Kodi mapiri apangidwe: zitsanzo. mapiri gulu

Padziko lapansi peresenti makumi aphimbidwa ndi mapiri. Izi mawonekedwe a mpumulo, woimira nyamuka lakuthwa pakati pa gawo, ndi kusintha kwakukulu okwera - mpaka makilomita angapo. Nthawi zina mapiri ndi mzere wokongola bwino pa phazi la otsetsereka, koma nthawi zambiri - m'tsinde.

Pezani mapiri apangidwe pa mapu lophweka, chifukwa mapiri, chotero, palibe paliponse, pa mwamtheradi mayiko onse ndipo ngakhale aliyense chilumba. Penapake pali zambiri kwinakwake - zochepa, monga Australia. Mu Antarctica zawo amabisa ayezi wosanjikiza. Mwambamwamba (ndipo wamng'ono), dongosolo la mapiri - Himalaya, motalikitsa - Andes, amene kutambasula kudutsa lonse la America South Pakuti asanu ndi theka makilomita zikwi.

Kodi phiri akale

Mountains - monga anthu, iwonso akhale wamng'ono, okhwima ndi akale. Koma ngati anthu kuposa wamng'onoyo bwino kwambiri, ndiye njira yonse mozungulira mapiri: phompho mtunda ndi mkulu okwera limasonyeza wamng'ono.

Mapiri akale ndi mpumulo ndi chobvalidwa, flattened, ndi kutalika si chachikulu kusiyana maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, Pamir - mapiri anyamata ndi Ural - akale, ndi khadi iliyonse bwanji.

Zochita za chithandizo

Apangidwe mapiri ndi dongosolo integral, koma kuona ambiri mwatsatanetsatane m'pofunika kudziŵa mfundo zimene anapanga makhalidwe onse a mpumulo. Izi akugwira ntchito osati mapiri atali, komanso kwenikweni mita zolakwika ku boma la maiko ammwamba lathyathyathya - otchedwa phiri microrelief. Pa luso molondola m'kagulu ndipo zimadalira nzeru yeniyeni kodi mapiri.

Apa m'pofunika kuganizira zinthu monga phazi, zigwa, malo otsetsereka, moraines, chitadutsa, zitunda, nsonga, kuwundana, ndi ena ambiri, monga pa dziko lapansi pali zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mapiri apangidwe.

Gulu la pamwamba pa mapiri

Msinkhu akhoza wachinsinsi monga lophweka - magulu onse atatu:

• mapiri Low ndi kutalika osapitirira kilometre a. Nthawi zambiri izi ndi mapiri akale, anawononga nthawi, kapena wamng'ono kwambiri, ikukula pang'onopang'ono. Iwo anamaliza nsonga, wofatsa otsetsereka, kumene mitengo kukula. mapiri amenewa ali paliponse.
• Midlands kutalika kwa meters chikwi ndi mazana atatu. Pano pali ina, kusintha malo, malingana ndi kutalika - otchedwa okwera nthambi. Izi mapiri - mu Siberia ndi Far East, mu Apennine, pa Iberia, Scandinavia, Appalachian mapiri, ndi ena ambiri.
• Okwera - mamita zoposa zikwi zitatu. Izo nthawizonse mapiri wamng'ono, ongoyendayenda weathering, zotsatira za kusintha kutentha ndi matalala kukula. mbali khalidwe: toti - ufa woboola pakati zigwa Carling - nsonga lakuthwa, glacial cirques - ngati mbale wa kukulitsa pa malo otsetsereka. mabacteria pano okwera ikusonyezedwa - nkhalango pa phazi, ayezi zipululu pafupi ndi pamwamba. Mawu akuti mwachidule makhalidwe awa, - "Alpine malo". Alps - wamng'ono kwambiri mapiri, komanso Himalaya, ndi Karakoram, Andes, ndi miyala Mapiri ndi zina apangidwe.

Gawo otentha mwachirengedwe

Malo Hrs mpumulo nawo pa zitunda phiri, phiri magulu phiri dongosolo, m'mapiri ndiponso phiri limodzi. Wa mabungwe yaikulu - mabacteria lamapiri: Alpine-Himalaya - kudutsa Europe ndi ku Asia, wa Andes Cordillera, - mu America.

A pang'ono pokha - Dziko lamapiri kuti amalumikizidwa ndi ranges mapiri ambiri. Nawonso dongosolo phiri tichipeza gulu la mapiri ndi zitunda za msinkhu umodzi, ambiri kawirikawiri izo apangidwe mapiri. Zitsanzo: Appalachian mapiri Sangre de A Cristo.

Mapiri Gulu chosiyana ndi uthunthu kuti si Udindo pamwamba awo kwa nthawi yaitali, yopapatiza mzere. Yekhayekha mapiri omwewo kuti nthawi zambiri chiyambi chiphala. Malinga ndi mtundu magawo nsonga spiked, yachonde ngati, mzikiti woboola pakati, ndi ena. Seamounts ndi awo zilumba nsonga mawonekedwe.

mapiri Education

Orogeny - kuipidwa njira, imene miyala ndi wolapa mu makutu. Kodi mapiri apangidwe, lomwe asayansi kwambiri, ndi momwe iwo anadza - amaonedwa yekha kungoganizira.

