Howitzer: specifications. Self-injini howitzer (chithunzi)

Popeza Kubwera kwa zida zankhondo mu arsenals wa makamu a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana panali kufunika specialization a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida cholinga chawo amafunira. Wopitiriza kusintha malinga kudziikira kumbuyo, njira amanyansidwa ndi njira za nkhondo zinachititsa kuti gulu la zida zamphamvu mu makalasi.

kamnemety wakale

Kwenikweni, kuzinga zipangizo - lakutali makolo zida zankhondo - anathandiza Ankhondo mumpanda nyumba pomenyana ndi linga kale ntchito Unyinji wa onga. The catapult ndi mauthenga kwa Ballistae kuipanikiza mathamangidwe (amene ali bwinobwino miyala chidebe ndi phula otentha, matabwa akuluakulu kapena Pamwalawo) anamugwiritsa ntchito katundu zotanuka a chingwe Tambasula, imene kupanga zapiringizana waya zitsulo. The patsogolo tingaphunzire mu kumangika ndi linatuluka pa nthawi za kumasulidwa kwa loko wapadera. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo panali mawu akuti "howitzer". Zofunika "kamnemetnoy makina" (as ndi kumasulira German mawu a Haubitz) anali wodzichepetsa, iwo kuwombera kwa makumi angapo mamita ndi kutulutsa zotsatira kwambiri maganizo, ngakhale pansi zinthu zina, ndi luso la kuwerengetsera N'kutheka chifukwa cha moto (ngati mthunzi anali incendiary) . Kupita patsogolo kwa zipangizo oopsa kwachititsa kuwonjezeka mu udindo wa kachitidwe kutali chida.

makalasi zida zankhondo

Kuyambira cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi, asilikali a ku Ulaya anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti. Mortars pa nthawi anakhala kalasi wamphamvu kwambiri mfuti. Ngakhale dzina lawo oopsa (lachokera ku mortier Dutch, nayenso, anabwereka Latin muzu mort - «imfa») amasonyeza mkulu woopsa chidacho. Komanso kunsi anali howitzer, specifications limene (chipolopolo kulemera ndi uthunthu) penapake wolephera wa matope. Kwambiri ambiri ndi mafoni makalasi amaonedwa mfuti (ovomerezeka). Calibres osiyana, koma sanali iwo. The chizindikiro chachikulu chinali kalasi zipangizo kapangidwe mbiya, chifukwa mu pangano. Mwa ichi, kapangidwe ka ndilo zida zankhondo za asilikali a boma, ngakhale ndiye kunali kotheka kwa mumakumbukira nthawi za zolinga njira ndi chiphunzitso usilikali wake.

Evolution wa mortars ndi howitzers

Mu World nkhondo Pamalo kumenyana upezeke magulu omenyanawa kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti katundu wazingidwa. Mawu "matope" zidagwa kusagwiritsiridwa kwake atangobadwa kugonjetsa Nazi Germany mu 1945. mizukwa Short-wakuda anagwetsa mbandakucha mortars lalikulu-likungosonyeza ndi zoponya mabomba kuukira. Pambuyo kulolerana mu nkhokwe ya pafupifupi m'mayiko onse a mizinga, kuphatikizapo ballistic, kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, ndi pang'onopang'ono mfuti trudnotransportiruemyh watopa. Ulendo omaliza kutsatira kuyesetsa kwawo kukhala okonza German kulenga kuti chilombo choopsa cha kukula kwake monga "Karl", amene anali 600 mamilimita likungosonyeza. Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa kalasi cholowa anali aafupi thunthu ndi makoma wandiweyani. Big okwera pafupifupi limafanana ano matope chizindikiro. Kartuzny njira ya cholusa, otsala lero makamaka m'madzi amphamvu ndi mfuti gombe ofotokoza kunathandiza kuti kutchuka kwa mortars. Mizinga ndi lalikulu yeniyeni padziko, iwo ali hygroscopic, ndipo patsogolo zinthu zenizeni kuonetsetsa zinthu yosungirako ndi zosatheka kwa chinyezi amodzi. Koma unyinji wa projectile ndi osiyanasiyana howitzers yowotcha anakhala kotero kuti gulu la zida zankhondo zinali zotheka kwambiri perekani ntchito amene poyamba anachita matope.

