British Labor Party: Maziko mfundo, chidwi mfundo

UK Labor Party (LPV) ndi imodzi mwa magulu awiri zandale kwenikweni kumenyera mphamvu Albion. Mosiyana ndi odana ndiwofatsa Party, Labour Party Poyamba kwambiri maganizo awo pa kuwongolera mfundo nawo pa nzika. Chifukwa ankamvetsa bwino njira ndale mu UK n'kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu amvetse udindo wa gulu la anthu. Tiyeni tifufuza mbiriyakale ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu zandale, komanso kupeza malingaliro ankati ndi Labor Party.

zikamera

The Party Labor anakhazikitsidwa mu 1900. Komabe, dzina la pachiyambi Anamveka ngati Labor Committee chifaniziro. Poyamba ali pabwino yokha monga nthumwi ya kalasi ntchito, ogwirizana ogwira ncthito kayendedwe, ndi kufuna kanthu nkhondo mumalamulira pa maphwando nthawi Britain - osafuna kusintha ndi Osaumira. Modzi wa atsogoleli a bungwe kuchokera masiku oyamba omwe Ramsay MacDonald anakhala maziko ake. Iye ndi ofesi yake inali pa nyumba ya. Atsogoleri ena odziwika anali Dzheyms Keyr Hardi, Arthur Henderson ndi Dzhordzh nkhokwe.

Mu 1906, bungwe anapeza dzina lake pano, amene English kwalembedwa monga Labor Party, ndipo ankamasulira Russian ngati "Labor Party".

Mbali oyambirira a chitukuko

Mu chisankho choyamba mu 1900, zomwe imene posachedwapa analenga chipani ofuna khumi ku British yamalamulo zapita amuna awiri, ndi kuti ndalama la msonkhano, mapaundi 33 okha.

Kale pa chisankho chotsatira mu 1906, chiwerengero cha akuluakulu a Labor Party Aphungu chawonjezeka ndi anthu 27. Mtsogoleri wa kagulu kamene aphungu anali Dzheyms Hardi. Ichi chimatanthauza ndi osasankhidwa utsogoleri mu chipani, monga positi osiyana monga mutu wa Labor Party kulibe mpaka 1922.

Monga ndanenera pamwamba, poyamba Labour Party mu UK anali mu mthunzi wa ndiwofatsa komanso owolowa manja maphwando, amene anayesa kuthawa. Komabe, poyamba chifukwa cha ochepa mipando mu yamalamulo anawakakamiza kuwagonjera M'zikhulupiriro pafupi owolowa manja. mgwirizano wolimba adzapitiriza mpaka 1916. Mwamsanga Mgwilizano wa Osaumira Party anapatsidwa udindo wa m'bale wokalamba.

Mkati mwa nkhondo padziko lonse itayamba mu 1918, Labour Party ati kutengera hayala yake ndi pulogalamu chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa poyambira udindo bungwe pa nkhani zikuluzikulu zandale ndiponso.

chipani cholamulira

Pa First World nkhondo panali kugawanika mu kagulu ka Osaumira Party ndi chipani ntchito anayamba apeze kuwonjezeka pa nthawiyo chifukwa kukula kwa vuto chosintha mu Europe. Ndipo Labour Party British anabwera masewera lalikulu, ngati osiyana mphamvu yandale.

Mu 1924 iwo anali nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri akhoza kupanga boma. Labour Party sanapatsidwe ambiri yamalamulo, ngakhale anatenga mbiri chiwerengero oimira chipani cha - anthu 191. Koma Mkangano pakati osafuna kusintha ndi olekerera amaloledwa iwo kupanga nduna ya. Choncho, idagwatiwa pa hegemony wa ndiwofatsa komanso owolowa manja a zipani zomwe kwa zaka. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mpikisano waukulu pomenyera mphamvu anayamba Labor ndi osafuna kusintha.

The woimira Labor Dzheyms Ramsey MacDonald anakhala nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Great Britain.

Komabe, pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha boma Labor, chifukwa cha kuthamanga ndi intrigue kubwera pamodzi kuti amenyane izo osafuna kusintha ndi olekerera, anakakamizika kusiya. Komanso, chifukwa otaya mpikisano kunyalanyaza chisankho watsopano yamalamulo Labor Party anagonjetsedwa, ndipo chiwerengero cha nthumwi zake zochepa anthu 151.

