Intifada ndi gulu la asilikali achiarabu. Kodi intifada ndi chiyani?

Kupikisana kwa Aarabu ndi Israeli ndi chimodzi mwa mikangano yaikulu kwambiri yothetsera nkhondo ndi ndale, yomwe yakhala ikulepheretsa ku Middle East kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Intifada ndi imodzi mwa zochitika zovuta kwambiri. Izi zinadziwonetsera pokhapokha potsata kusamvera kwa anthu komanso pochita zida zankhondo ndi mbali zotsutsana. Tiyeni tipeze zambiri mwatsatanetsatane zomwe intifada ziri ndikutsatira nthawi yake.

Mbiri ya nkhondo ya Aarabu ndi Israeli

Koma choyamba, kuti tipeze chithunzi chokwanira cha zomwe zinachititsa kuti gululi liwonekere, tikuyenera kupita patsogolo mu mbiri ya nkhondo ya Aarabu ndi Israeli.

Ngakhale kuti mikangano pakati pa Ayuda ndi Aarabu a Palestina yakhala ikuchitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko Lonse, iwo anapeza malipiro enieni pokhapokha atakhazikitsidwa ndi State of Israel mu 1948. Malingana ndi chisankho cha UN, kulengedwa kwa dziko la Aarabu kunakonzedweranso pa mayiko a Palestina, koma pa zifukwa zingapo mfundo imeneyi sinayambe yatsatiridwa.

Pa nthawi yoyamba ya kukhalapo kwa Israeli, pafupifupi mayiko onse achiarabu anakana kuzindikira kuti ndilovomerezeka. Mu 1947-1949 a Israeli adayenera kuloŵa nkhondo ya ufulu wodzilamulira ndi mgwirizano wa mayiko achiarabu. Chotsatira chinali chigonjetso chotsimikizika cha Israeli. Kuwonjezera pa kupeza ufulu, dziko latsopano linatha kulanda madera angapo omwe analembedwera dziko lachiarabu lomwe silinalengedwe ku Palestina.

Koma ichi chinali chiyambi chabe. Mndandanda wa mikangano yatsopano yotsatira. Ndipo mwa zonse, Israeli adalanda ndipo adalanda mayiko atsopano okhala ndi Arabu.

Kotero, pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, pansi pa ntchito ya Israeli, pafupifupi gawo lonse lomwe cholinga chake chinali kulenga dziko la Aarabu pa mayiko a Palestina. Ubale pakati pa Aisraeli ndi anthu okhala m'madera omwe adakhalapo unali wovuta kwambiri, zomwe zinayambitsa zovuta za kusamvera ndi nkhondo zatsopano. Kubwerera mu 1967, PLO inalengedwa, cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa ulamuliro wa ntchito (kupyolera mu nkhondo yomenyera nkhondo ndi ndale) ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma lodziimira pa Palestina.

Chofunika cha mawu akuti "intifada"

Tsopano tiyeni tipeze chomwe kwenikweni liwu lakuti "intifada" limatanthauza. Lingaliro limeneli limasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chiarabu monga "kuukira". Pogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, idatha kumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi zitatu za makumi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri za m'ma 2000, pamene m'madera ozungulira Palestina anayamba kusamvera, zomwe zinasanduka zida zankhondo komanso zigawenga.

Motero, intifada ya Arabi ndikumenyana kwa Arabs of Palestine kutsutsana ndi akuluakulu a ntchito.

Chiyambi cha Kuukira

Monga tanenera kale, chiwerengero cha Aarabu chaku Palesitina chinali choipa kwambiri pa akuluakulu a boma la Israeli, ndipo potero, iwo anazunza anthu onse, powona ngati adani. Malingana ndi Apalestina okha, kuzunzidwa kwa Israeli kunali kovuta.

Pasanayambe intifada yoyamba, yomwe inali pakati pa 1987, Aisrayeli angapo anaphedwa, ndipo m'modzi mwa iwo anali msilikali. Mfundoyi imakhala yowonjezereka komanso yosasinthasintha. Zosokonezazo zinali ndi khalidwe lachidziwitso, ndipo ziwawa zinawonetsedwa ndi mbali zonse ziwiri. Makamaka zinthu zinakula kwambiri mu Gaza - dziko la Israeli lomwe lidalamulidwa ndi Palestina kumalire ndi Igupto.

