E-malonda: chitukuko, ntchito, ziyembekezo

Tsiku lililonse, anthu wayamba kumufotokozera ntchito njira zamakono zambiri. Kuti tichite zimenezi, lidalembedwa Internet. Lero, dongosolo ili pafupi onse mabungwe Muolowetsa malo awo. Musaime padera, ndipo anthu wamba. Iwo adzabereka masamba awo pa Intaneti zothandiza anthu.

Internet - ndi dongosolo momasuka ndi anthu ambirimbiri, amene amalola kwa mogwirizana zatsopano pakati owerenga. Ndipo palibe zodabwitsa mu chakuti linayamba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti e-malonda. Izi zonse zatsopano msinkhu, osati msika ndi chuma, komanso asapita moyo ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa mabungwe ndi anthu.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

E-ntchito ndi kusakanikirana kwa amalonda ndi anthu ogwira ntchito a e-malonda. Onse ogwirizana maukonde ntchito. Pakali pano, dongosolo ndi pa mlingo wa dziko lonse Intaneti.

Kodi e-malonda? Mosiyana, e-malonda ndi mawu ali amachepetsa tanthauzo. Zimatengera ntchito Intaneti ngati mudziwe njira kwa gulu la ndondomeko yantchito. Pankhaniyi, palibe chiwembu mwambo wa "ndalama katundu". M'malo mwa "mfundo zambiri".

E-malonda - palibe kanthu monga kugula Intaneti. Ndipo panali mtundu umenewu mu masiku pamene anthu sanali bwino Intaneti. Izo zinachitika mu 1979 pamene American Maykl Aldrih anaganiza akulumikiza limodzi kompyuta ndi chingwe TV. Kuti tichite zimenezi, iye anagwiritsa ntchito mizere amodzi telefoni. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza owerenga kuyitanitsa katundu, amene anasonyezedwa pa zenera. Izo zinali kokha mu 1990 ndi Tim Behrens anatulukira osatsegula choyamba. Patatha izi, ndipo anayamba chitukuko mofulumira e-malonda ndipo e-malonda. Choncho, mu 1992 Charles Stuckey ku kampani woyamba dziko anatsegula pa Intaneti sitolo likugulidwabe kupanga. Mu 1994 iye anayamba ntchito yake Amazon.com, ndipo mu 1995 - E-bay.

Kukula kwa e-malonda ku Russia akhoza yodziwika ndi njira zotsatirazi:

1. 1991-1993. Panthawi imeneyi, Internet ndi locheperapo kulankhulana pakati pa asayansi, malo luso, akatswiri computer, ndi mabungwe a boma.
2. 1994-1997. Panthawi imeneyi kuthekera Intaneti lonse akuyamba azionetsetsa anthu dziko.
3. Kuyambira mu 1998 ku pano tsiku e-malonda mwachangu anayamba ndi thandizo la Internet ndi e-malonda.

zatsopano

Companies kutsogolera malonda pa njira mwambo, ali ndi udindo wina siteji ya ntchito. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo amacheza ndalama yaikulu ndalama mankhwala chitukuko ndi kupanga yobereka zina ndi kugulitsa katundu itatha. Large chuma chofunika ndi thandizo panali za ndondomeko lonse kukhazikitsa.

Koma apa panali e-malonda. Anayamba kusintha pang'onopang'ono amakampani kugwirira mabungwe pafupifupi. Komanso, aliyense wa mamembala a dera lino ndi mwayi ntchito zawo kuganizira njira yoyenera kwambiri. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti makontena makasitomala mmene ndingathere njira wathunthu kupanga.

Nthawi ina kunali e-malonda bizinesi adzakhala ndi mwayi watsopano. Ndi chida ichi ano zidatheka:

- kanema conferencing;
- onyamula pa mzere maphunziro;
- chitukuko zitsanzo latsopano malonda;
- chilengedwe cha chilengedwe malonda kachitidwe zambiri;
- kupeza zosiyanasiyana zambiri;
- kukhazikitsa mgwirizano ndalama;
- chitukuko cha ubale watsopano pakati ntchito luso makampani pakompyuta;
- Oyamba latsopano mtengo wotsika njira;
- kulimbitsa mgwirizano;
- kuthandiza maganizo njira;
- chitukuko cha chuma latsopano kupanga ndi kugula katundu.