Parabolic njira yodutsamo, kapena N'chifukwa chiyani ndifunika howitzer?

Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, m'pofunika kuyamba kuganizira njira yodutsamo ballistic magulu osiyana a zida. Aliyense akudziwa kuti linatulutsidwa ndi koyamba liniya liwiro la thupi, kaya ndi mwala wamba kapena chipolopolo Kodi kuuluka mu mzere molunjika ndi parabola. Magawo a chithunzi angakhale osiyana, koma pa yomweyo kuyamba zimachitika kuwonjezeka okwera kuchepetsa mtunda yopingasa pa mmene chinthu ichi adzauluka. Kutalika ndi pazipita pa mlingo woyenerera kwa yopingasa, koma mu nkhani iyi pali chiopsezo kuti chipolopolo akuthamanga (kapena mwala womwewo) kugwa mwachindunji pa mutu wa zibuluma lapansi. The steepness njira, ndipo kodi ndi chosiyana ndi howitzer mfuti. Komanso limatanthauzira ndi zipangizo poika.

Kodi milandu ndi zimene kuwombera

Ngati tingayerekezere kuti mdani akufuna kuti adziwe malo a asilikali iliyonse, ndiye ayenera kuyembekezera ku nkhondo. Mu chisanadze shelled mipanda yolimba kwambiri m'dera akasinja nkhosa ndi oyenda anathandiza kuukira ndege. Poyankha, mbali poteteza adzagwiritsa ntchito countermeasures moto kuchokera zida zankhondo zawo ndi manja yaing'ono. Koma ngati kuukira chikuyembekezeka, adzakhululukidwa Pre-anamangidwira ziwalo munda malinga, anakumba ngalande profile, anamanga bunkers ndi pillboxes likuomba kumabungwe amene n'zovuta chilolezo mzere yodzitetezera. Ambiri, aliyense wa zipani chirichonse kulepheretsa zochita mdani. Imeneyi, moto pansi chozama kupitirira subunits kuteteza angathe kuchitikira kokha mwa njira otchedwa kulumikizidwa. Flatness (ie, pafupifupi ikufanana ndi kaja) moto adzakhala sizithandiza: asilikali Mdani ali adzatsekeredwa zobisika kuseri parapets ndi nyumba zina zodzitetezera. Pafupifupi achabechabe adzakhala mfuti yachibadwa. Howitzer, amene makhalidwe ndi wokwera, adzakhala "fodya tsiku" zokometsera ya ngalande ndi dugouts, kuwunjikana zipolopolo pa mitu yawo kuchokera kumwamba. Cannon ndi kuwombera anthu amene anatsogolera. Iwo ayenera kuwononga akasinja mdani ochuluka ndi asilikali kuthamangira maudindo. Iwo amakonda amawateteza nkhondo.

likungosonyeza howitzer

Mavuto a masiku ano howitzer zida zankhondo akutali bwalo poyamba kumatanthauza. Kulumikizidwa njira yodutsamo wa projectile si bwino kuchita anthu oti, kutetezedwa mu ngalande ndi dugouts, komanso ntchito zina. Malinga kutetezedwa ndi nkhungu wosanjikiza a analimbitsa simenti zambiri kwambiri anakumba pansi. The mazunzo zida za akasinja ndi zina magalimoto oti muli nazo zida angathe komabe ambiri zida njira, nthawi yomweyo pamwamba pa chiopsezo ake zambiri. Ngati ochiritsira mfuti mkulu molondola zimatheka kuthokoza mkulu koyamba mathamangidwe wa projectile, mmodzi wa zinthu kufika chizindikiro otsiriza wachibale kuwala kulemera kwa projectile yokha. Large likungosonyeza - osiyana ndi howitzer mfuti. Pakuti kalasi ya zipangizo zofunika 100 millimeter zipolopolo, ndipo pali zikuluzikulu.