• Choyamba kungoganizira - zikuluzikulu kunkhondo. mapu chimasonyeza kuti onse dongosolo phiri ili kunja kwa mzinda wa dziko lonselo. Choncho thanthwe pansi mbandakucha chokhala ndi nyanja miyala. Movement mkati Earth ngati kufinya Africa kuchokera zamkati ake, ndi mapiri apangidwe - adzamasulidwa pa nkhope pansi pa dziko. Chiphunzitsochi ali adani ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mapiri apangidwe - ndi Himalaya, amene ndi bwino osati pansi, popeza kumtunda. Ndipo amanena sindingakhoze kufotokoza kuli cavities - geosynclinal toti.
• Kungoganizira Leopold Kober, kapangidwe Geological a Alps kwawo. mapiri aang'ono awa sizinachitike pansi njira yowononga. Anapeza kuti akuluakulu tectonic opyoza anayamba strata yaikulu miyala nyanja. Alps Mukalongosola chiyambi chake, koma njira si ofanana ndi maonekedwe a mapiri ena, kutsatira mfundo imeneyi ndi sanathenso paliponse.
• Kuthetsa wa lonselo - chiphunzitso wotchuka kwambiri, nawonso, anyozedwa monga kufotokoza dongosolo lonse orogeny.
• Subcortical otaya mkati Dziko lapansi limere mapindikidwe wa pamwamba ndi kupanga phiri. Komabe, kungoganizira sikuti zatsimikiziridwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu sanayambebe amadziwika ngakhale magawo monga kutentha kwa mkati lapansi, ndi zambiri - ndi kukhuthala, fluidity ndi galasi Kapangidwe ka kwambiri thanthwe compressive mphamvu ndi zina zotero.
• The amanena za psinjika a Dziko Lapansi - ndi ubwino komanso kuipa. Sitikudziwa dziko amasonkhana kutentha kapena adzautaya ngati anataya - mfundo imeneyi mogwirizana ngati masitolo - palibe.

ndi mapiri Kodi

The ufa wa matanthwe a anapeza mitundu yonse ya miyala nyanja, kenako ankangodzigwera ndi ntchito ntchito chiphala anapanga mapiri apangidwe. Zitsanzo: Appalachian mapiri kugombe la kum'mawa kwa North America, M'mapiri Zagros ku Turkey.

Block mapiri anaonekera chifukwa tectonic kulimbikitsa wa akulakwitsa matanthwe a pansi padziko. Monga California - Sierra Levada. Koma nthawi zina kale anapanga apangidwe mwadzidzidzi anayamba kuuka pamodzi walakwitsa. Choncho anapanga khola-chipika mapiri. Kwambiri mmene - Appalachian mapiri.

Anthu mapiri kuti inakhazikitsidwa monga strata apangidwe a miyala, koma anaswa zolakwa wamng'ono mu zotchinga ndi kuti ukhale osiyanasiyana, pindani-chipika. Tien-Shan Mwachitsanzo, komanso Altayskie.

Arched phiri - izo arched tectonic kulimbikitsa kuphatikiza kukokoloka njira pa malo ochepa. Awa ndi mapiri a District Nyanja ku England, komanso Black Hills ili South Dakota.

chiphalaphala chiphala anapanga ukutitsogolera. Awo mitundu iwiri: cones chiphala (Fujiyama, ndi zina zotero) ndi mapiri chishango (kupatula mkulu osati kotero symmetrical).

phiri nyengo

Phiri nyengo mwapadera kwa zinthu zina nyengo. Kutentha kusiya ndi oposa theka digiri iliyonse mamita zana mu msinkhu. Mphepo, nawonso, ndi zambiri ozizira kwambiri, mothandizidwa mitambo. Pafupipafupi mphepo.

Ndi ya okwera ndi barometric kuthamanga ndi adatchithisira. Everest, mwachitsanzo, mpaka 250 mamilimita Hg. Madzi zithupsa pa madigiri eyite sikisi.

The apamwamba, chindichepere zomera lotsekera kumaliza kulibe, ndipo mu kuwundana zisoti chisanu pafupifupi mwathunthu moyo kwina.

mabacteria liniya

Chifukwa cha kusanthula zifukwa tectonic kotheka kuti kutsimikiza mtima kuti apangidwe mapiri, ndi chifukwa kuti zinapangidwa ndi mmene malingana kuzama kwa zolakwa m'mapulaneti. Onse - zakale ndi zamakono - m'madera phiri aphatikizidwa mabacteria ena liniya amene anali atangotha mbali ziwiri - kumpoto, kumadzulo, ndi kumpoto ndi kum'mawa, kubwereza malangizo zolephera kwambiri.

malamba Awa ndi nsanja fringed. Pali ubale: angasinthe malo ndi mawonekedwe a kusintha nsanja ndi mawonekedwe akunja, ndi lathu m'zikwama danga khola. Pamene kupanga otentha Kumathetsa tectonics onse vuto (midadada) a m'munsi crystalline. Ofukula kayendedwe ka midadada maziko kupanga phiri apangidwe.

