Embryology - mbiriyakale ya embryology ...

Science Biology zikuphatikizapo kwambiri zigawo zosiyana za ang'onoang'ono, koma ndikofunika kuti amakhazikika mu mavuto kulikonse yeniyeni chilango. Ichi ndi chomwe chimapangitsa izo lalikulu komanso padziko lonse choperekera anthu Musaone mmene iye sangathe.

Mmodzi sayansi chofunika anakhala embryology. Ichi ndi chilango mwachilungamo akale, mfundo yomwe mbiri ya mapangidwe ife m'nkhani ino.

Lingaliro la sayansi ya embryology

Embryology - si chilango kwachilengedwenso. Ndi sayansi kuti amachita naye phunziro la mapangidwe chitukuko komanso mapangidwe mazira a zamoyo kuyambira Kubwera kwa maselo nyongolosi ndi pophatikizana awo asanabadwe latsopano chamoyo.

Onse a pasukuluyi kwambiri n'chakuti n'kofunika zofunika Inde yake ndi zabwinobwino. Choncho, cholinga waika yokha sayansi - kufufuza nkhani zonse ndi njira zokhudza mazira, moyo wawo, maphunziro ndi chitukuko.

Kuchokera pa cholinga, zolinga embryology mfundo zotsatirazi.

1. Taganizirani ndondomeko ya kugawikana ma.
2. Kupeza dongosolo mu Ndisanaumbidwe mapangidwe lobes pulayimale ndi cavities a thupi.
3. Track mapangidwe embodiments chosokonekera nkhwangwa thupi tsogolo lake.
4. Features la mapangidwe cavities a coelom ndi ena ofanana awo.
5. Ndimapanga zipolopolo padziko Ndisanaumbidwe lapansi.
6. Maphunziro a dongosolo thupi lonse, kenako amadziŵika ndi ntchito ina yapadera chamoyo.

Choncho, zimaonekeratu chiyani embryology. Izi sayansi apadera kwambiri kuti akalandire chithandizo chitukuko cha mazira nthawi mapangidwe awo ndi asanabadwe. Komanso kugwiritsa nkhani zokhudza njira za gametogenesis, mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe maselo kugonana.

The etymology mawu

Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "Embryology" ndi losavuta mokwanira. Ndipotu Latin mawu "Ndisanaumbidwe" limachulidwa monga embryon, ndi gawo lachiwiri la logos mawu - kuphunzitsa. Iwo likukhalira kuti m'dzina la sayansi zimaonekera zonse tanthauzo lake lenileni mwachidule anafotokoza mu nkhani.

Onse madikishonare amakono a mawu "Embryology" akufanana. Ndi pafupi zofanana monga mu Latin. Kuwonjezera zinthu zatsopano zovuta. Kodi zikutanthauza embryology? Mu zinthu zonse yankho limodzi - sayansi ya predzarodyshevom ndi chitukuko embryonic a nyama ndi zomera.

Mbiri ya sayansi

Chiyambi cha mbiri ya embryology amatenga kuchokera kalelo. Munthu woyamba wa Aristotle anayamba kufufuza m'dera limeneli. Malangizo ake anali kuphunzira mapangidwe mazira embryonic nkhuku. Choncho anayamba chitukuko cha sayansi mu funso.

Kenako, mu XVI-XVII zaka asayansi omwe anali m'gulu la chilango, kugawidwa m'magulu awiri maganizo ongolankhula pankhani ya mapangidwe mazira, ndipo ngakhale chiyambi cha zamoyo zatsopano.

Choncho, panali:

• preformation chiphunzitso;
• epigenesis.

Mfundo yaikulu ya yoyamba ndi yakuti: ndondomeko zonse za tsogolo la thupi sindikufuna kukhala nthawi, ndipo ali kale mu yafupika kwambiri maonekedwe kapena dzira (ovisty) kapena umuna (animalkulisty). Ndipo mu moyo ndi chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo, iwo basi kuwonjezera kukula likuvutika kupeza zakudya.

Zimenezi zinali, ndithudi, cholakwika. Komabe, iwo unatha pafupifupi mpaka cha m'ma XIX. Otsatira mfundo zimenezi pakati pa asayansi kwa nthawi osiyana nthawi anali:

• Marcello Malpighi.
• J. Swammerdam.
• Shi Bonn.
• A. Haller.
• A. Leeuwenhoek.
• I. N. Liberkyun ndi ena.

The Ofufuza mu mbiri ya embryology, zimene zili za ambiri a maganizo kochokera nthawi zosiyanasiyana, wotchedwa epigenesis. Othandiza ake ankakhulupirira kuti thupi limayamba chitukuko pokhapokha kulowa maselo kugonana mu mzake. Pankhaniyi, mu Ndisanaumbidwe chifukwa chilichonse wokonzeka. Kapangidwe, matupi tsogolo anapanga pang'onopang'ono kuchokera zimakhala mkati.

Oimira amene anali ndi maganizo amenewa anali:

• W. Harvey.
• Leibniz.
• Friedrich Wolf.
• Karl Baer ndi ena.

Mu nkhondo pakati pa Aiguputo anapulumutsidwa deta ambiri embryology, chifukwa asayansi zonse ikuchitika kafukufuku, zatsopano, ati zinthu ongolankhula.

Popeza cha m'ma XIX, mu malingaliro preformist anachita chopweteka nkhonya ndi kupezedwa zotsatirazi.

