Kodi mitochondria? kapangidwe ndi ntchito zawo

Mitochondria - mmodzi wa zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri selo lililonse. Iwo akutchedwa chondriosomes. granulovidnye ichi kapena organelles filamentous kuti ndi mbali yofunika ya cytoplasm ya nyama ndi zomera. Iwo ali alimi a ATP mamolekyulu, amene ali zofunika njira zambiri mchipindamo.

Kodi mitochondria?

Mitochondria - selo ndi m'munsi mphamvu, ntchito zawo n'zochokera pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala organic , ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu anamasulidwa mu oipa a ATP mamolekyulu. Akatswiri mu chilankhulo chomveka, umatchedwa siteshoni kupoletsa mphamvu maselo. Mu 1850 g. Kuzindikiridwa mitochondria mu granules mu minofu. chiwerengero chawo zosiyanasiyana malinga kukula: iwo kudziunjikira zambiri maselo amenewo pamene akusowa waukulu wa oxygen. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri pamene thupi. Mu zimakhala awa amapezeka ndi kusowa pachimake cha mphamvu amapanga mitochondria.

Zikamera akuti ndi malo chiphunzitso symbiogenesis

Mu 1897 Bend kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo "mitochondria", kutanthauza granular ndi dongosolo filamentous mu za cytoplasm maselo. The mawonekedwe ndi kukula zosiyanasiyana: a makulidwe a 0,6 microns, kutalika - kuchokera 1 mpaka 11 microns. Mu zochitika zina za mitochondria kungakhale lalikulu ndi nthambi mfundo.

Chiphunzitso symbiogenesis anapatsidwa lingaliro bwino zimene mitochondria ndi momwe iwo anaonekera mu maselo. Lembali limati anatuluka mu ndondomeko ya chondriosomes chiwonongeko cha bakiteriya maselo, prokaryotes. Popeza iwo sakanakhoza paokha ntchito mpweya kutulutsa mphamvu, izo kupewedwa chitukuko kwathuthu kwawo ndi progenote akhoza kukhazikitsa momasuka. Pa zamoyo wa Kubverana kwawo kunapangitsa kuti apambane pa chibadwa chawo progenote tsopano eukaryotes. Ndiyamika patsogolo motere mitochondria tsopano si zinthu paokha. dziwe jini awo sangakhoze akuyendera zonse, monga blockage ake tsankho la michere omwe selo lililonse.

Kodi iwo moyo?

mitochondria The wambiri m'madera a cytoplasm, kumene kukufunika mu ATP. Mwachitsanzo, iwo zili kutali myofibrils ndi dontho la umuna aumbike kuzungulira zoteteza masking chingwe chabwazi olamulira mu mnofu minofu ya mtima. Kumeneko kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri kwa "mchira" ozizira. Mu njira iyi umuna chimachititsanso dzira.

mitochondria Chatsopano mu maselo popangidwa ndi kugawikana organelles yosavuta m'mbuyomu. Pa mfundo lonse cholowa awasungira pa izo.

Mitochondria: momwe iwo amaoneka

Mawonekedwe a mitochondria akufanana yamphamvu ndi. Iwo amapezeka eukaryotes, kutenga 10 21% buku selo. kukula ndi mawonekedwe zimasiyana kwambiri ndi siyana malingana ndi zinthu, koma m'lifupi ndi zonse: 0.5-1 microns. Chondriosomes kusuntha zimadalira malo kumene selo anapanga kudya akungotaya mphamvu. Limayenda kudutsa cytoplasm ntchito dongosolo cytoskeletal ndi kayendedwe. Kuchotsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za mitochondria, ntchito mosiyana ndi mzake ndi aziwapatsa mphamvu, madera ena a cytoplasm, ndi yaitali ndi nthambi mitochondria. Iwo amatha kupereka mphamvu kwa malo selo zimene ziri motalikirana kwambiri. Chotero mgwirizano chondriosomes anati osati zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi, komanso multicellular. Zovuta kwambiri dongosolo chondriosomes opezeka minofu ya nyama, kumene waukulu nthambi chondriosomes anagwirizana ndi mzake ndi ntchito ojambula mezhmitohondrialnye (MMK) chigoba.

