Commonwealth of Nations: mndandanda wa maiko

Commonwealth of Nations - Association of Independent States, womwenso Britain ndi ambiri a ulamuliro wake wakale, madera ndi protectorates. Mayiko a Union, ndiribe mphamvu zandale pa wina ndi mzake. maziko ake anauika 1887, mu 1926 anatenga Balfour Declaration ndi enshrined Commonwealth udindo December 11, 1931 (Malamulo a Westminster). Kenako Commonwealth anali ngati mgwirizano wa mayiko, pamodzi ndi UK mgwirizano munthu.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

maziko anauika m'ma XIX ndi mmasate m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma XX-TH Analeredwa lamulo kumasulira ufulu wa State phungu wa bungwe. Malinga ndi chikalata mu 1931, UK mfumu ndi mutu wa dziko lililonse kuzindikira malamulo a Westminster ndi membala wa British Commonwealth of Nations.

Imodzi, chikalatacho amakhazikitsa za malamulo wa maufumu, komanso anamuyika mu malo njira misonkhano mu 1926 ndi 1930. Chifukwa, ndi maulamuliro anazitcha de A facto palokha limati, wofanana kotheratu ndi Britain, malamulo a England ndipo sanathe ntchito kwa iwo popanda chilolezo awo.

Mu 1947, zinthu zinasintha kusintha kwa India kudziko Republican, ndi kulephera kuipa kuzindikira British mfumu mutu wa boma amayenera ukasintha kubwereza ndizosowa gulu. Kusintha dzina ndi cholinga cha bungwe - chakhala patsogolo utumwi anthu, ntchito yophunzitsa, etc ...

Panopa m'gulu Commonwealth mayiko mitundu (nambala 53) kuonetsa njira ina kwa eni boma. Awa, 16 - Commonwealth ya Ufumu, kuzindikira British Mfumukazi Elizabeth II Mutu wa State.

States mkati ukwati

Njira kwa zinthu zilili m'ma XXI wakhala nthawi yaitali. State akulowa mkati ndi kunja kwa umembala mgwirizano inaimitsidwa ndipo anayambiranso wake (makamaka fanizo Mwachitsanzo pano Fiji, amene umembala wakhala inaimitsidwa chifukwa mavuto wogwirizana ndi demokalase mu dziko).

Komabe zimachitika ikupitirirabe, kupanga ndi kusintha Commonwealth ano. Mndandanda wa mayiko wapatsidwa malinga ndi nkhani pa pawebusaiti yovomerezeka:

• Antigua ndi Barbuda;
• Bangladesh;
• Botswana;
• Canada;
• Fiji (anabwezeretsedwa kukhala membala zonse kuyambira September 26, 2014);
• Guyana;
• Kenya;
• Malawi;
• Malta;
• Namibia;
• Nigeria;
• Rwanda;
• Seychelles;
• Solomon Islands;
• Saint Kitts and Nevis;
• Tonga;
• Uganda;
• Vanuatu;
• Australia;
• Barbados;
• Brunei;
• Cyprus;
• Ghana;
• India;
• Kiribati;
• Malaysia;
• Mauritius;
• Nauru;
• Pakistan;
• St. Lucia;
• Sierra Leone;
• South Africa;
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;
• Trinidad ndi Tobago;
• United Kingdom;
• Zambia;
• Bahamas;
• Belize;
• Cameroon;
• Dominica;
• Grenada;
• Jamaica;
• Lesotho;
• Maldives;
• Mozambique;
• New Zealand;
• Papua New Guinea;
• Samoa;
• Singapore;
• Sri Lanka;
• Swaziland;
• Tuvalu;
• Tanzania.

M'gulu la Commonwealth of Nations ogwirizana osati mapangano ndi zida, komanso chikhalidwe ndi linguistically: m'mayiko 11, English ndi chimodzi mwa zilankhulo boma ndi ena 11 - yekha boma chinenero.

Boma la Commonwealth of Nations

Monga tafotokozera pa pawebusaiti yovomerezeka, ndi gulu zaufulu za mayiko ndi mfundo zofanana. Mfumukazi Elizabeth II ndi yokhala mutu wa British Commonwealth of Nations (mndandanda wa mayiko membala wa bungwe ili ndi chimodzi mwa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse), panopa kasamalidwe wamkulu amatipatsa Secretariat.