1. Lamulo la kufanana nyongolosi Karla Bera. , Iye ananena kuti pa siteji kale kuposa Ndisanaumbidwe, m'pamenenso akufanana nyumba ofanana mu nthumwi za zinyama.
2. Wolff anafotokoza ndizosowa zimapezeka mazira mwana wankhuku, kutsimikizira mapangidwe awo pang'onopang'ono.
3. ntchito Darwin, limene limafotokoza maganizo ake pa vuto la magwero a mitundu.

Zotsatira zake zakhala mapangidwe mwapang'onopang'ono sayansi monga ife tikuziwona izo lero. Great mphatso za chitukuko cha chilango anapanga izi asayansi XIX-XX m'ma:

• Kovalevsky.
• Swordsmen.
• Haeckel.
• Wilhelm Roux ndi ena.

Gawo

The zigawo zikuluzikulu za sayansi mu funso tinganene kuti ndi ndime zotsatirazi.

1. Poyerekeza embryology.
2. Experimental.
3. General.
4. Environmental.

Malinga ndi mtundu wa zamoyo anaphunzira embryology ndi lagawidwa:

• masamba;
• nyama;
• munthu.

Chigawo chilichonse chili zolinga zake, zolinga ndi zinthu za kafukufuku amene ali ndi zofunika kwambiri ongolankhula ndi othandiza kumvetsa njira ya moyo. Embryology nyama - nthambi yofunika kwambiri sayansi pa ulimi ndi nyama husbandry.

Kapangidwe ka embryology ambiri

General embryology ndi chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku ndi kusanthula poyerekeza ya mazira wa zamoyo zonse pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana zamoyo zinachita mu chitukuko cha dziko. Chifukwa ndi zambiri zakuthupi yoona, kutsimikizira umodzi wa chiyambi cha moyo zonse padziko lathuli.

M'dera la kuphunzira chilango chimenechi ndi kuphunzira njira ya gametogenesis. Embryology deta ndi zofunika mu nkhani zaumoyo wa mibadwomibadwo, kotero kuti sayansi mwapadera.

khalidwe embryology

Njira yaikulu deta sanjira ku chilango chimenechi - kuwunika. Poyerekeza embryology wakhala kuphunzira mazira nyama, zomera kapena anthu kuti kulongosola chiyambi cha kufanana kapena chitukuko.

Woyambitsa wa zinali Karl Baer, anatulukira dzira anthu ndipo anakonza lamulo loyamba pa mazira. A chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha chidziwitso cha chilango anadziwana ndi Haeckel. Wake malamulo biogenetic anali konsekonse kwa nthawi yaitali. Poyerekeza embryology hoarding umboni wochirikiza Mbali imeneyi.

Kunena mwachidule, zomwenso zinali motere: lililonse Ndisanaumbidwe umadutsa magawo ambiri mu ndondomeko yake chitukuko. Onse a iwo limodzi ndi kubwereza kwa kachitidwe ambiri kwa zinthu, zomwe zamoyo zonse pa mapangidwe zamoyo padziko lapansili.

Wotereyu kufanana mu kapangidwe ka mtima mu makalasi onse a nyama nsomba, achule, zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama. Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku, malamulo a Haeckel si konsekonse. Ndipotu, iye kufotokoza chifukwa wosiyana kwambiri ndi mzake tizilombo mphutsi ndi akulu, makamaka pankhani ya kusintha chosakwanira.

china kuti akugwiritsa ankaphunzira embryology masinthidwe. Kotero, izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti kale pali mavuto chromosomal, ndi aluso adzakhala chiwonetsero akunja pambuyo mapangidwe thupi. Ndiko, gawo kenako adzamva kusintha, chindichepere zidzakhala noticeable fenotayipi mu wamkulu.

embryology nyama

Chigawo chino chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha ulimi. The phunziro la ndinu zoyambirira siteji mazira nyama. Iwo ali motere:

• implantation;
• gastrulation;
• morula;
• blastula;
• neurula;
• intussusception.

Ie nyama embryology - ndi chimodzimodzi ena onse a zigawo, amene ali yekha malo apadera kwambiri kuphunzira pa pamalowo. Komanso amasanthula kusintha pa embryogenesis, malamulo ndi njira ya mapangidwe awo, kufunafuna njira kupewa ndi kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, tizilombo nyama matenda.

Zimenezi ziyenera zofunika kwa makampani nkhuku, ulimi nyama, ulimi wa nsomba, nkhani Chowona Zanyama kuthetsa ndi mavuto insemination nyama.

Kutanthauza patsogolo Embryology

Kupambana kwambiri padziko lonse wa nthawi yathu, chimene chingalowe kumupatsa munthu embryology, ndi ulosi wa osabereka ndi polojekiti mwatsatanetsatane wa magawo onse a mapangidwe mazira anthu. Pajatu limakupatsani kapena kupewa kubadwa kwa ana likupita matenda majini kapena phukusi mankhwala kukonza tsogolo kusintha mutational.

Today aliyense Mayi woyembekezera ndi kuyang'aniridwa pafupi madokotala amene ntchito zipangizo zina zapadera akhoza liyang'anire ndi kulosera chilichonse chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo lapansi.

Ziyembekezo chitukuko cha sayansi

Chopereka chachikulu cha sayansi ichi ndi, kumene, kubwera. Inde, kukula kwa zipangizo luso sali mu malo, ndi umisiri wamakono kulola kuthandizapo pa njira pafupifupi onse odziwika moyo.

Mu anapeza tsogolo a pasukuluyi pa siteji ya chitukuko embryonic, zimene zingakuthandizeni kupewa matenda a mwana wosabadwayo, kuthetsa chodabwitsa kukhala osabereka ndi adzapulumutsa anthu osiyanasiyana nkhani imachepa.