Ntchito yaikulu ya malonda pa Intaneti

Ntchito e-malonda kumafuna:
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa ojambula kuyambirira ndi ogulitsa kuthekera, makasitomala ndi makasitomala pa Intaneti;
- Kugawana nzeru zikalata olengedwa mwa mtundu pakompyuta, koyenera kuti kukhazikitsa kugula ndi kugulitsa wotuluka;
- kugulitsa katundu;
- chisanadze kugulitsa malonda mankhwala pambuyo malonda kasitomala thandizo mu mawonekedwe a briefings mwatsatanetsatane pa mankhwala kugulidwa;
- pakompyuta kulipira katundu anaugula ndi ntchito anasamutsidwa pakompyuta ndalama, makhadi ndi macheke;
- yoperekera katundu kwa makasitomala.

Chiwembu cha "malonda ntchito"

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya e-malonda. Komanso, gulu lawo kumaphatikizapo chandamale gulu la ogula. Mmodzi wa mitundu ya e-malonda ndi chiwembu cha "malonda ntchito" kapena B2B. mogwirizana Izi ikuchitika pa mfundo mwachilungamo wophweka. Amakhala chakuti kampani imodzi amagulitsa wina.

Ngakhale kuti masiku ano pali mitundu ina ya e-malonda, B2B ndi madera mofulumira kwambiri osauka kuti adzapita wabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa cha nsanja Internet lonse malonda ndondomeko umakhala waphindu ndi mandala. Choncho nthumwi ya kampani makasitomala amatha kulamulira zokambirana za ndondomeko yonse ya kukhazikitsa ntchito, misonkhano kapena katundu wa katundu. Kuchita izi, izo amagwiritsa zinasokoneza makompyuta gulu wogulitsa.

Ndi makhalidwe a "malonda ndi malonda" chitsanzo n'chakuti, mu nkhani iyi khalidwe la e-malonda n'zosatheka popanda mogwirizana makina kwathunthu pakati pa mabungwe ntchito entrepreneurial. Ndipo ali ndi chiyembekezo wokongola kwambiri. Kutsogolera ntchito mu gawo la B2B, kampani mu kufanana vuto la zovuta zokha za kasamalidwe ake mkati.

Kusinthanitsa nsanja kwa chiwembu 'ntchito kwa malonda "

Mu e-malonda, pali malo apadera komwe amachita anapangidwa ndi zomwe zagwiridwa ndi ankayendetsa zogwirizana ndalama. Izi ndi nsanja malonda amene ali pafupifupi mu nkhani iyi. Iwo akhoza analenga:

- ogula;
- ogulitsa;
- gulu lachitatu.

Pakali pano, chitsanzo kwa B2B mitundu itatu ya nsanja malonda. Izi kuwombola, ogulitsira malonda ndi m'ndandanda. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Pangani chikwatu facilitates ntchito maluso kusaka wogwidwa ndi kachitidwe kamakono zambiri. Pankhaniyi, wogula ndi wakuti kuyerekeza ndi kusankha katundu pa mtengo, yobereka tsiku, chitsimikizo, ndi zina zotero. D. Catalogs ntchito m'mafakitale kumene pafupipafupi ambiri wotuluka chifukwa kukhazikitsa katundu mtengo wotsika, ndiponso kumene kufunika ndi zodziwikiratu, ndi mitengo zosiyanasiyana yosowa kwambiri.

Koma yobetcherana, ndiye izi malonda nsanja chitsanzo amakhala ndi mitengo si lokhazikika. mtengo Final katundu unakhazikitsidwa ndondomeko kuyitana. Auctions ntchito choncho kumene katundu kugulitsana ndi osiyana ndi mitundu yake. Izo zikhoza kukhala zinthu zosoŵa kapena zida likulu, inventories, ndi zina zotero. D.

Mtundu wachitatu wa pafupifupi malonda nsanja - Kusinthanitsa - yodziwika ndi chakuti mtengo anapereka izo zimatsatira okwanira ndi anthu, choncho ungasinthe amphamvu. chitsanzo ichi mwangwiro yoti kukhazikitsa zinthu wamba zofunika zosavuta makhalidwe angapo standartiziruemymi. Kusinthana ndi wokongola kwambiri misika kumene mitengo ndi kufunika ndi wosakhazikika. Nthawi zina, pempheroli limakupatsani kusinthanitsa mosadziwika, ndi zina zofunika kusunga mpikisano ndi mtengo wosasinthika.

