Echinoderms nyama maonekedwe, dzina, chithunzi

Echinoderms - ndi mtundu wina wa nyama. Iwo sizingafanane mu dongosolo kwa mitundu ina. Maonekedwe a nyama akufanana ndi maluwa, ndi nyenyezi, ndi nkhaka, mpira, ndi zina zotero N..

Mbiri ya phunziroli

Agiriki akale adawapasa dzina "echinoderms." Oimira mtundu akhala chidwi munthu wokhalapo. Mbiri ya phunziroli chikukhudzana, makamaka, ndi maina a Aristotle ndi Pliny; ndi 18 ndi m'ma 19 anali kuphunzira ndi ambiri asayansi odziwika (Lamarck, Linnaeus, Klein, Cuvier). Komabe, maphunziro ambiri pa nthawi iliyonse chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi coelenterates, kapena mphutsi. I. I. Mechnikov, ndi Russian wasayansi, anatulukira kuti ali paubwenzi ndi kishechnozhabernymi. Swordsmen anasonyeza kuti zamoyo izi zokhudzana ndi nthumwi chimodzimodzi chordates.

The zosiyanasiyana echinoderms

Mu nthawi yathu, inapeza kuti echinoderms - nyama za gulu la invertebrates kwambiri mwadongosolo - kuti deuterostome. Iwo Padziko Lapansi zaka zoposa miliyoni 520 zapitazo. Zotsalira za echinoderms zimapezeka m'dambo a Mathanthwe oyambirira. mtundu Izi zikuphatikizapo za 5000 mitundu.

Echinoderms - nyama nyanja, pansi, ambiri amene ali ndi zamoyo ufulu wamoyo. Wofala amagwira pansi ntchito tsinde wapadera. Mitembo ya zamoyo zambiri zili pa 5-ray, koma chiwerengero chawo ena nyama zina. Amadziwika kuti makolo echinoderm anali amgwirizano chosokonekera, umene masiku ano adzalandira ufulu kusambira mphutsi.

kapangidwe mkati

The oimira echinoderms mu subcutaneous wosanjikiza connective akufotokozera mafupa wapangidwa ndi mbale Mbali yokhala ngati ndi masingano, minga, etc. N. padziko thupi. Monga chordates, zamoyo izi sekondale thupi M'mimbamo aumbike mwa kulekana kwa m'mimba matumba mesoderm. Gastropor pa chitukuko atachuluka kapena lidzasinthidwa chotulukira lapansi. Pankhaniyi, pakamwa mphutsi anapanga mwatsopano.

Echinoderms nyama ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Komabe inhalation apanga ofooka kwambiri kapena kulibeko. M'pofunika mwachidule pofotokoza zizindikiro zina echinoderms. Mu nyama zimenezi, palibe ziwalo wapadera wa excretion. M'malo wosazindikira mantha dongosolo la zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwa ife. Malowa ali pamtunda mwina mu khungu kapena epithelium invaginates mkati mwa thupi.

kapangidwe kunja

mbali Echinoderms ayenera wodzilemekeza ndi mbali ya dongosolo kunja kwa zinthu izi. The epithelium kunja kwa mbali yaikulu ya echinoderms (nyanja nkhaka kupatulapo) ali cilia amene analenga panopa madzi. Iwo ali ndi udindo kupereka chakudya, kuwombola mpweya ndi kuyeretsa thupi ku matope. Zikuto za echinoderms zosiyanasiyana khansa (kuchititsa chowala ndi poyizoni), ndi inki, omwe akutipatsa mtundu zodabwitsa nyama.

zinthu chigoba mu starfish - Mbali yokhala ngati mbale, amene anakonza m'mizere kotenga, kawirikawiri ndi spines, chabwino kunja. thupi kanyama kameneka zimatetezedwa ndi chipolopolo Mbali yokhala ngati. Amakhala ndi mndandanda wa mbale, mwamphamvu cholukanalukana, ndi masingano yaitali, atakhala pa iwo. Pa nyanja nkhaka ndi Mbali yokhala ngati thupi, amene anabalalika mu khungu lawo. Mafupa a zamoyo izi pa chiyambi zoweta.

