Klod Debyussi: yochepa yonena za Wolemba, ndi mbiri ya moyo, zilandiridwenso ndi ntchito zabwino

Wolemba Achille Klod Debyussi, kugwirizanitsa romanticism ndi chimakono ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, ndi wina wa kanjedza kwambiri mu moyo nyimbo za nthawi imeneyo. Kuwonjezera pa nyimbo zokoma analemba zambiri zabwino olimba nyimbo otsutsa. Pali zambiri ana woyenera akunyadira France, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo - Klod Debyussi. Mwachidule yonena za iye anaphimba m'nkhani ino.

ubwana

Wolemba anabadwa mu mzinda wa Paris mu August 1862. bambo ake anali mwini wa shopu yaing'ono China, posakhalitsa kugulisa ali bookkeeper ku Paris, komwe banja lake ndipo anasamukira.

Pali ndipo anatha pafupifupi onse ubwana wake Klod Debyussi. Mwachidule yonena limanena kuti iye anali ndi nthawi yofunika ya kusapezeka kwa wolemba tsogolo mu mzinda. Zinali nkhondo Franco-Prussian, ndipo mayi anga anachotsa mwana kuchokera kuwombera - mu Cannes.

limba

Pali ali ndi zaka eyiti, Claude anayamba kuphunzira limba, ndi iwo ankakonda moti nabwera ku Paris, iye sanabwerere m'mbuyo. Apa adaphunzitsa Antoinette ndichotse kachitsotso de A Fleurville, toscha ndakatulo Verlaine ndi mwana wa Wolemba ndi walimba Chopin. Patatha zaka ziwiri (zaka khumi), Claude anaphunzira pa Paris Conservatory: limba anaphunzitsa mwini Antoine Marmontel, solfege - Aotber Lavinyak ndi thupi - Sezar Frank.

patatha zaka zisanu Debussy anapambana mphoto chifukwa cha ntchito ya sonata mwa Schumann, china, iye unalibe pa maphunziro ake pa inali ndi. Koma gulu la mogwirizana ndi limodzi zimaphulika kumuyalutsa lenileni, amene anali nawo Klod Debyussi. Mwachidule yonena ndipo ndithudi anatchula izi. mphunzitsi Old Emil Dyuran sanalole ngakhale kwambiri wodzichepetsa amgwirizano dongosolo zatsopano, ndipo Debussy otchedwa kumusangalatsa mogwirizana mphunzitsi-zikumveka mwachirendo njira ya kusanja. Iye anayamba kuphunzira zikuchokera pokhapokha pafupifupi zaka khumi, mu 1880, Pulofesa Ernesta Giro.

Debussy ndi Russia

Atatsala pang'ono izi, ntchito ya mphunzitsi kunyumba nyimbo ndi walimba, chinapezeka mwa anthu olemera Russian. Banja anapita ku Italy ndi Switzerland, ndi iye ndi Klod Debyussi. Mwachidule mbiri ndi mfundo limanena za woyang'anira Nadezhda Von Meck, kuti anathandiza Tchaikovsky ndi anthu ena ambiri kulenga. Ndi izi ganyu Claude Debussy. yotenthayi awiri mu mzere Wolemba unachitikira kufupi Moscow - mu Plescheevo, kumene iye yodziwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi zamakono Russian nyimbo ndipo anasangalala ndi sukulu imeneyi ya zikuchokera.

Apa iye anatsegula Tchaikovsky, Balakirev ndi Borodin. Iye chidwi makamaka ndi nyimbo za Mussorgsky. Pamodzi ndi Von Meck ku Vienna Debussy woyamba ndidawamva Wagner anachita chidwi ndi "Tristan ndi Isolde". Mwatsoka, posachedwapa okoma ndi zothandiza (ndi bwino analipira) ntchito anachoka, chifukwa mwadzidzidzi anapeza ena kungotengeka maganizo Debussy mmodzi wa ana a Von Meck.

kachiwiri mu Paris

Mu m'tauni ya Wolemba anafika ndi accompanist ku situdiyo amapilira, kumene anakumana ndi kuimba zofufuzafufuza Madame Vanier, amene adzakhala kwambiri tiwonjezere bwalo ake akumuona Bohemia Parisian.