Akatswiri kulosera chiyembekezo chabwino cha e-malonda, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo ichi. Choyamba, malonda amenewa ndi makasitomala opindulitsa. Ndipotu, malonda kumachitika pa webusaiti kampani malonda popanda intermediaries. Komanso, nsanja zofanana malonda amakhala ndi ntchito ya wogulitsa wina ndi ambiri ogula.

Pakhala posachedwapa ndi latsopano mitundu malonda lachitsanzo gawo la B2B. Izi machitidwe m'ndandanda kuti kuphatikiza mavenda angapo. Yambani ntchito ndi nsanja pakompyuta amene kuphatikiza mbali ya Kusinthanitsa ndi yobetcherana. Zoterezi e-malonda amachepetsa nthawi ndi ndalama ndalama kufufuza ndi kusankha zinthu zabwino komanso chonse cha ndikupeleka pakati wogula ndi wogulitsa.

Chiwembu cha "ntchito kwa ogula"

E-malonda, kumadalira pa mfundo za B2C wa amaona tanthauzo lake mu nkhani kumene ogwira makasitomala si malamulo, ndi anthu thupi. Kawirikawiri ndi kugulitsa ritelo katundu. Njira imeneyi akuchita ndikupeleka malonda n'kopindulitsa kasitomala. Limawapatsa mpata mofulumira ndi zinthu zochepa kugula zinthu zofunika kwa iye. Anthu, palibe chifukwa kugula. Ndi zokwanira kuphunzira makhalidwe a katundu ndi malo wamalonda a sankhani chitsanzo anakhumba ndi kuyitanitsa mankhwala adzaperekedwa ku adiresi chimenecho.

E-malonda pa Intaneti pa "malonda ndi ogula" ndipo lipindulitsa katundu. Iye ali mwayi kukakamiza traceability, anakhala ndi zinthu zochepa mng okhutira.

Pakuti B2C chiwembu kuthamanga ogulitsira pa intaneti chikhalidwe. zochita zawo ndi lolunjika pa chandamale gulu linalake la ogula. Kuyambira 2010 iye anawonekera chinayamba otchedwa malonda chikhalidwe. Limafotokoza kuchuluka kwa malonda a katundu ndi ntchito Intaneti.

Imodzi mwa makampani aakulu kwambiri zikugwira ntchito pa chitsanzo B2C, ndi American kampani Amazon.com. Iwo akuchita malonda ritelo mabuku ndipo ali makasitomala kuposa miliyoni padziko lonse. Kugwiritsa chiwembu cha "ntchito kwa ogula", kampani equalized kupeza mankhwala pakati makasitomala a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ndipo zilibe kanthu kumene makasitomala amakhala mu mzinda wawukulu kapena kudera.

Kusinthanitsa nsanja kwa chiwembu 'ntchito kwa ogula "

Mu gawo la B2C katundu amagulitsa kupyolera:

- ogulitsa a pakompyuta ndi arcades kugula;
- Web-mazenera;
- apadera Intaneti kachitidwe;
- amagulitsa nsombazo.

Taganizirani nsanja izi malonda kwambiri. E-malonda a makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe, monga ulamuliro, izo ikuchitika mwa ogulitsa malonda pa Intaneti. nsanja izi pafupifupi - osati kuti zina, malo kampani. A dongosolo zovuta kwambiri ndi Intaneti tithe. Iwo anayikidwa masitolo pafupifupi.

E-malonda ku Russia nthawi zambiri imachitika kudzera yaing'ono zenera Web-shopu. mizere malonda awa, kawirikawiri anali Makampani tochepa. Zinthu zazikulu za amenewa ndi Catalogs kapena mndandanda mtengo ofotokoza za mankhwala kapena utumiki wokha, komanso dongosolo la mndandanda wa malamulo analandira kwa makasitomala.

Online Kusinthanitsa Systems (Chimatayidwa) ntchito ndi wambiri lalikulu, makampani ndi mabungwe. nsanja izi pafupifupi athe mabizinezi kuonjezera kotunga ntchito utumiki ndi malonda, komanso kumanga unyolo kwambiri zomveka chakudya cha ndondomeko zopangira kupanga zipangizo, zida, ndi zina zotero. D.

mabungwe ambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka e-malonda ntchito yapadera ndi Web pamalo. Kuti iwo bizinezi aliyense angaike mankhwala anu pa mtengo pachiyambi. Chotero Web-malo ali pakompyuta amagulitsa nsombazo. Ogula chidwi kugula mankhwala kungasonyeze mtengo wokwera kuposa iye. Chifukwa, wogulitsa amalowa ndikupeleka ndi kampani, amene ali wokonzeka kupereka zambiri.