Zitsanzo Carpathians kapena Verkhoyanskaya-Chukotskaya m'madera kusonyeza osiyanasiyana kayendedwe tectonic pa mapangidwe makutu phiri. Khalidwe chomwecho chinachitika ndi Zagros Mountains.

Geological mbali

Mu mapiri, zosiyanasiyana zonse - kuchokera nyumba dongosolo la. Miyala, mwachitsanzo, kusintha chomwecho mu mapiri a Rockies lonse kutalika kwake. Kumpoto - schists Paleozoic ndi limestones, etc. - kuyandikira kwa Colorado - granites, miyala igneous ndi m'dambo Mesozoic. More pansipa - m'chigawo chapakati - miyala chiphala, amene ali mbali ya kumpoto kulibe. Anachitazi adzaoneka, ngati tikambirana dongosolo Geological ambiri ranges ena phiri.

Iwo amanena kuti mapiri awiri ofanana sizichitika, koma mitandadza chiphala Mwachitsanzo, kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mndandanda wa zizindikiro zofanana. Kulondola kwa phirilo mawonekedwe a Japanese ndi Philippines mapiri, mwachitsanzo. Koma tsopano ife tikuyamba zambiri Geological kusanthula tikuona kuti chonenacho chiri bwino. Ambiri a mapiri Japan ali wapangidwa andesite (chiphalaphala), ndi miyala Philippines - basalt, ndi zambiri aakulu chifukwa cha okhutira mkulu wa chitsulo. A kugwa mapiri a Oregon kuti amaphatikiza mapiri rhyolite (silika).

mapangidwe nthawi ya phiri apangidwe

Mapiri maphunziro mu ndondomeko lonse zinachitika chifukwa cha geosynclines chitukuko panyengo zosiyanasiyana miyala, ngakhale mu nthawi ya lopinda pamaso Mathanthwe lapansi. Koma kwa mapiri masiku ano achinyamata yekha (ndi kulankhula, kumene) - Cenozoic kulimbikitsa. Achikulire mapiri kalekale ndipo akhala angaimbidwenso kachiwiri anakweza mosinthana latsopano tectonic mu mawonekedwe a zotchinga ndi zizindikiro.

Arched-chipika mapiri - zambiri kusinthidwa. Iwo ali monga wamba monga achinyamata, apangidwe. Today mpumulo wa Dziko - neotectonics. Mukhoza kuphunzira yopindika, ndi nyumba tectonic inakhazikitsidwa, ngati tikambirana zaka kusiyana ya mapiri, ndipo sanalengedwe ndi thandizo la izo. Ngati Cenozoic - izo posachedwapa, n'zovuta kuganiza za zaka oyambirira formations phiri.

Only mapiri chiphala akhoza kukula bwino pamaso panu - onse mu nthawi ya zotupa za. Kuphulika amayambira pa malo omwewo, kotero chidutswa chilichonse chiphalaphala chimamangirira phiri. Pakati pa Africa kuphulika - m'chipani. Iwo amakonda kupanga lonse m'madzi chilumba, nthawi zambiri musayambe Arc wa makilomita zikwi zingapo yaitali.

Monga mapiri chikufa

Mapiri chiriri muyaya. Koma iwo aphedwa, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono, poyerekeza ndi moyo wa munthu. Ndi choyamba, ozizira, thanthwe akuwaza mutizidutswa tating'ono ting'ono. Choncho anapanga zinyalala, kenako matalala kapena ayezi anagwetsa pansi, akumanga moraine lokwera. Ndi madzi - mvula, matalala, matalala - kulimbana njira zawo ngakhale kudzera mwa mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Madzi amatenga mu mtsinje, amene kukonza okha lopotana pakati pa phiri zitunda pa chigwacho. Mbiri ya kuwonongedwa kwa mapiri sizisintha, ndithudi, ndi nthawi, koma mosalephera. Ndipo oundana! chimathandiza lonse, nthawizina, kwathunthu kum'banda iwo.

kukokoloka amenewa pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa mapiri, kuwapatutsa mu chigwa: kwinakwake wobiriwira, ndi mitsinje yozama, kwinakwake anathawira, mchenga otshlifovyvaya onse mapiri otsala. A padziko Lapansi amatchedwa "peneplain" - pafupifupi kumveka. Ndipo ine ndiyenera kunena, siteji izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Mountain adzabadwanso! The kutumphuka iyamba kusuntha kachiwiri, mtunda likutuluka, kuyambira gawo latsopano la chitukuko la mpumulo.