa anthu okwana 2.5 miliyoni. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mbadwa mu dzina la Iroquois ndi Algonquin choyamba ankachitira ndi atsamunda ololera ndithu, ife adawaphunzitsa zinthu zambiri. Izo ziri chimodzimodzi Amwenye anali okwanira ku Ulaya kukhala ndi chosiyana. Koma kunapezeka kuti monga chizindikiro cha "oyamikira" lomaliza analanda dziko m'deralo ndipo anthu anayamba kukhala akapolo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti gawo chimayendera mwachindunji ku England, ndi, mfumu anaika bwanamkubwa wa aliyense Pamudzi. Panali lonse atsamunda msonkhano omwe adzaponye chisanko angaone wolamulira wam'tsogolo.

Mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo chinali choti, ukapolo ndipo amapezerapo anthu zolinga zenizeni. Womwewo anachita ngakhale Rome ndi zina limati slaveholding, kumene akapolo anagwidwa, akapolo atengedwa dziko, adachotsa zosiyanasiyana chuma ndi zinthu. Oyambirira maufumu atsamunda anayamba Spain ndi Portugal, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mwamsanga Great akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale Geographical. Choncho, Spanish akapolo Central ndi South America, Portugal anatsegula njira ya India, motero yolanda gombe la Africa ndi Brazil. Awonongedwe masauzande anthu akapolo Aaborijini m'maboma lonse ndi maiko.

Ponena za kulamulira, tisaiwale kuti madera woyamba kwambiri Greek anauka. Koma mderali ndondomeko mapangidwe limati watsopano unakhazikitsidwa mu njira zosiyana kwathunthu, ndiye, aliyense wa iwo ayenera kukhala pawokha. Kunapezeka kuti kulamulira wathandiza kupulumutsa Greece kuchokera kuphulika makhalidwe mzinda mkatikati mphamvu zikanavulaza ndi mlendo. Nthawi zambiri, boma si pankhondo kwambiri poyerekeza Mwachitsanzo, ndi France. Mu 1713, njuchi French nakhala zigawo zisanu lomwe tsopano Canada ndi United States, ndicho Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Dziko Latsopano ndi Louisiana.

Spanish kulamulira la Dziko Latsopano anayamba pamene Columbus anatulukira America mu 1492. Ife kupeza njira India, amene adzakhala otetezeka ndi yachangu. Chifukwa, ofufuza pang'onopang'ono anawonjezera madera Spanish. zilumba zonse ndi mayiko amene anali pa ulendo India Columbus, iye ankakhulupirira nkhani Spanish: Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, Tortuga, Wamng'ono Holandesas, Islands Virgin, Guadeloupe - zonsezi anali gawo la chuma Spanish.

m'magawo US

madera onse North America zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu 3. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo madera kumpoto, omwe ndi ogwirizana ndi dzina wamba - New England. Apa analamulira mzimu mwangwiro English, makampani ndi mwachangu osauka. Gulu lachiwiri ndi madera kum'mwera (ichi ndi Virginia, North ndi South Carolina, Georgia). Apa maziko a chuma nkhani munda, umene ntchito negros. Pakati pa magulu awiriwa madera anaika North America madera, omwe anali minda yogwira, kukhala wotchuka. Izi zinaphatikizapo malo ozungulira New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.

Zinali yaikulu atsamunda mphamvu, ndi England, amene pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka ulamuliro wake Hrs, chogonjetsa France, Holland, Spain, Portugal ndi India. The States otsatirawa pa momwe British anali China ndi Afghanistan. Zinali pambuyo mfundo adani mu Gulf of England akhoza kukhala mtundu wamphamvu kwambiri mu dziko ndi kukhala mu udindo umenewo m'ma XIX.

Koma pa nthawi, yolimbirana ulamuliro mu dziko kwachititsa chakuti anayamba kuoneka nkhondo zambiri ndi nkhondo, amene kulimbikitsa ndi m'goli chitukuko chuma ndi ndale za bizinesi. Germany, Italy, ndi US ndi Japan apanga mphamvu zawo zonse ndi mphamvu, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wake.

