Kabisidwe "Unicode": khalidwe wolemba pulogalamu muyezo

Aliyense wosuta Internet pofuna kukhazikitsa imodzi kapena zina za ntchito yake kamodzi anaona pa TV olembedwa mu makalata Latin mawu "Unicode." Nchiyani, mudzaphunzila ndi kuwerenga nkhaniyi.

tanthauzo

Kabisidwe "Unicode" - khalidwe kabisidwe muyezo. Iwo anali bungwe Unicode Inc. sanali phindu gulu mu 1991. muyezo lakonzedwa kuti asonkhanitse yaikulu zotheka angapo osiyanasiyana otchulidwa mu chikalata. Page womwe unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko ake, akhoza muli zilembo ndi zilembo ku zinenero zosiyanasiyana (ku Russian kuti Korea) ndi zizindikiro masamu. Pankhaniyi, zonse za anthu a akonzedwa khalidwe anasonyeza popanda vuto.

The zifukwa kwa chilengedwe cha

Padangokhala kale maonekedwe a dongosolo limodzi kabisidwe "Unicode" amusankha zochokera zokonda za Mlembi wa bukuli. Pachifukwa chimenechi, zambiri kuwerenga chikalata, kunali koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito matebulo osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina m'pofunika kuchita kangapo, amene kwambiri complicates moyo wa wosuta pafupifupi. Monga tanenera kale, njira yothetsera vutoli mu 1991 anaitanidwa Unicode Inc. sanali phindu gulu kupereka mtundu watsopano wa kabisidwe khalidwe. Bukuli linapangidwa kuphatikiza ndi lothandiza zosiyanasiyana mfundo. "Unicode" - ndi kabisidwe kuti ozvolila kukwaniritsa Sindingachite pa nthawi: kulenga chida chomwe amathandiza nambala yaikulu kwambiri m'nkhaniyi. Zotsatira kuposa mmene ankaganizira ambiri - panali zikalata imodzi munali Chingelezi ndi malemba Russian, Latin ndipo mawu masamu.

Koma chilengedwe cha 'kala' ikusonyeza logwirizana yoyamba kufunika kuthetsa angapo mavuto amene anayambika chifukwa cha yaikulu zosiyanasiyana mfundo kale pa nthawi imeneyo. Ambiri a iwo:

• Elvish kulemba, kapena "gibberish";
• Pochita akonzedwa khalidwe;
• vuto kusandutsa codings;
• wosasintha mwendo.

Small excursus mbiri

Tiyerekeze kuti pabwalo 80th. hardware kompyuta si ambiri ndipo lili mawonekedwe osiyana kuchokera lero. Ngakhale kuti aliyense Os ndi wapadera ndi kuyengedwa aliyense wokonda ndi zofunika. Tikufunika kuwombola nkhani n'kukhala zina rework zonse. Mukuyesera kuti muziliwerenga chikalata analengedwa ndi kachitidwe kena opaleshoni, nthawi zambiri amasonyeza akonzedwa lachilendo la chikhalidwe, ndi masewera akuyamba ndi kabisidwe lapansi. Sikuti ndichite izo mwamsanga, ndipo nthawizina chikalata zofunika Sitinathe kutsegula mu miyezi sikisi, ndipo ngakhale patapita. Anthu amene amakonda kusinthitsa zambiri, kulenga okha tebulo kutembenuka. Ndiyeno ntchito pa iwo zimasonyeza mwatsatanetsatane chidwi: kufunika kulenga mbali ziwiri, "kuchokera anga wanu" mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo. Pangani banal inversion kompyuta makina sitingakhoze, chifukwa mu ndime lamanja la gwero lake, ndi lamanzere - chotsatira, koma osati mosemphanitsa. Ngati muona kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito zilembo wapadera mu chikalata, iwo ankayenera kuti zidzawonjezedwa poyamba, ndiyeno wina, ndipo kufotokozera mnzake ndi zimene ayenera kuchita kuti atchulidwa musakhale ndi "gibberish." Ndipo tiyeni Musaiwale kuti aliyense kabisidwe anali kukhala kapena kugwiritsa zilembo zawo zinachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha nambala yaikulu Zobwerezedwa mu Os.

Tangoganizani wosonyeza kuti zilembo pa tsamba, mudzaona zidutswa 10 zofanana Times Chatsopano Roma ndi cholemba towerengeka; chifukwa UTF-8, UTF 16, ANSI, UCS-2. Tsopano inu mukumvetsa kuti chitukuko cha mfundo chilengedwe Kunali kofunika?

"Kukhazikitsidwa makolo a ndiAmene wa"

Chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha Unicode amapezeka mu 1987 pamene Dzho Bekker ku Xerox, pamodzi ndi Lee Collins ndi Mark Davis ku Apple anayamba kufufuza m'munda wa chilengedwe yeniyeni ya akonzedwa chilengedwe khalidwe. Mu August 1988, Dzho Bekker lofalitsidwa ndi kusodza maganizo kwa chilengedwe cha 16-bit Mipikisano lingual dongosolo lonse 'kala' ikusonyeza.

