Dzimbiri zosagwira zitsulo. Zitsulo sukulu: GOST. Zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo - mtengo

Chaka chifukwa dzimbiri anataya kwambiri zitsulo. Komabe, kuwonongeka ngakhale zazikulu zachitika kulephera kwa mankhwala zitsulo chifukwa cha kuukira dzimbiri. Ndalama wofunikila zobwezeretsa kapena zida kukonza galimoto, nyanja ndi mtsinje ziwiya, zida ntchito ku makampani mankhwala, nthawi zambiri kuposa mtengo wa chuma yemwe ankapita ku kupangidwa.

Palinso awiri zina. Kwa iwo monga Mwachitsanzo, kutayikira mpweya kapena mafuta ku payipi zacita, chakudya spoilage, chiwonongeko cha nyumba yomanga ndi zambiri. Choncho, ulamuliro wa zitsulo dzimbiri ndiyofunikila.

N'chifukwa chiyani kuwonongedwa kwa zipangizo zachitsulo?

Pamaso kutembenukira kwa funso la chimene zitsulo dzimbiri zosagwira, tiyeni kuthana ndi maganizo dzimbiri ndi chofunikira kwa ndondomekoyi.

Kumasulira kwa corroder Latin - zikuwononga. M'mbuyo mowiriza azingokhala zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo, amene amapezeka mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe mankhwala, wotchedwa dzimbiri. Chifukwa cholephera ichi ndi mankhwala anachita (redox anachita) zakuthupi zachitsulo ndi sing'anga gaseous kapena madzi imene ili.

ndi dzimbiri zosagwira steels ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo chiyani?

Zosapanga ndi kutentha kukana zitsulo kapena kasakaniza wazitsulo anafuna kuti ntchito mapangidwe zikuwononga pa kutentha kapena zachilendo. Choncho, lamulo lalikulu ndi zipangizo za gulu - kutentha kukana (kukana kwa sing'anga gaseous kapena mkulu nthunzi kutentha), kapena kukana dzimbiri (ndi luso kukaniza zinthu zikuwononga pa kutentha wamba).

Dzimbiri kukana khalidwe la hardware, amene anapanga padziko passivation filimu cholimba mwa chilengedwe zikuwononga, amene kumathandiza malowedwe mu zigawo zakuya za zitsulo ndi anachita nawo zinthu zachiwawa.

M'mawu ena, dzimbiri zosagwira zitsulo - zitsulo ndi kukana kuti intergranular mankhwala, electrochemical ndi dzimbiri ena.

mipweya

Zitsulo katundu ofunitsitsa ndi mankhwala ake zikuchokera. Pamene zili 12-13% chromium zitsulo amakhala zosapanga, kuti ndi wolimba mu mlengalenga ndi mankhwala mapangidwe. Kuwonjezeka zili chromium kuti 28-30% kuvumbitsira m'khola mapangidwe zikuwononga.

zinthu zina ntchito doping monga manganese, zotayidwa, titaniyamu, faifi tambala. Ambiri ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo, zikuchokera zomwe pafupifupi faifi tambala zili 10% chromium - 18%, mpweya - kapena pakati 0,08 ndi 0,12% titaniyamu - 1% (12X18H10T - dzimbiri zosagwira zitsulo, GOST 5632).

Gawo ndi mtundu wa microstructure: austenitic zosapanga dzimbiri

izi kalasi kukana kanthu zikuwononga ndi chinawonjezeka ndi alloying zinthu faifi tambala (5 mpaka 15%) ndi chromium (15 20%). Austenitic kasakaniza wazitsulo sanakhudzidwe ndi intercrystalline dzimbiri, malinga mpweya okhutitsidwa iwo adzakhala kakang'ono kuposa malire a solubility zake austenite (0.02-0.03% zochepa). Nonmagnetic, komanso poyera kuti kuwotcherera, ozizira ndi mapindikidwe otentha. Ndi processability kwambiri. Ndi bwino kupanga zitsulo zinthu fasteners, nyumba welded ndi ntchito m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana.

sukulu martensitic

steels zosapanga aphatikizidwa m'kalasimo martensitic kungakhale maginito ndi kukwera - poyerekeza ndi austenitic - zizindikiro za kuuma pazipita. Kuwuma zimatheka ndi othetsa ndi tempering. Loyenereradi kupanga mankhwala anafuna kuti ntchito mu mapangidwe a sing'anga ndi ofooka mwamphamvu (mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha mankhwala a makampani chakudya kapena zotsimikizira lumo masamba zipangizo).

sukulu ferritic

Pa dzimbiri zonyamula katundu awa sukulu ofanana ndi otsika mpweya zitsulo. Wapakati chromium okhutira 11-17%. Ntchito yopanga zipangizo banja, magulu a zokongoletsa kamangidwe, ziwiya za kukhitchini.

Austenitic-ferritic kalasi

Dzimbiri zosagwira zosapanga dzimbiri a kalasi amadziŵika yafupika faifi tambala okhutira ndi chromium zili mkulu mlingo (21 28%). Monga zina alloying zinthu protrude niobium, titaniyamu, ndi mkuwa. Pambuyo kutentha mankhwala chiŵerengero cha ferrite ndi austenite - za munthu wina.

Pa mphamvu ya steels austenitic-ferritic, austenitic upambana kawiri. Pochita ductile, komanso kupirira katundu mantha ndi mlingo wochepa wa maganizo dzimbiri akulimbana ndi zonyamula dzimbiri intergranular. Akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito yomanga, kupanga, kuti popanga mankhwala amakhudzana ndi madzi a m'nyanja.

