Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich: yochepa mbiri, photos, zojambulajambula, mfundo ya moyo

Mmodzi wa kanjedza olemekezeka kwambiri pa chikhalidwe Russian mapeto a XVIII - oyambirira XIX zaka mazana Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich. Iye anali wotchuka kwambiri, ndipo monga States ndi wolemba ndakatulo, yemwe ndi wolemba yotchuka ndakatulo yake, zinapatsira ndi mzimu wa choonadi. anthu ochepa akhoza kuchita mochuluka chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha dziko lake, monga anachitira Gabriel Derzhavin. Wambiri ndi ntchito ya munthu wamkulu uyu, mosakaika, timafunika kuphunzira zambiri.

Mbiri ya

Koma musanayambe kuphunzira mfundo za moyo Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich, tiyeni onani mwachidule mbiri ya banja lake.

Banja Derzhavins ndi Chitata mizu. Tate wa mtundu ankaona gulu Murza Braga, amene anagwirizana m'zaka XV mu utumiki wa Grand Duke wa Moscow Vasily II Mdima , nabatizidwa ndi dzina la Ilya. Popeza kuti wotembenuka anali wa Chitata m'banja lachifumu, Prince anamupatsa udindo wa otchuka.

Tinali ndi mwana Brahim Narbekov mu ubatizo otchedwa Dimitri, mwana wamkulu wa mtundu komwe kunachitika Narbekova, ndi wamng'ono - Alexei Narbekova, wotchedwa Mphamvu chabe anapanga Derzhavins mafumu.

Mbadwa za anayambitsa mtundu wa Russified kwathunthu, amene kwakukulukulu zathandiza mabanja ambiri ndi akuluakulu a anthu otchuka Russian, anatenga udindo kwambiri ndi akalonga ndi mafumu a boma Russian. Makamaka, abwanamkubwa ndi anyamata. Nazi basi mbadwa ya banja wotchuka ndipo anali Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich.

mnyamata Derzhavin

Moyo Gavriila Romanovicha Derzhavina anayamba July 3 (malingana ndi mibadwo yakale) 1743. Zinali ndiye kuti anabadwa m'mudzi wa Sokurov Kazan Province mu banja la mkulu wa asilikali wachiroma Nikolaevich Derzhavin ndi Fokly Kozlova.

Chifukwa chikhalidwe cha usilikali N. Roma banja anafunika zonse ndi malo. Komabe, Gavriil Romanovich bambo ake anamwalira ali ndi zaka 11.

Wolemba ndakatulo tsogolo anayamba maphunziro pa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, pamene iye anatumizidwa kuphunzira pa nyumba ya alendo. Komabe, chifukwa umphawi, zomwe kugwetsa banja pambuyo pa imfa ya breadwinner, kuti apitirize maphunziro awo anali kovuta. Komabe, 1759, Gabriel Derzhavin akadzafika mu Kazan mu mtundu sukulu zolimbitsa thupi, limene bwinobwino maphunziro mu zaka zitatu, kusonyeza ena zakambidwa bwino kuphunzira. Komabe, pa maphunziro ake ikutha. maphunziro Ngakhale masiku amenewo ankaona kuti zinthu zikundiyendera.

Chikadzangotha maphunziro, Gavriil Romanovich anali m'gulu monga msilikali pawekha alonda a Chiwalitsiro. Kumeneko anayamba kulemba ndime yoyamba. Monga mbali ya wagawo uyu anachita nawo mu zokhumba mu 1762 awononge Mfumu Peter III ndi kulamulira Catherine, kenako ikutchedwa Wamkulu. Chimenechi ndi chifukwa china chachikulu akamagwiritsa ntchito m'tsogolo.

A khumi pambuyo kulanda boma Gabriel Derzhavin potsiriza afika udindo wa wapolisi, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi anayamba lofalitsidwa ndakatulo wake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anadziwika polimbana ndi kupanduka kwa Pugachev.

Utumiki wothandiza

Pambuyo retiring ya usilikali mu 1777, chifukwa cha pempho chake pa kalata Mfumukazi Catherine, Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich amapita ku ntchito ya boma. Komanso, analandira alimi wina 300 pa. Patapita miyezi ina sikisi amakhala wakupha mu Senate. Mu 1780 anakhala mlangizi pa ndalama boma zolowa, omwe si udindo opindulitsa.