Iwo ali mipata yopapatiza pakati moyandikana wina ndi mzake nembanemba kwa mayitirokondiriyoni. danga izi ali mkulu elekitironi osalimba. MMK yaitali zimachitika maselo a minofu mtima, amene kugwirizana ndi chondriosomes opaleshoni.

Kumvetsetsa nkhaniyi, m'pofunika mwachidule kujambula tanthauzo la mitochondria ndi, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya organelles izi chodabwitsa.

Kodi iwo ntchito?

Kuti timvetsetse zimene mitochondria, m'pofunika kudziwa kapangidwe awo. Lodabwitsa mphamvu gwero ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, koma elongated. The nembanemba awiri anayikidwa pafupi wina ndi mnzake:

• akunja (kusalaza);
• Mkati imene imagwiritsidwa protuberances tsamba (cristae) ndi tubular mitundu ya (tubules).

Ngati mulibe kuganizira kukula ndi mawonekedwe a mitochondria, kapangidwe ndi ntchito chimodzimodzi. Chondriosomes delimited ndi nembanemba awiri, kukula 6 nm. Nembanemba kunja kwa mitochondria akufanana chidebe kuwateteza ku hyaloplasm. Mumtima Kakhungu kuchokera kunja gawo m'lifupi otedinyaet 11-19 nm. Kusiyanitsa Mbali nembanemba mkati ankaona kuti mphamvu yake protrude mkati mitochondria, kutenga maonekedwe a zitunda flattened.
Mmenemo M'mimbamo lamkati la mitochondrion masanjidwewo amene ali abwino dongosolo grained momwe yarns zina kuonetsa ndi granules (15-20 nm). Masanjidwewo yarns kulenga DNA mamolekyulu organelles, ndi yaing'ono kukula granules - ribosome mitochondria.

ATP kaphatikizidwe mu ndime yoyamba chimachitika hyaloplasm. Apa pali makutidwe ndi okosijeni koyamba magawo kapena shuga kwa asidi pyruvic. ndondomeko izi zichitike popanda mpweya - anaerobic makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Siteji yotsatira ndi mapangidwe mphamvu mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni aerobic ndi ATP kuwola, ndondomeko izi zimachitika mu mitochondria maselo.

Kodi mitochondria?

Ntchito yaikulu ya organelles ndi:

• mphamvu za selo;

• kusungiramo uthengawu ku maselo mawonekedwe a DNA yake.

Pamaso pa mitochondria mu chidulo ake deoxyribonucleic kamodzinso zimatsimikizira chiphunzitso symbiotic wa zikamera wa organelles izi. Komanso, kupatula ntchito zazikulu, iwo ali nawo kaphatikizidwe mahomoni ndi amino zidulo.

kwa mayitirokondiriyoni kudwala

Masinthidwe zimene zimachitika mu matupi a mitochondria, ndikumutsogolera zotsatira zokhumudwitsa. Chonyamulira cha mfundo cholowa ndi DNA anthu, umene wadutsa kuchokera ku makolo ana, ndi matupi kwa mayitirokondiriyoni imafalikira yekha kwa mayi. Akufotokoza mfundo imeneyi ndi lophweka: izo cytoplasm akaidi chondriosomes ana gwirizana ndi dzira la mkaziyo, umuna ndi kwina. Akazi ndi kupatuka izi zikhoza anapatsira mbadwa kwa mayitirokondiriyoni matenda, munthu wodwala - palibe.

Pansi bwinobwino zinthu, chondriosomes ofanana buku DNA - gomoplazmiya. Mu matupi athu ndi mitochondria masinthidwe angayambe chifukwa cha co-kuli maselo wathanzi ndi mutated amapezeka heteroplasmy.

Zikomo kuti mankhwala amakono kuti tsiku kuzindikiridwa matenda oposa 200, chifukwa cha yatsoka amene anali ngati mitochondria DNA kusintha. Osati m'zochitika zonse, koma ntchito yokonza achire ndi mankhwalawa matenda kwa mayitirokondiriyoni zingawathandize bwino.

Kotero ife anachitira ndi funso kodi mitochondria. Monga organelles ena onse, ali wofunika kwambiri ku khungu. Iwo kungotchula kutenga mbali mu ndondomeko zonse, zimene zimafunika mphamvu.