Ngakhale masiku ano pakati pa Nkhondo World - Woyamba ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World - boma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kumasula okha chinyengo atsamunda. Choncho, mu 1943, linalandira ufulu Syria ndi Lebanon, mu 1945 - Vietnam ndipo Indonesia. Kenako pang'onopang'ono anamasulidwa ndi zina boma. Choncho inakwaniritsidwira kugwa dongosolo la atsamunda ku dziko.

Monga ulamuliro kunachitidwa

Kuti kumvetsa zomwe njuchi, ndikofunika kudziwa mmene ikuchitika kasamalidwe. Dziwani kuti aliyense dziko kufunafuna ake kulenga malo amenewa. Wina anayesa kupambana danga ndi kukhala pa izo okwana kulamulira. Mayiko ena zolinga yekha maphunziro ndi expansionist. M'midzi iliyonse - French kapena English - amalowerera wosanjikiza anthu osankhika, ndi chinenero cha boma cha chinenero anazindikira wa colonizers lapansi.

M'midzi inakhazikitsidwa kuti mavuto angapo. Kwa zachuma, izo zikanakhala zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe ndi anthu chuma. Kupanga ankawalamulira dziko, anagonjetsa konza zamalonda ndi misika. zolinga mfundo yachilendo anali akwaniritsa, zomwe ankayambitsa ndi zinthu Geo-oonekera. Kumvetsa zimene njuchi, n'zovuta, ngati kusadziwa paradaiso. chimasiyanitsa Kodi m'dera lino? Choyamba, kudalira ndale ndi pamaso pa udindo malamulo. Kachiwiri, pawekha lawolawo. Chachitatu, kusiyana Aaborijini ndi mzinda mawu a chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe.

tanthauzo latsopano kwa chiphunzitso cha

Lero, ife sadziwa kanthu monga achilango. Bungweli, imene muli wamkulu nzika, atapezeka ndi kumangidwa. Pali mitundu itatu ya madera-midzi, malingana ndi mtundu wa upandu mu dongosolo m'ndende:

1. Kwa anthu amene achita chokhumudwitsa mwangozi.

2. Kwa anthu amene amaletsa kwa nthawi yoyamba kwa upandu dala kuvulazidwa zazing'ono kapena zolimbitsa.

3. Kwa anthu amene yodziwika ndi mbali positive.

Komabe, ulamuliro uliwonse madera ndende kupereka kuti magulu onse a anthu simuli kusowa chitetezo zonse kapena lockdown. Pankhaniyi, akaidi onse chilango mitundu yonse ya midzi zinthu zomwezo. Komanso, sikuti ndi zokhazo ufulu kuyenda mu gawo ndi chilolezo cha dongosolo la akhoza lopanda munthu woyang'anira kunja. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pakufunika angakhalepo ngati mlandu kufunika kuphunzira kapena kugwira ntchito kunja kukagawira.

ankhanza atsamunda

Mtundu wa bungwe limene munthu mlandu adzatumizidwa, malingana ndi zimene khoti chidzakumasulani. Mwachitsanzo, mu mzinda-kuthetsa kutumiza mlandu anagamulidwa kuti osasamalira kapena mwadala kuchita mwamphamvu yaing'ono kapena zolimbitsa. Labor njuchi cholinga amene kupondeleza ufulu chifukwa anachita machimo akuluakulu. Ndi kuthetsa okhwima ulamuliro anatumiza akaidi, amene adawerengedwa chilango cha pa milandu yoopsa kwambiri, anachita kwa nthawi yoyamba, kapena amene achita amachita kachiwiri. The wapadera boma njuchi munali munthu m'ndende kwa moyo m'ndende. M'midziyi ndende oimira amuna ndi akazi osiyana zili payekha.

infuraredi ndi chiyani?