Ponseponse kutchuka ngati ndakatulo Derzhavin anagula mu 1782, ndi buku la ode wake "Felitsa" odzipereka kwa ulemerero wa Mfumukazi Catherine II. Kumene, ntchito ili linali lodzaza ndi osyasyalika kwa munthu wapamwamba, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, zinali kwambiri luso ndi zinathandizira kuti ntchito zina za wolemba. Ndi uyamiko kwa Iye, iye anapambana chisomo cha Mfumukazi Gabriel Derzhavin. yonena ake m'tsogolo imakhala ntchito Imfa patsogolo. Mu chaka chomwecho anakhala boma milandu.

Mu 1783, Academy anakhazikitsidwa mu St. Petersburg, ndi ndakatulo kuchokera kutsegula chakhala membala zonse.

Komabe, sitingathe kunena kuti zonse zimene anali mwamtheradi bwino yothandiza anthu. Chifukwa kutsutsana ndi kalonga mkulu Vyazemsky, woyang'anira wake wakale, iye anapuma Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. Mwachidule yonena kukhala kosatheka kuganizira mfundo zonse mlanduwo.

Komabe, kale mu 1784 anam'tumiza kusamalira dera Olonets mu Karelia. Pali Gavriil Romanovich yagoletsa khama kwambiri kuti akhazikitse zochita za anthu ndi chuma cha dera, potero kuwonetsera ake matalente mkulu gulu. nthawi imeneyi ndi dziko, nathawitsidwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo iyi anadzipereka thupi zochuluka ndakatulo Derzhavin.

Patapita zaka ziwiri anapereka zambiri zaphindu malo a kazembe wa Tambov, sulivshuyu ndalama zambiri ndi maudindo.

Chimake cha ntchito

Nthawiyi, koposa utumiki amakwaniritsa pamwamba Derzhavin Gavriil. Mwachidule, mu 1791, anakhala mlembi wa mfumukazi Catherine, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri ankalimbikitsa ku Mulingo wa aphungu ndi atamva milandu. Kuyambira tsopano tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti Derzhavin anapanga kwa osankhika a anthu Russian.

Mu 1795 Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich anadandaula za udindo wa pulezidenti wa Zamalonda College - ulamuliro onse, amene ntchito anali kusamalira ndi malonda kulamulira. Inde, anali malo kopindulitsa.

Atamwalira Catherine, mu ulamuliro wa Paulo Ine Gavriil Romanovich anakhala boma msungichuma ndi mkulu wa nyumba ya Senate Chancellery. Pamene Paulo m'malo Alexander I mu 1802. Derzhavin muli ndi mbiri othandiza kuti akhale nduna za chilungamo. Zinali chimake cha ntchito yake utumiki.

yosiya

Koma kale mu 1803 pa msinkhu wa zaka makumi asanu, Minister Justice wasiya ndipo sanabwerere ku msonkhano onse, iye anakhala mpaka imfa yake mu chimodzi cha zigawo wake m'mudzi m'chigawo Zvanka Novgorod. Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zinachititsa chakuti iye anakakamizidwa kupuma Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. Mwachidule yonena amalola kutchula chabe iwo, popanda kutchula mwatsatanetsatane. Izi ukalamba, zowawa za utumiki onse a Derzhavin, ndi chinthu chachikulu - chilakolako cha kuchotsa wake ndi okondedwa latsopano Alexander I.

Komabe, mu chochitika ichi, pali zinthu zabwino: ndi yosiya wa Gavriil Romanovich analola kuganizira ntchito zolembalemba.

The ntchito kale

Zilandiridwenso Gabriel Derzhavin ukuimira chikhalidwe cha nthawi yake. Monga tanena kale, woyamba wa ndakatulo wake analemba, monga pawekha Alonda Chiwalitsiro. Komabe, izi ndakatulo Derzhavin analemba analankhula yekha kwa review ambiri.