B-4

Howitzer - chida zovuta, ndipo izi ndi katundu wake, pamodzi ndi cholinga ndi amanyansidwa amalenga mavuto ena. Chitsanzo cha izo ndi ntchito bwino zedi atha kutumikira ngati odziwika B-4 (52-L-625), unakhazikitsidwa mmasate ndi wadutsa nkhondo lonse. Kulemera kwa mfuti, kuphatikizapo ophimba, mbiya ndi mbali kutsetsereka ndi gawo anatenga oposa 17 (!) Tonnes. Pofuna kulimbikitsa izo, mufunika thalakitala. Pofuna kuchepetsa katundu yeniyeni pansi umagwiritsidwa crawler. The likungosonyeza wa mfuti - 203 mamilimita kapena 8 mainchesi. Projectile kukweza katundu, izo akulemera ku makilogalamu 145 kuti quintals (betonoboynymi chimake), kotero kuti kotunga zipolopolo ikuchitika padziko wodzigudubuza conveyor wapadera. Yowerengera Amakhala ndi anthu khumi ndi asanu. Pa wotsika kuipanikiza mathamangidwe (kuchoka pa 300 kufika 600 m / s) osiyanasiyana kuwomba howitzer B-4 kuposa 17 Km. Mlingo pazipita - kuwombera wina pambuyo mphindi ziwiri. Mfuti ali yaikulu mphamvu zowononga zimene zinaoneka pa kuukira pa mzere Mannerheim pa Zima nkhondo ndi Finland. Komabe, pambuyo zaka zingapo zinaonekeratu kuti tsogolo wa kachitidwe kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo.

SU 152

Chotsatira chojambulidwa okonza Soviet mu njira kulenga zotsogola kudziletsa injini mayunitsi, ndinakhala ndi SU 152. Iyo inasonyeza chotero poyankha zikamera wa wamphamvu akasinja oti muli nazo zida German okonzeka ndi mfuti yaitali barreled akhoza moto pa zida zathu chapatali (makilomita kapena zambiri). Njira yodalirika kuwononga cholinga bwino kumbuyo ankaoneka kuphimba chipolopolo ake katundu zouluka pa kulumikizidwa parabolic njira yodutsamo. Howitzer 152 mamilimita likungosonyeza ml 20, wokwera pa thanki (SW) ndi galimotoyo atathana anapereka ndi yodula ndi anatsimikizira njira resetting zikutanthauza angathe kuthetsa vutoli.

"Carnation"

Pambuyo nkhondo nthawi mu mbali asilikali luso amakhala ngati nthawi kukula mofulumira mphamvu sayansi. M'malo mwa injini pisitoni ndege akubwera ndege yaikulu. Ena mwa ntchito kale akulangiza gunners kuyamba kuthetsa asilikali chida. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo pali revaluation ndi chiŵerengero cha ntchito ndi mtengo. Chidani, m'lingaliro kukhala mpikisano ndi zamalonda. Nthawi "mtengo sindingathe kuima", unachitika. Kunapezeka kuti ndalama imodzi zida zankhondo wozungulira n'chozama kwambiri kuposa mwatsatanetsatane chida Launch pafupifupi mogwira mtima wofanana, chimaonetsera mphamvu zowononga. Mu USSR, izo zamveka mwakamodzi: utsogoleri Khrushchev wagwa ku euphoria ena pambuyo kuoneka mu nkhokwe ya Soviet Army machitidwe chida yobereka. Mu 1967 pa Kharkov thalakitala (kumene) chomera udaikidwa "Pinki" - woyamba Soviet "maluwa" kudziletsa injini howitzer. Luso makhalidwe kwambiri kuposa magawo a zida zankhondo zonse, kutulutsa asilikali mafakitale zovuta wa USSR patsogolo. Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito roketi-anathandiza projectile (ena hybrid zida zankhondo yolimbanirana ndi roketi a), mu nkhani iyi, ndi mfuti osiyanasiyana kuchuluka kwa 15,3 kuti makilomita 21,9. Milandu angakhale osiyana: chokhala, mkulu-kuphulika, zamagetsi (kulenga kusokonezedwa), utsi ndi ena, kuphatikizapo wapadera (mankhwala). Wautali mpaka kumapeto mfundo za njira yodutsamo saloledwa ntchito zida zoopsa. Thupi mopepuka oti muli nazo zida linaikidwa zipolopolo makumi zipolopolo.