Mitundu yonse ya maofesi ndende Mbali wamba. Choncho, malowa ndi zone mafakitale, wopangidwa mwa malo mafakitale ndi malo zogona. Iwo agawidwa zigawo m'dera anamanga m'zipinda zogona akaidi. Ambiri mwa IR ali m'chipinda chodyera, laibulale, sukulu, mankhwala wagawo, kalabu, kusamba, likulu (pali ndodo utsogoleri). Nthawi zambiri, pamene m'dera ali ndi mpingo kapena malo a kulambira, komanso zipinda misonkhano.

Pa dera la ulamuliro onse wa akaidi kukhala imapachikidwa maselo zokhoma malo awa 20-50 woletsa. Pamene akaidi ena kulowa modes anagawira mu dorm kapena m'chipindacho. Mu chogona awo ndi tiers atatu a bunks, pamene munthu mmodzi ali 7 sq.m. danga. Anthu akaidi amene m'ndende kwa moyo, zili mu awiri maselo. Ena IC angapemphedwenso kukhala mu chipinda chayekha. Mu kogona izi, kupatula chogona, pali chipinda kumene inu kusunga katundu wawo, kuvala chipinda, chipinda cha chakudya ndi "wofiira ngodya", pomwe zochitika zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe.

madera onse kupatula kuti ulamuliro apadera esplanade kumene akaidi akalowe nthawi yawo yopuma. Palinso zida kuphedwa kwa chilango cha khalidwe la: chilango maselo (akaidi pano anyamula masiku 15) ndi malo selo mtundu (chilango ndi miyezi sikisi akaidi kutumikira kuno).

njuchi akazi

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, akaidi, amuna ndi akazi ndiwo amakonda kutumikira ziganizo mu malo osiyana. M'midzi kwa oimira "kugonana chochepa mphamvu" madera a boma ambiri, kumene iwo akutumikira nthawi kupha, kuba, kuba, katangale ndi aliyense zolakwa zina za chuma, komanso ntchito ndi mankhwala. Ana amasiye unathandizira pa 13 midzi Russian. Pankhaniyi, mayi ndi ana kukhala mosiyana, zochitika mu ola limodzi pa tsiku. M'ndende akazi, monga ambiri a zosintha zimenezi, pali ovuta zonse ndi ntchito zinthu Okhazikikamo. Malinga mtundu uwu, amayi ena amakhala maulendo chimodzi kapena zingapo pa chaka.

Wolakwayo kum'yandikizitsa kunja IR ndi banja kapena ana. Komabe, Zikatero n'zochepa. Kamodzi pa mwezi, akaidi akhoza kuyimbila achibale kapena munthu wina, koma ayenera choyamba apempheni olembedwa. Kucheza ndi kumatenga mphindi 15 zokha. Mosiyana ndi anthu, akazi angalandire mopanda malire maphukusi. Iwo amakhala m'zipinda zogona pa anthu 100-120 mu barrack wina. Ntchito njuchi aliyense chilango n'chofunikira chachikulu, chifukwa ambiri a akaidi ndi mpata wabwino kupeza osachepera pang'ono. Komabe, pambuyo amachotsera zonse mungaone kuti malipiro ndi rubles 500 okha.

njuchi Ana

Mu njira ina, mtundu wa bungwe lotchedwa "njuchi yophunzitsa" kumene kutumiza ana. Iwo akhoza ndiweruzidwe dala wa kusinthasintha mwamphamvu. Ichinso kutumiza ana amene anasamutsidwa ku ndende zina. Anthu achinyamata amene achita milandu mokonzekera zopezeka ulamuliro kwambiri. Mu malo zomwezi amakhala amene anaphwanya lamulo la kukhala mu malo m'ndende, komanso amene inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku zinthu ntchito. Patapita miyezi isanu, iwo akhoza anasamutsa kumbuyo, ngati iwo ali kutumikira chiganizo mogwirizana ndi malamulo onse.