Woyamba wa ndakatulo wake afalitsidwa zaka khumi zokha kenako mu 1773, pamene Derzhavin kale unachitikira mkulu malo. Koma ulemerero wa msinkhu boma kotero iye anatenga ode kuti "Felitsa" odzipereka kwa Onse-Russian Mfumukazi Catherine II. Ntchito imeneyi inali zadzadza ndi Kuthokoza ndi matamando mafumu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kapangidwe kake mpira ndithu ang'ono, ndi ntchito fanizo ode kuvala ndime ndi zolengedwa chachikulu cha ndakatulo masiku ano ake.

Zinali pambuyo buku la "Felitsa" Derzhavin anakhala yotchuka ndakatulo ya Russia nthawi yake.

ntchito mopitirira

Zovuta tsoka anali Gabriel Derzhavin. Mfundo za moyo wake zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale wapamwamba posts maboma sanaiwale za ndakatulo. ntchito imeneyi monga kulemba ntchito zimenezi wodziwika bwino monga "Thunder chigonjetso peal," "Mbalame ya Chinsansa", "Mulungu", "grandee", "Falls" ndi ena ambiri. Aliyense wa iwo ali mbali yake cilamulo ndi nkhani zogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, "Thunder chigonjetso peal" chinaikidwa nyimbo ndi pakati pa XIX atumwi ankaona nyimbo zosavomerezeka la Russia. chirengedwe china wolemba ndakatulo "Yophukira mwa asilikali a Ochakov" anali ngati ndakatulo-foni ku nkhondo asilikali Ottoman. mankhwala A monga "Mbalame ya Chinsansa" ndi "mathithi" zinalembedwa ukutitsogolera Derzhavina kukhala mu Karelia.

Derzhavin analemba ndakatulo monga lyric ndi epic, umalimbana kuukitsa makhalidwe ndi kutamandira Mfumukazi ndi Russian Ufumu. Aliyense ntchito yake anali yake wapadera kununkhira.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ambiri mwa ntchito otchuka Gavriil Romanovich mwazaka Amabwera pa nthawi ya Kukwezeleza wake wamkulu ntchito zaboma.

Zolembalemba ntchito akapuma

Monga tanena ndi yosiya ku utumiki boma analola Derzhavin nthawi yambiri ndakatulo ndi mabuku ambiri.

Mu 1808 iye anapereka magazini atsopano a ntchito zake m'madera asanu.

Mu 1811, pamodzi ndi mafanizo ena kwambiri mtumiki chikhalidwe Russian Aleksandrom Semenovichem Shishkovym anapuma amalenga anthu zolembalemba. Chilengedwe cha bungwe ili, mmodzi mwa zinthu zambiri zimene kunyadira Gabriel Derzhavin. Mwachidule mbiri, mwatsoka, itsekeke pang'ono kuchuluka kwa nkhani ndi sakufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zochita za anthu a.

Yapadera cholemba wakhala wotchuka mu msonkhano tsogolo Derzhavin ndi akuru Russian ndakatulo Aleksandrom Sergeevichem Pushkinym. Komabe, pamene Pushkin adakali wophunzira ndipo analibe ulemerero, koma Gavriil Romanovich, kutenga mayeso, ngakhale panthawi imeneyo anazindikira izo makings wa namatetule wa. msonkhano uno kwakukulu kunachitika chaka pamaso Derzhavin imfa 1815.

banja

Gabriel Derzhavin anakwatiwa kawiri. Nthawi yoyamba anali kukwatira ndi zaka 35 sikisitini Catherine Yakovlevna Bastidon, amene anali mwana wa valet kutsitsidwa Mfumu Peter III, ndi Chipwitikizi kale. Choncho izi zachilendo labambo Russian. Ukwatiwo unachitika mu 1778. Pakati latsopanolo anali wokongola wamanyazi maganizo, zomwe sizodabwitsa, kuganizira makhalidwe Gavriil Romanovich ndi kukongola Catherine Yakovlevna. Nzosadabwitsa Derzhavin anakhulupirira mkazi wake imasonkhezera kuti cholinga luso lake.

Koma chimwemwe si wosatha, ndipo Gabriel Derzhavin comprehends ndi chisoni chachikulu. mkazi wake wamng'ono, zaka 34 zokha, anafa M'chaka cha 1794. Iye ali pa mpumulo mu Lazarev manda ku St. Petersburg.