Musculature ndi dongosolo ambulacral

Musculature nyama zinali n'kupanga akulu ndi minofu payekha. Zinamuthandiza kukhala bwino, monga momwe makina munthu kapena nyama ina. Mu mitundu yambiri ya echinoderms dongosolo ambulacral akutumikira kukhudza, kayendedwe, ndi ena urchins nyanja ndi maluwa nyanja anaikira kupuma. Tizilombo timeneti osiyana, aona pakhale metamorphosis cha larva lapansi.

gulu la echinoderms

Pali 5 makalasi a echinoderms: Chimaona, starfish, urchins nyanja, maluwa nyanja ndi Holothurians. Mtundu lagawidwa subtypes awiri: ikuyenda momasuka echinoderms anapereka nyenyezi Chimaona, holothurians, urchins nyanja ndi starfish ndi ZOWONJEZERA - maluwa nyanja, komanso ena makalasi zinatha. Amadziwika za mitundu zikwi zisanu ano, komanso za kawiri monga ambiri zinatha. echinoderms onse nyama zam'madzi kuti moyo yekha mu madzi amchere.

starfish

Wotchuka nthumwi ya mtundu ndife chidwi ndi starfish (chithunzi mmodzi wa iwo anapereka pamwamba). Nyama zimenezi za Asteroidea kalasi. Starfish musati mwangozi dzina lawo. Mu maonekedwe ake, ambiri a iwo ndi zisanu zisonga nyenyezi kapena Pentagon. Komabe, pali mitundu, chiwerengero cha kuwala zomwe kufika makumi asanu.

Taonani thupi chidwi ali starfish, amene anapereka zithunzi pamwamba! Ngati kubwezedwa, izo Tingaone kuti underside wa matabwa ndi mizere wa miyendo yaing'ono tubular ndi suction chikho pa mapeto. Animal, wokhudza, kukwawa nyanja, komanso kukwera pamalo choimirira.

echinoderms onse angathe kusinthika mofulumira. Starfish lililonse mtanda, omwe analekana ndi thupi, ndi yotheka. Nthawi yomweyo zimamusintha, ndi thupi latsopano umabwera kuchokera mwa iwo. starfish kwambiri kudya zotsalira za nkhani organic. Iwo kuwapeza mu nthaka. zakudya amakhala mitembo ya nsomba ndi algae. Komabe, anthu ena starfish - ogwirira kuti aukire akuvutika awo (atathana invertebrates). Pambuyo m'zigawo ndicho, nyama mwazisiya m'mimba ake. Choncho, chimbudzi cha ena starfish zolusa ikuchitika. Kuwala kwa nyama ndi akatumba amphamvu kwambiri. Iwo zimawathandiza mosavuta kutsegula nsombayi lamba wa pamimba. Starfish mungathe ndi kumuphwanya kumira ngati n'koyenera.

Wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa nyama zakutchire ndi Acanthasterplanci - chisoti cha minga. Izi ndi adani oipa am'nyanja m'madzi matanthwe. Pali pafupifupi mitundu 1500 mu kalasi (mtundu echinoderms).

Starfish angathe kubereka onse pogonana ndi asexually choncho (kusinthika). Ambiri a nyama - zamoyo dioecious. Umuna achita madzi. thupi akufotokozera metamorphosis. Ena nyenyezi nyanja moyo mpaka zaka 30.

Zmeehvostki (Chimaona)

nyama zimenezi ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi nyenyezi; ali matabwa wochepa thupi yaitali. Mu nyenyezi Chimaona (mtundu wa echinoderms) kwa chiwindi palibe zokhudzana, ndi chotulukira ndi hindgut. Mwa njira ya moyo, iwonso ofanana starfish. nyama zimenezi dioecious, koma angathe onse kusinthika ndi asexual kubalana. Ena mitundu mitundu wowala.

zmeehvostok thupi (Chimaona) akupereka chimbale lathyathyathya amene awiri ndi 10 cm. Kuyambira iwo asapite 5 kapena 10 segmented yaitali matabwa woonda. Nyama ntchito yotumiza cheza curving amene kukwawa pamodzi m'nyanjayo. Tizilombo timeneti kusamukira jerks. Iwo kukokera patsogolo awiriawiri ake awiri "manja" kenako mwadzidzidzi apangidwe iwo kumbuyo. Zmeehvostki kudya detritus ndi nyama zing'onozing'ono. nyenyezi Chimaona moyo pa nyanja, thonje, miyala yamtengo wapatali, urchins nyanja. Pali 2 zikwi mitundu. Nyama zimenezi amadziwika kwa Ordovician lapansi.

crinoids

Echinoderms ndi nyama yosiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo crinoids kuti nawonso a mtundu uwu, naperekanso pamwamba. Tizilombo timeneti ali yekha pansi. Iwo kukhala moyo wongokhala. Kuyenera anatsindika kuti maluwa nyanja - uwu si chomera, womwe ndi nyama, ngakhale dzina lawo. Thupi la zamoyo izi tichipeza mbale, tsinde ndi manja (brachiolar). Ndi manja ndi osasankhidwa particles chakudya ndi madzi. Mitundu yambiri masiku ano ufulu akuyandama ndipo acaulescent.