Mafuta mu moto anatsutsa kukana kwa Igupto ndi Jordan kuchokera ku maiko a Palestina. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'madera omwe Arabs analibe ufulu uliwonse wa ndale, anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito mothamanga.

Mabungwe amphamvu "a Islam Palestinians Jihad" ndi "Hamas" adakhala otchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu okhala m'madera omwe adakhalamo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ntchito za PLO zinakhalanso zovuta.

Chiyambi cha intifada yoyamba

Intifada ya Palestina inayamba mu December 1987. Chothandizira cha mkwiyo wa Aarabu chinali kuwonongeka kwa galimoto komwe kunayambitsana ndi kutsutsana pakati pa galimoto ya asilikali a Israeli ndi ngolo yokhala ndi anthu ambiri a Palestina. Pangoziyi anthu ambiri akumeneko adafa. Amapalestina adatenga zochitika zoopsa ngati kubwezera mwachangu kwa Israeli.

Ziphuphu zinayamba. Poyambirira, Apalestina ankagwiritsa ntchito miyala ndi zida zina zowonongeka monga zida zotsutsana ndi Aisrayeli, kotero dzina lachiwiri la intifada iyi ndi "nkhondo ya miyala."

Kupititsa patsogolo kwa zochitika za intifada yoyamba

Asirikali a Israeli poyankha miyala yowuluka mwa iwo anayamba kutsegula moto, zomwe zinapangitsanso mowonjezereka. Kupanduka kunafalikira kumbali ya kumadzulo kwa Mtsinje wa Yordano, ndipo theka lachiwiri la December linakafika ku Yerusalemu, limene Israeli analingalira likulu lake.

Intifada yoyamba ya Palesitina inadziwika ndi achinyamata ochuluka omwe akuchita nawo. Patapita nthawi, kupatula miyala, opandukawo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito molotov cocktails ndi zida. Komabe, asilikali a Israeli anali ndi mfundo zazikulu kwambiri pa opandukawo, zomwe zinathandiza kuti potsirizira pake athe kupirira nawo.

Panthawi ya chiwawa, pafupifupi Arabiya zikwi ziwiri ndi 111 Israeli anaphedwa.

Mikangano yamtendere

Ndizodabwitsa kuti zochitika za intifada zathandiza kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa mtundu wa Israeli wokha. Amisraeli ambiri anali okonzeka kupereka chiyanjano kwa Apalestina pofuna kusunga mtendere ndi kupeŵa mikangano yofanana m'tsogolomu. Izi zinapangitsa kuti Israeli apambane ndi "chipani chamtendere" chotsogoleredwa ndi Yitzhak Rabin.

Boma la Israeli linakambirana ndi atsogoleri a Palestina omwe amaimiridwa ndi oimira PLO. Mu 1993, mgwirizano wamtendere unalembedwa ku Oslo pakati pa Yitzhak Rabin ndi mtsogoleri wa PLO Yasser Arafat, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ulamuliro wa Palestina udalidwe. Ichi ndi chochitika chomwe chikhoza kuonedwa kutha kwa intifada yoyamba.

Zofunikira zoyenera mu Intifada yachiwiri

Komabe, kutsutsana kwakukulu pakati pa Israeli ndi Palestina - ngakhale pambuyo polemba panganolo ku Oslo - sanatulukidwe, ndipo pambuyo pake anagwira ntchito monga chofunikira pa nkhondoyi, yotchedwa kuti intifada yachiwiri.

Chifukwa chomveka cha kuukira kumeneku chinali ulendo wa Ariel Sharon mu 2000 kupita ku kachisi wa ku Yerusalemu. A Palestina anawona kuphwanya mgwirizano pachigamulochi, ngakhale kuti dziko la Israeli linalimbikitsanso kuti, malinga ndi mgwirizano, kulowa kwa kachisi uyu ndi mwayi kwa anthu omwe amati ndi chipembedzo chilichonse.

Mulimonsemo, chochitika ichi chinangokhala chothandizira, osati chiyambi cha kuukira kwatsopano kotchedwa Al-Aqsa intifada. Dzina limeneli ndi limodzi mwa mzikiti ku Phiri la Kachisi.

Chiyambi cha intifada yachiwiri

Intifada yachiwiri (Al-Aqsa intifada) inayamba ndi zipolowe zazikulu mu September 2000 tsiku lomwelo kuti ulendo wosaiwalika ku Phiri la Kachisi unachitika. Tsiku lotsatira tsiku lotsatira anthu masauzande ambiri adayamba nawo chiwawa.