Chiwembu cha "ogula ndi ogula"

Kukula kwa e-malonda kwachititsa kuti maonekedwe a wotuluka C2C. Anachita pakati ogula amene sali amalonda. Ndi zolinga zawo, e-malonda ogulitsa nsanamira umafuna awo pa malo apadera Internet, amene ali chosakaniza pakati pa msika wabwinobwino, ndi msika wanjala, ndi malonda nyuzipepala. Mwachitsanzo, WOPEREKA okhudza za boma la Choncho ebay.com. Ichi ndi gulu lachitatu, kulola ogula kulowa ndikupeleka aliyense mu pompopompo. Ndipo akadutsa mwachindunji Internet ndi kukhala amagetsi yobetcherana mtundu. C2C chitsanzo wakhala wotchuka kwambiri lero. Ogula pa yomweyo kulimbikitsa mitengo chofunika, amene poyerekeza m'masitolo.

machenjerero ena

Kodi angakhale e-malonda? Kuwonjezera pamwambapa anafotokoza ziwembu ambiri kulibe ndi ena ambiri. Iwo sali wotchuka Komabe, ntchito zingapo za milandu yeniyeni. Choncho, ntchito e-malonda kunatheka chifukwa cha mogwirizana mabungwe onse malamulo ndi anthu ndi nyumba boma. Zikugwirizanirana ndi kudzazidwa maonekedwe ndi kutolera misonkho, ntchito ndi mabungwe miyambo, ndi zina zotero. D. amenewa mitundu ya ogwirizana zotheka ndi chitukuko cha umisiri Internet.

A mwayi kwambiri chiwembu izi kuti magawowa e-malonda ntchitoyo a boma ndi kutulutsidwa kwa opereka ya zolembalemba.

malamulo Basic kwa amalonda

malonda apaintaneti chikhazikitso ayenera kudziwa aliyense amene akufuna ntchito zawo zochokera umisiri zambiri. Pali malamulo osavuta kuti ayenera kukhala patebulo chulutsa kwa wogulitsa iliyonse. Aliyense amene akufuna kukhala wopambana mu mpikisano, mudzazichita:

- kulenga malo wokometsedwa kwa injini kufufuza;
- kutembenuza alendo anu mu ogula;
- kugwira ntchito malonda kuti idzalimbikitsa malo pa Intaneti;
- yosanthula showgirl malonda.

Ziyembekezo chitukuko cha e-malonda

Today mu Russia panali zinthu zina yoyipa kwambiri pa chitukuko cha EC. Pakati pawo:

- Mbali yaikulu ya m'dziko la dziko, limene kuchepetsa zotsatira za alipo panopa zimasokoneza kugulitsa katundu, amene kugwirizana ndi remoteness gulu msika;
- kufunika kuwongolera kuphatikiza ndondomeko ya pophatikizana za bizinesi Russian ndi mfundo za dziko ndi njira chuma;
- vuto la kuchepetsa ndalama malonda, amene adzalola katundu wathu kukhala mpikisano mu msika lonse;
- kufunika ulamuliro kusamala kwambiri pa kugulitsa katundu wa mabizinezi ndi akuluakulu a zachuma;
- kufunika chitukuko wochitachita wa m'munsi njira zamakono mabungwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zambiri zamakono zambiri.

EC chitukuko Russia kumathandiza kuti mlingo kale mkulu wa maphunziro apamwamba. Komanso akuluakulu ndalama dziko kale anayamba kutsogolo luso, kugwiritsa ntchito chomwe chimathandiza yokonza akumidzi a banki wotuluka makasitomala. malonda apaintaneti chitetezo Russia kupereka zilipo luso zothetsera. Iwo idzagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo kuteteza cryptographic wa mudziwe amaperekedwa ndi a malonda pafupifupi.

Koma m'dziko lathu pali mavuto a e-malonda. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito pafupifupi citukuko kwambiri akulephera chifukwa:

- otsika mlingo wa chikhalidwe cha latsopano kwa ife asapita msika;
- kupanda ungwiro kwa chimango malamulo;
- digiri yapamwamba ya monopolization cha chuma;
- kupanda zomangamanga chitukuko cha misika chofunika;
- kupanda ungwiro kwa dongosolo lino la ngongole ndi ubwenzi ndalama.