Kwa iye, iye analemba katswiri wake woyamba. Apa, potsiriza, akuyamba woona "amapilira" Klod Debyussi. Wambiri, mwachidule zomwe Imafotokoza ubale izi ndi zotsatira - ndi m'Chiarabu kudzikondweretsa "pa lokopa" ndi "Mandolin", anati chinthu chofunika choyamba.

linapereka maphunziro

Pa nthawi yomweyo anapitiriza makalasi inali. Pali Claude anayesa kupeza kulandiridwa ndi bwino m'gulu la akuluakulu abomawo. Ndipo mu 1883 anali kupereka kwa cantata "Gladiator" wachiwiri Prix de A Rome. Pamenepo analemba wina cantata - "Mwana wolowelera", ndipo chaka chotsatira anapambana Grand Prix de A Rome, mothandizidwa ndi iye mu izi (mwadzidzidzi olimbikitsa) wolemba Sharl Guno.

premiums zotero ntchito tsiku ndi kuvomerezedwa, ndi Debussy ndi kuchedwa zankhanza miyezi iwiri kuchokera ku ndalama za boma kuti Roma, kumene zaka ziwiri anayenera kukhala ndi opambana ena pa Villa Medici ndi kulenga pali nyimbo zomwe zingasangalatse ndi konservatortsam maphunziro.

Rome

Moyo zomwe zinachititsa Klod Debyussi, kanthawi yonena kuti ana nkomwe pamodzi, kotero izo ziri zotsutsana ndi osokoneza. Iye ankafuna kukhala m'gulu la Academy of osafuna kusintha, ndipo anakaniza. Prize anali kupereka, koma kulikwaniritsa alibe chikhumbo, chifukwa muli ndi kuwerengera ndi zofunika maphunziro.

Ndipo mmalo molemba wokongola nyimbo china chikhalidwe. Ndipo kotero muyenera anu, choyambirira ndipo palibe wina chinenero nyimbo ndi kalembedwe! Kuyambira pano ndi zotsutsana. aphunzitsi maphunziro sanamvere ndi chiyani n'komwe chilichonse chatsopano.

impressionism

Ankayembekezera nyengo ya Aroma ya zilandiridwenso sanali kwambiri wopindulitsa. Chitaliyana nyimbo sanali pafupi Wolemba, iye sanali Rome ... Komabe, pali akalowa siliva. Apa Debussy anaphunzira ndakatulo ya Pre-Raphaelites ndi kuyamba kulemba ndakatulo, "Namwali-bwenzi" mawu ndi yana. Iye analemba ndakatulo kwa Gabriel Rossetti. Izo ntchito imeneyi, Debussy anasonyeza mbali ya umunthu wake nyimbo.

Patapita miyezi yochepa ku Paris lotsogoleredwa ndi symphonic ode Heine "Zyuleyma", ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi ndi Maapatimenti kwa kwaya (vocalize) ndi Orchestra "Spring" - chithunzi ndi Botticelli. Apa ndi Maapatimenti ndi spodvigla ophunzira kuti nthawi yoyamba mwachibale kwa nyimbo za mawu "impressionism". MAU ADALI achipongwe iwo. Debussy, kwambiri, sanali akuti, ndi m'zonse kuyesera ubwenzi wotuluka iye poyerekezera ndi ntchito yake.

za kalembedwe

Pa nthawi impressionism ndithu inkayenda pa amisiri, koma nyimbo si ngakhale uchitike. Ngakhale masitayeloŵa silinakwaniritsidwe anapereka ntchito tatchulawa wa Woipeka. Monga maphunziro aphunzitsi makutu molondola anamvetsetsa atengera ndipo adawopa kuti Debussy.

Koma pafupi zofanana "Zyuleyme" Debussy analankhula ngakhale ndi Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi mawu onyoza, kuti akukumbutsa iye nyimbo zimenezi si zinthu Meyerbeer, Verdi ayi. Koma ntchito ziwiri zapitazi alibe Izitu n'zovutitsa sanazichite, ndipo pamene "Spring" anakana kuchita inali ndi, kuchita chimodzimodzi "namwali, wokondedwa," Debussy mudakhumudwapo mmwamba ndi kukayamba kucheza ndi Academy.