The zaumbanda ndende malo, kumene okwana anaika ndipo anatsindika boma akaidi moyo m'zipinda zogona. Iwo akuloledwa zotsatirazi:

- luso kupeza njira zofunikira pamwezi ndalama kwa nkhani wake (wokwanira 60% ya malipiro osachepera);

- sikisi yochepa maulendo awiri yaitali pa chaka;

- 8 phukusi / mapulogalamu, ndi 8 maphukusi pa chaka.

Akaidi amene akutumikira nthawi zinthu momasuka, amakhalanso dorms lapansi. Features a moyo wawo akusiyanako:

- pa zofunika zikutanthauza lizikhala 120% ya malipiro osachepera;

- m'chaka cha iwo ankayenera kuti 12 yochepa and 4 maulendo yaitali, ndipo maulendo yaitali zingatenge malo kunja njuchi maphunziro, ngati wavomerezedwa ndi Administration ya;

- mu chaka angakapeze 12 amathandizanso / malo ndi phukusi yomweyo.

Ngati mlandu anakhazikitsa kutumikira chiganizo cha zinthu zabwino, iwo akhoza kukhala m'zipinda zogona ndi kunja gawo, popanda chitetezo, koma kuyang'aniridwa ndi makonzedwe a. magulu natsutsa madalitso ambiri, kuphatikizapo luso la kucheza zofunika kuchuluka kwa ndalama mu chaka, kuti alandire nambala malire phukusi ndi maphukusi, kukhala kunja njuchi ndi kuvala zovala wamba.

Ana njuchi mikhalidwe kuyeza kumaphatikizapo akumidzi zogona, amene linatseka nthawi yawo yopuma. Iwo akhoza ndalama pa nkhani ya 30% ya malipiro osachepera, kulandira maphukusi 4/4 HIV ndi maphukusi ndipo ali 4 maulendo lalifupi chaka.

Malamulo a kukhala mu zaumbanda malo ndende

Monga ulamuliro, akaidi amene ali ndi zaka 18 angathe kukhala mu ndende kwa zaka 21. Pa malamulo ofanana zakudya, zikhalidwe za kutumikira chiweruzo ndi yotsala kuonetsetsa amakhalabe yemweyo, ndipo zaka 18. Anthu akaidi amene afika zaka 18 ndipo yodziwika ndi zoipa, anasamutsira kutumikira chiganizo mopitirira mu malo achilango, ndi chigamulo anatengedwa ndi bwalo. Onse a zaka 21 zimatumizidwa malo achilango. Pankhaniyi, nditatha miyezi 9 mlandu wa njuchi akhoza anasamutsa mikhalidwe ambiri.

Mafilimu angaphunzitse Mokhwima: muli mbali iti?

Latsopano Russian Wachifwamba Code chakuti moyo wake wonse - ndi mtundu wa njira kwa kuphedwa kwa milandu yoopsa kwambiri. kumangidwa moyo amaperekedwa milandu zotsatirazi:

- ngati kupha adayikiza ndi kukulitsa mavuto;

- ngati siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo udaperekedwa boma kapena chilli anthu;

- ngati anapangidwa pofuna pa moyo wa munthu amene akuchita chilungamo achititsa kufufuza kuyambirira;

- ngati panali kuyesa pa moyo wa asilikari yazamalamulo;

- pa kupululutsa lapansi.

kumangidwa moyo si anaonedwa ndi akazi, ana ndi anthu amene ali pa nthawi ya mlandu ndi zaka 60, ngakhale kuti Wachifwamba Code amachitira ngati chilango ngati kudzipatula kwa Wolakwayo kwa anthu. Choncho, akaidi amene anali m'ndende kwa moyo, adzatumikira sentensi mu malo achilango osiyana ndi akaidi ena.

Choncho, m'nkhani ino ife tayesera kuti kuti njuchi. Lero mawu awa amatanthauza chinthu chosiyana kwathunthu kwa miyoyo yathu. M'lingaliro kwambiri ambiri a njuchi ngati malo chatsekedwa ndi hayala ake, malamulo ndi boma zinaonetsera ndende ano.