Ngakhale Gavriil Romanovich chisoni ankadziwa Palibe malire, pasanathe miyezi sikisi pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wake anakwatira kachiwiri. wopalidwa ubwenzi wake anali mwana wa mkulu wozenga mlandu ndi boma milandu Darya Alekseevna Dyakov. Pa nthawi ya ukwati wawo mkwatibwi anali ndi zaka 28 zokha, pamene Derzhavin - '51. Izo ziyenera kuti, mosiyana ndi banja lanu loyamba wolemba ndakatulo ndi mgwirizano uwu sanali anamanga pa chikondi, koma pa ubwenzi ndi kulemekezana. Darya Alekseevna anapulumuka mwamuna wake ndi mochuluka momwe 26 zaka, komabe nthawi yachiwiri anakwatira sanabwere kuchokera.

Ana pa Gavriila Romanovicha Derzhavina sanali, koma anatenga chisamaliro mwana wa bwenzi lake akufa Peter Lazarev, dzina lake Andrew, Alex ndi Michael. Otsiriza a m'tsogolo kukhala mpainiya Antarctica.

imfa ndakatulo ndi

Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin anamwalira mu chikhalidwe chake Zvanka, kumene ankakhala zaka zonsezi pambuyo yosiya ntchito ku unduna. Izo zinachitika mu chaka makumi atatu la moyo ndakatulo pa July 8 (kalembedwe akale) mu 1816. Pa nthawi ya imfa ya mbali yake anali mkazi wake wokhulupirika Darya Alekseevna.

Koma kupatula mkazi wake, imfa ya chotero wamphamvu nyale chikhalidwe yake, ndithudi, chisoni mbali yofunika kwambiri anzeru Russian ndi anthu ophunzira, komanso anthu amene basi ankadziwa Gavriil Romanovich ndipo anadziwa kuti iye anali munthu wachifundo ndi womveka.

Gabriel Derzhavin m'manda mu Woyera Chiwalitsiro Cathedral, limene lili kutali na Novgorod.

The zotsatira za moyo komanso zotsatira

M'malo ovuta, olemera ndi chidwi moyo wake Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich. Mfundo kuchokera yonena ake amasonyeza mbali yofunika ya munthu uyu wa pa zachikhalidwe cha dziko ndi zinthu zosangalatsa. Chofunika kwambiri ndi utumiki wake ku Russian Ufumu maudindo a boma. Koma zotsatira zofunika kwambiri moti Gabriel Derzhavin - zoona, ndakatulo ake anzeru, wolemekezeka kwambiri mwa m'nthawi yake monga ndakatulo, ndipo ana.

Ndipo tsopano mu Russia kumbukirani kuti mite amene anapanga Gavriil Romanovich mu chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha dziko. Pa chikumbutso cha ndakatulo kwambiri kumaoneka ndi zipilala zambiri, steles ndi mipukutuyi anapereka Derzhavin m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Russia, makamaka mu Petrozavodsk, Kazan, St. Petersburg, Tambov, ndipo, ndithudi, pa dera la Manor wake Zvanka inali ku Novgorod chigawo kumene namatetule anakhala zaka zomalizira za moyo wake. Komanso, mu ulemu wa Gabriel Derzhavin m'madera ambiri amatchedwa misewu, mabwalo, sukulu ndi zina zotero. D.

Kupatula ayenera kukhala owonera zakale-chuma cha ndakatulo kwambiri. Iwo anali mu nyumba ino pamene pantchito ku St. Petersburg wokhala Gabriel Derzhavin. Photos la chuma ndi munda Polish ndi anapereka m'munsimu.

Tsopano, nyumbayi imatengedwa m'nyumbayi waukulu odzipereka kwa moyo ndi ntchito Gavriila Romanovicha Derzhavina. Today mthupi mwawo munda zakale anapeza yekha mu 2003, ngakhale zochita pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumbayi anapangidwa mu zaka zisanu zisanachitike. Mu zaka zam'mbuyo, panali limodzi. Tsopano, nyumbayi, mkati mwa m'moyo wa Derzhavin.

Kumene, kukumbukira ndi umunthu yabwino kwambiri monga Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin, sakuyenera anaiwalika ndi sizidzaiwalika mu Russia sadzakhala.