Wagner ndi Mussorgsky

anthu ochepa kwambiri chidwi pa zinthu zatsopano, monga Klod Debyussi. Mwachidule yonena za zilandiridwenso ambiri, chivundikiro sangathe Komabe, nyimbo mkombero "zisanu ndakatulo ya Baudelaire," ndiye woyenera liwu limodzi. Si potsanzira Wagner, koma mphamvu ya ambuye pa Debussy anali yaikulu, ndipo inu mukhoza kumva izo. Ambiri pamenepo ndi chokumbukira Russia, makamaka ku molemekeza nyimbo ndi Mussorgsky.

Kutsatira chitsanzo chake, Debussy wasankha kupeza thandizo folklore, osati kwenikweni anu. Mu 1889 Paris World Chiwonetsero unachitikira, ndi kumene wolemba anafotokoza nyimbo zosowa za Java ndi annamitskogo oimba. Kuganiza anali kulephereka koma mapangidwe kalembedwe analilemba sanabadwe anathandiza panapita zaka zitatu.

okonzera Chausson

Kumapeto kwa 80s izo ukuyamba "impressionistic" Achille Claude Debussy mbiri. tsiku chifungulo cha moyo wolemba si choncho ambiri, kuti iwo sindikukumbukira, koma ichi - kotero kwambiri chifukwa ndi zofunika. Debussy akukumana zofufuzafufuza Wolemba Ernest Chausson ndi mabwenzi apamtima ambiri a alendo a okonzera wake luso.

Panali lodziwika bwino otchuka, anthu chidwi kwambiri monga analemba Albéniz, Fauré, du Parc, Phewa kumeneko ndi Polina Viardo, ndi zinafika wolemba Ivan Turgenev, ankaimba kumeneko woyimba zeze Ezhen Isai ndi walimba Alfred Cortot-Denis, adalisolola Klod Mone. Zinali ndipo chinali ndiye kuti abwenzi Stéphane Mallarmé ndi Klod Debyussi. Wambiri ya wolemba amatilimbikitsa limagwira latsopano, chibwenzi, ubwenzi ndi mgwirizano. Komabe pamene Edgar Allan Poe moyo anakhala ndiwotani wolemba Claude Debussy.

Erik Satie

Komabe, mu nthawi ino anthu onsewa si kwambiri bwanji mapangidwe talente wolemba, monga msonkhano mu Montmartre mu 1891, ndi taporom wamba "odyera mu Mtambo." dzina lake anali Eric Satie. Improvisation, amene adamva Debussy mu odyera ichi, kuti iye ankaona ndi modabwitsa atsopano, aliyense nazo, ndipo ndithu kafeshantannymi. Kumudziwa, Debussy ndi ubwino wa ufulu umene iye ankakhala ndi kukambirana za moyo wa munthu palokha. Ziweruzo zake za nyimbo sanali molakwa, zinali bitingly zoseketsa ndipo sanalekerere akuluakulu.

M'pofunika limba ntchito za Satie anali amasowa mtima, ngakhale zinalembedwa mwaukadaulo kwambiri. Ubale wa amuna awiri inatenga zaka pafupifupi kotala ndipo sanachitepo wophweka, unali ubwenzi, udani, wodzala ndi mikangano, koma nthawi zonse wolemera kumvetsa. Iye anafotokoza Debussy onse ayenera kuchotsa chilengedwe kulenga chikoka Wagner ndi Mussorgsky, ngati si French zizoloŵezi achilengedwe. Iye anasonyeza Debussy zida zithunzi kuti akhala ndi amisiri Cézanne, Monet, Toulouse-Lautrec, ikhala kokha kupeza njira kuwalimbikitsa mu nyimbo.