Mawonekedwe a yogawa kulamulira mu Union motere: 32 limati ndi mayiko, 5 - ufumu dziko, ndi 16 kuzindikira mutu wa British Mfumukazi, ankaimira m'mayiko onsewa ndi General Kazembe. Komabe, zilibe ntchito iliyonse okwanila ntchito.

Business

Amapanga Commonwealth of Nations mayiko mndandanda ndi chidwi - boma ali m'magulu anayi osiyanasiyana, monga gulu Bank World (nduna ndi kusinthidwa chaka kusonyeza aakulu national pa munthu ndalama chaka chatha). Awa, 11 ndi ndalama yapamwamba, 14 - chapamwamba-pakati ndalama, 18 - Aperewera, ndi 10 - otsika-IRR.

M'mayiko Union ndi kutitsogolera m'mafakitale ambiri padziko lonse: mwa zitsanzo - migodi ya miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zitsulo, luso zambiri ndi ntchito zokopa alendo.

mapangidwe wa Commonwealth

Mayiko choyamba, mamembala a gulu anali United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa. Iwo limodzi Commonwealth of Nations mu 1931. Pakistan ndi India aloŵa nawo Union mu 1947. Sri Lanka - mu 1948. Pamodzi, iwo apanga mndandanda wa mayiko - mamembala wamkulu wa gulu.

Mu 1957 linagwirizana ndi Ghana.

Mu zaka zao za sikisite, ndi British Commonwealth of Nations walandira Kuwonjezera latsopano: mgwirizano anagwirizana Nigeria (1960), Sierra Leone ndi Tanzania (1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya (1963), Zambia (1964 ). Kenako - Guyana, Botswana ndi Lesotho (1966), Swaziland (1968)

Bangladesh anagwirizana gulu mu 1972, Papua New Guinea - 1975

Ndipo, potsiriza, anamaliza mndandanda wa mayiko a Namibia (1990), Mozambique ndi Cameroon (1995), Rwanda (2009)

anthu

Kumbali ya anthu Commonwealth of Nations ali anthu 2.2 biliyoni. Expectedly kutsogolera India - miliyoni 1236,7. Utsalira muli pa pafupifupi mlingo chomwecho, Pakistan, Bangladesh ndi Nigeria - 179,2 miliyoni ndipo 168,8 miliyoni ndi 154,7 motero. Mu malo chachinayi, oddly mokwanira, United Kingdom (manambala onse ndi deta achokera pawebusaiti yovomerezeka ya Commonwealth) - anthu ake malinga ndi ziwerengero atsopano a anthu miliyoni 62,8.

Yaikulu pa malo Canada akuchita lonse miliyoni 34,8, ndi Australia kumtunda mwini anthu miliyoni 23,1.

Health ndi moyo amayembekezeka

Koma m'munda wa thanzi ndi moyo wa onse tiyembekezere - apamwamba pafupifupi moyo amayembekezeka ku Australia ndi Singapore (zaka 82), Canada ndi ku New Zealand (zaka 81) ku United Kingdom, Cyprus, ndi Malta (zaka 80). Pomaliza Sierra Leone - zaka 45 (as 2012).

The m'dziko lomwelo amatsogolera pa mlingo wa ana ndi omwalira khanda, komanso amayi (ngati 2010-2012.). Ngakhale Sierra Leone - Dziko limodzi la mitengo apamwamba kubadwa mu Commonwealth.

Mozambique ndi Rwanda

Kwa zaka zambiri, ife tatenga zochita zosiyanasiyana ndi mbali zina za zikalata zina malamulo ntchito za kucheza kuti n'zotheka kuti inu simungakhoze. A chikalata wosakwatiwa, komanso m'malamulo, palibe. Maziko kulowa ndi ubale ndi United Ufumu - msewu wopita m'bungwe la Commonwealth ndi lotseguka kwa madera kale, protectorates ndi ulamuliro. ulamuliro Komabe, pali ena amene anavomereza awiri: Mozambique, wakale Portuguese njuchi, ndi Rwanda, mzinda wakale wa Belgium ndi Germany.

The oyamba - limodzi mwa mayiko osauka kwambiri padziko. Mozambique - membala boma la Commonwealth of Nations "osati mwa ufulu, koma mwa chisomo." Iye adapakira inalowa pambuyo onse oyandikana nawo, mamembala a gulu apempha a Mozambique (ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zake).