Besstebelchatye maluwa pang'onopang'ono kukwawa. Iwo akhoza ngakhale kusambira m'madzi. zakudya zawo imakhala nyama zing'onozing'ono, zomera, zatsalira algae. Chiwerengero cha mitundu Akuti pa 6000, amene panopa ankaimira zosakwana 700. Nyama zimenezi akhala kuyambira Mathanthwe.

mitundu zokongola maluwa a nyanja moyo makamaka m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja ya mayiko a. Iwo amagwira ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'madzi. Akukhulupirira kuti nyama pangozi, koma mu Mesozoic ndi Paleozoic nyengo, udindo wawo madzi a m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja udali waukulu ndithu.

Nyanja nkhaka (nyanja nkhaka)

zamoyo zimenezi zimatchedwa mosiyana: nyanja nkhaka, makapisozi dzira kapena holothurians. Akuimira gulu la invertebrates monga echinoderms. Pali maganizo amene munthu adya. Dzina wamba nkhaka edible nyanja - "nyanja nkhaka". Trepang ncho mwaunyinji ku Far East. Palinso chakupha nkhaka nyanja. Awa kulandira mankhwala osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, goloturiin).

Panopa umaimiridwa ndi mitundu za 1.150 wa nkhaka nyanja. Oimira iwo anawagawa m'magulu 6. Silurian - nthawi, womwenso mafupawa wamkulu nkhaka nyanja.

Tizilombo timeneti amasiyana echinoderms zina, oblong, ozungulira kapena nyongolotsi-ngati maonekedwe, komanso kuchepetsa dermal fupa, ndi chakuti iwo ndi spikes palibe yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda. Pakamwa pa nyama wazunguliridwa ndi aureole ongokhala tentacles. Mothandizidwa ndi awa nyanja nkhaka adani chakudya. nyama zimenezi pansi, ngakhale yosowa kwambiri, ndi moyo mu matope (pelagic). Iwo kukhala moyo wongokhala. Nyanja nkhaka kudya planktonic yaing'ono kapena matope.

urchins nyanja

Nyama zimenezi moyo pansi kapena pafupi pansi. Thupi ambiri a iwo ali pafupifupi ozungulira, ndipo dzira-mphako. awiri ake ranges ku masentimita 3.2 30. Kunja thupi yokutidwa ndi mizere ya spikes mbale Mbali yokhala ngati kapena singano. Childs, mbale ndi fixedly chikugwirizana ndi mzake, kupanga chipolopolo (chipolopolo wandiweyani). chipolopolo Izi salola kusintha mawonekedwe a nyama. Lero, urchins nyanja, pali za 940 Cha mitundu. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu zinali mu Paleozoic. Panopa, pali 6 makalasi, pamene zinatha wa - 15.

Monga chakudya, ndiye ena urchins nyanja ntchito mu chakudya akufa minofu (detritus), pamene ena anafukula miyala Seaweed. Zikatero pakamwa nyama ndi okonzeka ndi wapadera kutafuna zida otchedwa Aristotelian nyali. Mu maonekedwe izo akufanana ndi kubowola. Mitundu ina echinoderms (nyanja urchins) mothandizidwa osati kufunafuna chakudya, komanso kukweza thanthwe ndi tikubooleza obowoka.

Ubwino urchins nyanja

Nyama zimenezi - mawonekedwe wapatali zinthu zamoyo nyanja. The malonda chidwi makamaka roe wa urchins nyanja. Mu Japan komanso m'mayiko ena a m'dera Asia-Pacific, ndi mankhwala zokoma. Caviar nyama muli zinthu zambiri biologically yogwira. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zimene zili mmenemo, angagwiritsidwe ntchito khansa ngati achire ndi prophylactic wothandizira. Komanso, amatsogolera kuthamanga yachibadwa magazi, kuchuluka potency, outputted ku radionuclides thupi. Izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti kumawonjezera kudya mazira chakudya kukana matenda, amawathandiza matenda thirakiti m'mimba, amachepetsa zotsatira za mankhwala poizoni bwino ntchito ya zopangitsa kugonana, pammero dongosolo mtima.

Popeza pamwamba, n'zosadabwitsa kuti kanyama - nyanja echinoderm, amene akukhala mbale olandiridwa. Mwachitsanzo, anthu Japanese chaka ufa 500 matani mazira a nyama mu maonekedwe ake achilengedwe, monga zina kuti mbale. Mwa njira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala chakudya kugwirizana moyo kwambiri mu dziko lino, kumene anthu amakhala pafupifupi zaka 89.

M'nkhani ino yokha nyama zikuluzikulu echinoderms anali kuperekedwa. mayina awo, mwachiyembekezo mukukumbukira. Gwirizanani, moyo m'madzi ndi wokongola kwambiri ndiponso zosangalatsa.