Patapita miyezi ingapo Unicode ntchito gulu anali kukodzedwa kwa monga Ken Whistler ndi Mike Kernegana ku RLG, Glenn Rayt ya Sun Microsystems ndi akatswiri ena angapo, zikuthandiza akamaliza ntchito pa mapangidwe kuyambirira a wamba wolemba pulogalamu muyezo.

mafotokozedwe ambiri

The Unicode zochokera maganizo chizindikiro. Pansi tanthauzo limeneli akutanthauza chodabwitsa umboni kuti alipo mu mbali zosiyanasiyana za kulemba ndi anazindikira kupyolera grapheme (awo "zithunzi"). Aliyense khalidwe zapatsidwa mu "Unicode" nambala yapadera za thupi makamaka unit muyezo. Mwachitsanzo grapheme B ndi mu English ndi alifabeti Russian, koma limafanana Unicode 2 zilembo zosiyanasiyana. Iwo ali omumvera kutembenuka kwa lowercase, T. E., Aliyense limene limafotokoza Nawonso achichepere kiyi ya katundu ndi dzina lonse.

Ubwino Unicode

Kuyambira m'nthawi zina kabisidwe "UNICODE" Pali katundu wambiri wa zizindikiro "kubisa" otchulidwa. chakuti akalambula ake anali 8 Akamva kuti imayendetsedwa ndi anthu 28, koma mamangidwe latsopano linali kale zilembo 216, kuti linali lofunika chimphona patsogolo. Izi encode analola pafupifupi wogwila wamba alifabeti.

Mkubwela kwa "Unicode" sipafinikanso kuti ntchito tebulo kutembenuka: kukhala muyezo umodzi izo basi negated kufunika iwo. Mofananamo, iwo kumizidwa mu chisokonezeko, ndipo "gibberish" - muyezo umodzi anawapanga iwo chosatheka, komanso ulamuliro kuti m'pofunika kulenga zilembo chibwereza.

chitukuko cha Unicode

Kumene patsogolo sali mu malo, ndipo kuyambira ulaliki woyamba wadutsa zaka 25. Komabe, charset "unicode" amakana amasunga malo ake mu dziko. Mu njira zambiri izi chaonekera zikomo zotheka chakuti chakhala zosavuta kukhazikitsa ndi yafalikira, odziwika kutukula a kampani (analipira) poyera mapulogalamu gwero.

Sitiyenera kukhulupirira kuti lero tikuona chomwecho kachidindo "Unicode" monga kotala zapitazo. Pa nthawi, izo m'malo ndi Baibulo 5.h.h, ndipo chiwerengero cha zizindikiro yosiyanasiyana chawonjezeka mpaka 231. Pa kuthekera ntchito malire wamkulu zizindikiro anakana kupitiliza kuthandiza Unicode-16 (kabisidwe, kumene pazipita kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero chawo zochepa 216). Kuchokera pa chiyambi chake ndi kuti Baibulo 2.0.0 "The Unicode Standard" chawonjezeka chiwerengero cha anthu otchulidwa kuti amaphatikiza pafupi nthawi 2. awonetsetse lipitirize kukula mu zaka kudza. Pakuti Baibulo 4.0.0 kale pakufunika kuonjezera muyezo palokha, ndipo zimene zidachitidwa. Chifukwa, "Unicode" wapeza mtundu umene ife tikudziwira izo lero.

Kodi aliyense amene Unicode?

Kuwonjezera pa lalikulu, nthawi zonse kusinthidwa ndi chiwerengero cha anthu otchulidwa, "Unicode" -Encoding mudziwe kalembedwe ndi wina khalidwe abwino. Izi otchedwa normalization. M'malo ataona chikalata khalidwe lonse ndi khalidwe, ndipo mmalo mwa zizindikiro za tebulo makalata, ntchito imodzi alipo ma aligorivimu normalization. Ndi chiyani icho?

M'malo wataya chuma cha kompyuta pa cheke zonse za chikhalidwe chomwecho, zomwe zikhoza kukhala zofanana mu alifabeti osiyana, ntchito aligorivimu wapadera. Iwo amalola kupanga zizindikiro zofanana osiyana ndime osakira tebulo ndi ntchito kale kwa iwo, osati mobwerezabwereza kuti recheck deta onse.

ma aligorivimu amenewa amakonzedwa ndi zomwe zagwiridwa anayi. Aliyense kutembenuka kumachitika mfundo mosamalitsa kotsimikizika, wosiyana zina, kotero kuitana aliyense wa iwo si zotsogola kwambiri zotheka. Aliyense anaikira zofunika, anali ophatikizidwa ndi ntchito bwinobwino.

kufalitsa muyezo

Mu zaka 25 za mbiri yake kabisidwe "UNICODE" Ine ndalandira mwina zotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse. Mu lamulo limeneli ndi kusintha mapulogalamu ndi ukonde-masamba. M'lifupi mwa ntchito zingasonyeze kuti Unicode tsopano ntchito ndi oposa 60% chuma Internet.

Tsopano, inu mukudziwa, pamene "Unicode" muyezo anaonekera. Chimene icho chiri, inu mukudziwa, ndi kuzindikira tanthauzo anatulukira, anapanga ndi gulu la akatswiri Unicode Inc. zaka zoposa 25 zapitazo.