Background chiri motere: pambuyo wodzilamulira mu 1975, kukonza lalikulu sanatsatiridwe ndipo anamuchotsa ambiri Apwitikizi. Civil kunabuka nkhondo, limodzi ndi ovulala aakulu pakati pa anthu ndi kusamuka kwa ambiri othawa kwawo.

Nkhondo itatha yekha mu 1992 - n'zosadabwitsa kuti dziko linali mu kuchepa. Umembala mu Commonwealth wonse n'kopindulitsa boma - izi ndi zoona ngakhale Rwanda, amene anatha kupulumuka pa nthawi yovuta (kuphatikizapo kupululutsa).

Udindo ndi zolinga poyerekezera ndi anthu ake

Lero, mamembala a British Commonwealth of Nations zikugwira ntchito mbali ziwiri - kulimbikitsa mfundo ndi malamulo a demokalase ndi kulimbikitsa chitukuko. Ndi achiwiri kukula, pambuyo United Nations, mgwirizano wa mayiko. English masewero lofunika kwambiri zinathandiza udindo, makamaka panopa chinenero wakhala njira kulankhulana malonda.

Britain ndi ena mayiko olemera ndi ikuchitika mu chimango cha mishoni Union a zosiyanasiyana zothandiza anthu, kuthandiza muzochitika za chuma ndi zina. Ngakhale yokhala onse Commonwealth limati membala ndi ufulu thandizo kumathandiza zotsatira kubwezerana kwa anthu amene amafunika.

Ntchito ya UK mu Union

M'mbiri yonse, kuyambira mapangidwe mayanjano ndi zina, udindo wa UK ndi maganizo mgwirizano zinasintha. Mu zoyambirira za XX-TH atumwi, izo anatchula osati monga Ufumu wa Britain. Patapita nthawi, zinthu mfundo ndi ankatembenukira kwa mbali EU, izo zinkawoneka zingamuthandize kwambiri. Komabe, mu kuwala kwa zochitika zaposachedwapa mu EU, lingaliro la mtima ndi chitukuko ubale ungaoneke kunadetsa wokongola, anapatsidwa mmene yaikulu mndandanda kupanga Commonwealth limati.

Mu thandizo ndithudi angathe kutanthauziridwa ndi khalidwe British kwa Australia. Mu dziko lino, kumbali ya maonekedwe Republican a boma ali ndi malo amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo kulankhula za achire kuchokera Commonwealth phokoso zonse.

Akapita ku Australia wa m'banja la a British achifumu, komanso ukwati mu 2011 Prince William ndi Keyt Middlton achita ntchito polera kutchuka ya Windsor mafumu. Adawomba pa mawu 2011 oimira British, maulendo awa kuchichepetsa n'zotheka kusintha Australia mu Republic ndi posachedwapa.

Ulendo wa Mfumukazi Elizabeth II ndi Prince William, komanso ukwati wachifumu ankalimbikitsa kukhulupirira zopita chidwi ku Australia Komabe, akuluakulu ananenanso anthu Australia m'tsogolo lidzayesetsa Chokani mphamvu mfumukazi, ngakhale mphamvu ndi ophiphiritsa chabe.

Mu neno, ndi FCO ananena kuti kusintha zaziwerengero mu dziko zinachititsa kuti kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nzika mwanjira kumva chaubale ndi England. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu ambiri anthu amakhulupirira kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic - ndi gawo lofunika mapangidwe boma.

Ena a mayiko ena a Commonwealth of Nations Komabe, thandizani lingaliro la mgwirizano pafupi. ntchito zoterezi kale anena, koma sanalandire thandizo ambiri chifukwa cha nkhawa pamaso zokhumba lachifumu la United Ufumu.

Mwina kusakanikirana akadali otsika - mlingo wosiyana kwambiri chitukuko silikuchirikiza mapolojekiti anayamba kupanga, mayiko ambiri pa mlingo m'munsi, kupikisana, monga iwo kutulutsa katundu kapena ofanana. Komabe, n'kopindulitsa thandizo kuchokera zambiri otukuka. A drawback mwakhama Commonwealth Komabe, ankaona kuti alibe njira amphamvu kusonkhezera anthu ake - osasunga ndi kuyimitsidwa ya umembala mu bungwe.