Austenitic, sukulu martensitic

The chromium zili 12 18% faifi tambala, - kuchokera 3,7 kuti 7.5%. zinthu zina - chromium ndi zotayidwa. Kuumitsa ndi othetsa (T> 975 ° C) ndi wotsatira tempering (T = 450-500 ° C). Austenitic-martensitic zosapanga dzimbiri welded bwino ndipo ndi katundu mkulu mawotchi.

Zosapanga dzimbiri: mtengo (zinthu zokhudza mapangidwe a)

The zikuchokera kwa dzimbiri zosagwira zitsulo ndi mtengo alloying zinthu monga chromium, faifi tambala, titaniyamu, molybdenum. phindu ndi yofunika kwambiri atakhala mtengo. Popeza zopangidwa ena (mpweya, structural, mpira wodziwika, chida, etc .. D.) akupanga zinthu zomwe zalembedwa zedi laling'ono kwambiri poyerekeza ndi iwo ndalama dzimbiri zosagwira steels nthawi zonse apamwamba. Komabe, mtengo zingasiyane malingana ndi zinthu kumsika ndi mtengo chofunika kwa kupanga zosapanga dzimbiri.

katundu mawotchi

Brand zosapanga steels ayenera katundu makina amene amasonkhana miyezo yabwino kwa kupanga. Njirazi ndi monga:

• pazipita kuuma Brinell (HB);
• elongation (%);
• patukani mphamvu (H / mamilimita ^2);
• Kuichotsa fundo (H / mamilimita ^2).

Pambuyo kupanga chilichonse mtanda (limatsogolera) katundu chofunika ndi kufufuzidwa ndi katundu mawotchi ndi microstructure wa GOST zitsulo kalasi. Zotsatira za zasayansi kupenda zitsanzo kutchulidwa satifiketi pa kupanga.

Kalembedwe zitsulo sukulu

assortment lalikulu la kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi steels akupezeka m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali palibe dongosolo lonse la ankachita.

Mu United States, mozama machitidwe angapo kalembedwe. Zimenezi chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mabungwe miyezo (AJS, ANSI, ACJ, SAE, AWS, ASTM, ASME), amalenga mavuto mwamuna, ogulitsa ndi ogula katundu zitsulo za opanga US ochokera m'mayiko ena.

Mu Japan zitsulo amalembedwa ndi zilembo ndi manambala osonyeza awo gulu (otsika-aloyi, mkulu-aloyi, kasakaniza wazitsulo cholinga chapadera, srednelegirovannye, apamwamba, apamwamba ndi Al.), The ndondomeko chiwerengero m'menemo ndi katundu wa zitsulo.

M'maiko a European Union zoti nthawi muyezo EN 27 100, amene amasankha dongosolo limene dzina anapatsidwa ndipo siriyo chiwerengero.

Ku Russia zachitika dongosolo alphanumeric ku Soviet Union, malinga ndi zimene steels kutchula. Standard n'kukulemberani mwachindunji lililonse mchitidwe alloying, mbali ya zitsulo Russian likulu kalata.

Pakuti manganese ndi H, Si - C, chromium - X, Ni - H, molybdenum - M tungsten - B vanadium - F, titaniyamu - T, zotayidwa - Yu, niobium - B, Co - K, zirconium - C, boron - R.

manambala zotsatirazi kalata limasonyeza zili alloying zinthu monga anthu a. Ngati zitsulo zikuchokera lili zosakwana 1% ya zinthu alloying, chiwerengero si affixed, pa zili wa 1 ndi 2% pambuyo kalata kupereka 1. Anati chiyambi manambala chiwerengero zofunika udindo pafupifupi mpweya okhutitsidwa hundredths peresenti mkati kalasi zikuchokera.

Osiyanasiyana mankhwala chopangidwa kuchokera zosapanga dzimbiri

Dzimbiri zosagwira zitsulo ntchito yopanga zinthu zotsatirazi:

• ankachitira thermally unazokotedwa ndi mapepala wonyezimira;
• netravlenyh thermally ankachitira mapepala;
• ndipo thermally Popanda kuchitapo kanthu mapepala netravlenyh;
• heat-, cold- ndi wosachedwa adagulung'undisa mipope wopanda msoko ;
• n'kupanga wosachedwa adagulung'undisa zitsulo ambiri cholinga;
• calibrated hexagons;
• Anzanu zosapanga dzimbiri;
• zosapanga waya (kutentha kuzunzidwa ndi ozizira okokedwa);
• castings ndi katundu wapadera;
• forgings;
• Mitundu ina, kumene mfundo boma ndi malangizo luso (Lachiwiri).

dera ntchito

Monga imodzi yabwino mphamvu zitsanzo, aesthetics, kukana kuti mphamvu yowononga ya dzimbiri ndi kutentha, woyenerera kwa yobwezeretsanso ndi durability ntchito, popeza zofunikira zonse ukhondo kwambiri khalidwe pamwamba chithandizo, dzimbiri zosagwira zitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi minda onse a banja ndi zachuma ntchito.

Zosapanga dzimbiri zikufunika mkulu petrochemical ndi, mankhwala, zamkati ndi pepala, adzasowa chakudya, zomangamanga, mafakitale mphamvu, shipbuilding ndi zoyendera injini, chida kupanga ndi malo a chitetezo zachilengedwe.

Mwachangu ndi durability mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera zosapanga dzimbiri, amaonekera kuchita kalasi ndi mtundu, kumvetsa katundu physicochemical ndi kapangidwe ka microstructure wa. Ntchito zitsulo kuti ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mavuto aakulu dzimbiri, mogwirizana ndi katundu wawo, timatha amapondereza ubwino onse wakuti zamakono.