"Mthethe"

Howitzer, anayamba m'ma - zaka zao za sikisite mochedwa, analowa utumiki mu 1970. Zimakhala kuwombera pa mtunda wa 20-30 Km (malingana ndi Baibulo). makina weniweniwo wokongola zosavuta, izo akulemera zochepa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi a thanki, yemwe akwaniritsa kuchepa mu unyinji wa zida. N'zothekanso mwachindunji moto, koma cholinga akanali yemweyo - kugonjetsa zolinga za kutali ndi. Galimotoyo zopangidwa perednemotornoy chiwembu watsimikizira mtengo wake m'zaka nkhondo. Kamangidwe amaganizira zinachitikira kulengedwa kwa ACS 100, ndi cholinga chimene reminiscence anali pamaso pa mfuti American M-109, luso kuwombera wozama mphamvu mwatsatanetsatane mlandu nyukiliya (TNT yokwana matani 100). Yankho lidali lakuti "mthethe" - howitzer ndi makhalidwe moipirapo.

Czech "Dana"

Nthawi zambiri, gulu lankhondo la maiko zokomera anali atakonzekera ndi zitsanzo Soviet zida zankhondo, koma pali ena amene anavomereza. Mwachionekere, kukumbukira ulemerero kale (ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Czechoslovakia anali mmodzi wa opanga yaikulu ya zida Europe ndi dziko lonse), akatswiri ku Czechoslovakia m'ma makumi asanu ndi awiri, kulinganizidwa ndi kumangidwa latsopano zida zankhondo mfuti, amene amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kwa nthawi mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso deta. Self-injini howitzer "Dana" yodziwika ndi mlingo mkulu wa moto (kuwombera imodzi yokha), ali ndi mawerengedwe ochepa (6 anthu), koma ntchito yake yaikulu inali galimotoyo lalikulu "Tatra", ndi maneuverability mkulu, see ndi liwiro. utsogoleri m'dzikoli, ngakhale kuganizira kugula chozizwitsa Czech zosoŵa za Soviet Army, koma podziwa kuti dziko lathu akugwira ntchito kulenga, ngakhale bwino howitzer zipolopolo awo, ganizo anakana kuchepetsa kugula makope angapo phunziro la "zinachitikira fraternal ". Self-injini howitzer "Dana" ndi lero ndi ku utumiki ndi Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Libya ndi maiko ena kumene chida ichi adaperekedwa pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR. Pa Chijojiya-Ossetian nkhondo, asilikali Russian analanda atatu "ndipo anapatsidwa" monga zikho.

D-30: Mfuti Classics

Ndi unyinji wonse wa kachitidwe kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo, ndi yotsika mtengo wina ndi wamba gudumu howitzer. 152 mm mfuti Soviet kupanga amadziwika silhouette ake khalidwe mu dziko. Mu yowotcha malo ophimba, atagona kwathunthu apuma pa zogwiriziza atatu pansi, kuti magudumu musakhudze nthaka, amene amathandiza - pa dzanja limodzi - ndi kutsindika odalirika, ndi pa zina - limachititsa kuchititsa yowotcha zozungulira. Khalidwe yaikulu ya howitzer D-30 - mpirawo mtunda 5.3 Km, zomwe nthawi zambiri ndi zokwanira. Mayendedwe zida si vuto: izo zimalemera matani 3.2, zomwe zimathandiza kuti alichotse pafupifupi milatho, ndipo mwachizolowezi "Ural" angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati thirakitara. Kuphweka, kudalirika ndi dzuwa mkulu - izi ndi zinthu khalidwe la zida Russian. D-30 ndi D-30A mofunitsitsa kugula zosowa chitetezo cha m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo ena mwa iwo (China, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Iraq) ankaona kofunika kugula mapepala ndi kupanga awo. Ndipo Ntchito inanso yofunika amachita howitzer izi. Photo wa Petro ndi Paulo Linga kupereka mwambo masana ananyoza ndithu kukometsera chida ichi.

Lupanga ndi Chikopa

Russian howitzer - kofunika kwambiri chigawo chimodzi cha zida zankhondo ndi chida chishango cha dziko lathu. pangano amanyansidwa amalankhula za ndewu ya chiphunzitso usilikali, koma chifukwa palibe wa asilikali dziko sidzalamulira zingatheke kapena matenda chisanadze emptive kunyanyala, pomwe? Komanso, mtundu wa zida zankhondo pang'ono zasintha kwambiri ndi universalization mbali ngati howitzer a. Luso makhalidwe a zipangizo mukhoza ntchito kuwombera pa lathyathyathya njira yodutsamo, kuti ntchito chitetezo, kuphatikizapo odana thanki.

ufa ayenera nthawi zonse youma.