Mabungwe a boma ankagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo, zomwe zinayambitsa zowawa zambiri kumbali zonse. Ndiponso, akuluakulu a Israeli ankagwiritsa ntchito ndege zomwe zinagunda m'midzi yambiri ya Palestina.

Ndiyeneranso kudziwa kuti intifada yachiwiri mu Israeli, mosiyana ndi yoyamba, idali limodzi ndi kukwiya kwakukulu pakati pa Arabu ndi nzika za Israeli.

Zochitika zina za intifada Al-Aqsa

Panthawiyi, intifada ku Israeli inayamba kukula. Mabungwe akuluakulu a Palestina anachita zoopsa zowononga Aisrayeli.

Zochita zambiri za opandukawo mu 2002. Poyankha, gulu lankhondo la Israeli linagwira ntchito yoteteza ntchito yotchedwa Operation Defensive Wall, yomwe inatsala pang'ono kuimitsa intifada m'dera la Israeli loyenera, komabe zipolowezo zinapitirirabe m'mayiko a Palestina. Komabe, m'tsogolomu kuuka kumeneku kunayamba kuchepa ndipo pofika chaka cha 2005 pafupifupi kunatha, ngakhale kuti magwero ena akuwona kuti mapeto a yachiwiri intifada mu 2008.

Pa nthawi yonse ya nkhondo kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2005, anthu a Palestina 3,100 ndi a Israeli zikwi chimodzi anaphedwa. Ngati tikuganiza kuti 2008 ndi mapeto a intifada, chiwerengero cha ozunzidwa chidzawonjezeka kwambiri. Pakati pa Palestina iwo adzakhala pafupi zikwi zisanu, ndipo pakati pa Israeli - anthu 1200.

Zotsatira za Intifada

Zonse ziwiri za nkhondoyi zinazindikira kuti intifada ndi njira yoponongeka, chifukwa zizindikiro zachuma za Israeli ndi ulamuliro wa Palestina zakhala zikuchepa kwambiri, osatchula anthu ovulala. Makamaka omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi makampani okopa alendo, chifukwa anthu ochepa amafuna kupita kudziko kumene kuli nkhondo yogwira ntchito.

Ngakhale kuti panalibe mgwirizano pakati pa Achipalestina ndi utsogoleri wa Israeli, onse awiri adapangana. Kotero, mu 2005, boma la State of Israel linaganiza zochotsa asilikali a Israeli, maofesi ndi anthu ochokera ku Gaza. Pomwepo, atsogoleri a kutsutsana kwa Palestina adathandizira kuchepetsa kukula kwa nkhondoyo.

Komabe, izi, komanso mgwirizano pambuyo pa intifada yoyamba, sizinathetse mavuto a chiyanjano cha Aarabu ndi a Israeli, koma zowonongeka zokhazokha. Mabungwe opambana kwambiri a Palestina anaganiza zopitiliza nkhondoyo, motero Israeli mu 2008 anachita ntchito yapadera ku Gaza.

Kodi intifada yachitatu idzayamba liti?

Ponena za ntchito ya Gaza kumenyana ndi Hamas kumapeto kwa 2008 ndi kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2009 ndi asilikali a Israeli, omaliza adayitanitsa Aarabu kukhazikitsa gawo lachitatu la intifada. Zoona, kuyitana uku kunalibe chithandizo chachikulu pakati pa anthu. Kwenikweni, chitatu cha intifada sichinayambe.

Komabe, atapatsidwa umboni wakuti zotsutsana pakati pa Israeli ndi Apalestina sizinayambe zatulutsidwa, zikhoza kutheka kuti pokhapokha ngati pangakhale chiyeso chachikulu, kutsutsana kwatsopano kwa zida pakati pa magawo otsutsana sikungapeweke. Komanso, mabungwe ambiri a Palestina amakhulupirira kuti intifada ndiyo njira yokhayo yodzilamulira okha.

Umboni wa izi ukhoza kugwirizanitsa, womwe unayambanso mu 2012. Tikukhulupirira kuti pakati pa atsogoleri onse a Israeli ndi Palestina adzagonjetsa anthu omwe akuyesera mtendere wodalirika kwa zaka zambiri.