Masana a Faun

Mu 1893, kokha kuyamba nkhani lalitali za zisudzo za Maeterlinck a "Pelleas neri Melisandre." Ndiyeno kale zotheka molimba mtima kuti mawu akuti "impressionism" kuwonjezera dzina - Debyussi Klod. Wambiri - Nkhani ya moyo, zilandiridwenso, kutembenuzira msonkhano panjira kuti luso ndi zina zambiri, koma ndi ziwalo zikuluzikulu, ndipo ndicho zonse wina. Pakuti Debussy zoona, zilandiridwenso. Chaka chotsatira, mu 1894-m, anauziridwa ndi eclogue Mallarme, ndipo analemba "khadi malonda" a Impressionism - "The Masana a Faun", wapamwamba kuposa aliyense mu nzeru symphonic zing'wenyeng'wenye.

Ntchito pa opera akufuna zaka zisanu ndi zinayi za moyo wake. Mu yomweyi, Debussy analemba zochepa bulky mankhwala, koma osati chizindikiro osachepera: loimba triptych "Nyanja" ndi sikelo moona symphonic, pamene maziko a alankhulana (kutha - "The kukambirana mphepo ndi nyanja"). Onse Wolemba nyimbo anakhala kwenikweni amaoneka ngati Monet - lomveka malankhulidwe - "mitundu" - ali oyaka, dongosolo onse mu kaleidoscope a.

"Images", "Martyrdom" ndi "Games"

zithunzi loimba tchuthi zoyenera mayiko atatu - France, Spain ndi England zinalembedwa ndi kuchita kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, kuyambira 1905. Makamaka zabwino Spanish "dera la Iberia" - yowala ndi wansangala mapeto zigawo ndi kusiyana nocturne "Flavours usiku" pakati.

Mu 1911, mwadzidzidzi ovuta omvera nyimbo ya Debussy, amene ali kale amakonda komanso amakonda masewera capricious zimasintha kutikola amgwirizano ntchito yake ina. Mogwirizana mwadzidzidzi anabweretsa mzimu wa Kale, kapangidwe wakhala kwambiri ndi ndalama kwambiri. Zinali music, cholinga chinsinsi cha "The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian" Gabriel d'Annutsio. Kenako mu 1913, iye analandira Kuti munthu apange kuvina "Games" ndi S. P. Dyagileva amene Debussy molimba mtima, natenga kwambiri kupirira ntchitoyo.

limba

Maapatimenti kwa limba Debussy analengedwa pa zaka wosaneneka ambiri iliyonse ngakhale pang'ono konsati limba tsopano zida nyimbo iyi. Izi kanayi "Bergamasque Maapatimenti" analemba mu 1890, ndi mbali zitatu, woyamba adawomba mu 1901, zomwe zikuoneka potsanzira kalembedwe Rococo.

Kuyambira 1903 mpaka 1910-TH Debussy analemba m'mabuku awiri limba "zing'wenyeng'wenye" ndi "zipsera". Mu 1915, iye anamaliza mkombero wa khumi ndi awiriwo "Etudes" anadzipereka ku Frederic Chopin. Ubwenzi ndi Igor Stravinsky "anamva" mu Maapatimenti kwa pianos awiri "Mu wakuda ndi woyera," umene unakwaniritsidwa mu 1915, ndipo ntchito zina amapilira nthawi imeneyi.

M'pofunika chipinda nyimbo

Zambiri neoclassical anayamba ntchito yake ithe kulankhula kwa nthawi yomalizira ya moyo. Mavesi a akuyimba French ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano anakhala maziko a "Nyimbo France" kuti Debussy atatha kulemba mu 1904, "Kuyenda Okonda" imene wolemba kuyika zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi cha moyo wake, maphunziro iwo okha mu 1910, koma "Zitatu m'Chiarabu" pa ndakatulo Villon a Lembani msanga.

Kuwonjezera nyimbo amapilira, Debussy sanangokhala ndi mtundu wanyimbo chipinda: analemba zambiri zazing'ono, koma yowala kwambiri ndipo zatchuka ntchito zonse cello ndi piano, viola, chitoliro ndi zeze - ndi atatu, zeze ndi limba. Iye analibe nthawi kumaliza mkombero wa sonatas asanu chipinda. Klod Debyussi anamwalira mu 1918, ku Paris, ndi khansa. Koma dziko nthawi zonse.