Koma izo zinali chabe woyamba wa lotsatira Imfa Labor nduna.

boma Macdonald

chisankho mu 1929 kale, Labour Party kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri anapambana mipando kwambiri mu yamalamulo (287 nthumwi) ndipo anapeza ufulu kuti adzathe apange nduna ya. Nduna ya Great Britain anali Dzheyms Makdonald kachiwiri. Koma chifukwa mndandanda kulephera ndale ndiponso zachuma a boma latsopanolo panali kugawanika mu Labor Party yokha. Dzheyms Makdonald anapita pa rapprochement ndi osafuna kusintha kuti akugwirizana kwambiri mu nyumba ya malamulo. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti mu 1931 anasiya chipani, olengedwa wotsutsana ndi izo Labor National Organization, koma anapitiriza kusunga malo nduna yaikulu mpaka 1935, udindo uwu unali m'malo mwa nthumwi ya osafuna kusintha lapansi.

Mtsogoleri wa Labour Party anali mmodzi wa anthu amene pafupi pa chiyambi cha gulu limeneli - Arthur Henderson. Koma kugawanika mu chipani, komanso zoipa ndale zinachititsa chakuti mu chisankho watsopano aphungu mu 1931, izo analephera momvetsa chisoni, wokhala ndi mphamvu zokonza malamulo a 52 nthumwi UK.

Attlee nyengo

Kale mu chaka chamawa monga mutu wa chipani Henderson m'malo Dzhordzh Lensberi, ndipo zaka zitatu - Klement Ettli. m'tsogoleri wa Labor Party yapangitsa positi yaitali kuposa aliyense n'kale lonse - zaka 20. nthawi Attlee unakhala kuchokera 1935 mpaka 1955.

Mu chisankho cha 1935 chipani motsogozedwa wake amene wakwanitsa kwambiri kusintha ntchito zake, ndi nthumwi Aphungu 154. Pambuyo yosiya ku premiership ndiwofatsa Chamberlain mu 1940, Attlee anatha kulowa boma Mgwirizano wa Winston Churchill.

Pambuyo nkhondo chitukuko cha APs ndi

Chifukwa cha nkhondo yoyamba ya II World, chisankho chotsatira inachitika ndi zaka 10 mu 1945. Pambuyo pawo, Labour Party wabweza mbiri yekha pamene 393 mipando mu nyumba ya malamulo. Chotsatira ichi chinali zoposa mapangidwe wa nduna kutsogoleredwa ndi Klementom Ettli, amene anali m'malo nduna yaikulu ndiwofatsa Winston Churchill anataya chisankho. Labor zikanatheka pokha pokha anayamikira pa bwino zimenezi chifukwa chigonjetso pa nthawi ankawoneka ngati zotengeka weniweni.

Izo ziyenera kuti wachitatu kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Labor Party wakhala kuposa awiri amene yapita ogwira. Mosiyana McDonald ndi Attlee anakwanitsa kugwira angapo malamulo ofunika zachilengedwe chikhalidwe, kuti nationalize ena makampani akuluakulu, kubwezeretsa chuma m'dzikoli, wapabanja nkhondo. zikayenda awa achititsa chakuti chisankho mu 1950 Labour Party kachiwiri mukondwerera chigonjetso, ngakhale nthawi imeneyi zambiri wodzichepetsa zinali mu yamalamulo - anthu 315.

Komabe, Attlee nduna sanali chigonjetso imodzi yokha. A analephera mfundo zachuma ndi devaluation la libisi kwachititsa chakuti kusankhidwa mwapadera mu 1951 adagonja ndi osafuna kusintha kutsogoleredwa ndi Winston Churchill. Labour Party analandira mipando 295 mu yamalamulo, ngakhale zinali zokwanira kukhala ndi chikoka kwambiri pa ndondomeko ya dziko, chifukwa osafuna kusintha anali mipando isanu yokha kwambiri.

chisankho chatsopano mu 1955 anabweretsa Labor Party kunadetsa kukhumudwa, chifukwa zotsatira zawo analandira mipando 277 okha nyumba yamalamulo osafuna kusintha anapambana chigonjetso wotsimikizika kwambiri. Zimene zinachitikazi chimodzi mwa zifukwa m'chaka chomwecho Klement Ettli kutsanzika mfundo zazikulu ndi monga mtsogoleri Labor, iye m'malo mwa Hugh Gaitskell.

Mbiri wotsatira wa chipanichi

Komabe, Gaitskell ndipo sanathe kukhala woyenera m'malo Attlee. Labour Party ochuluka kutaya kutchuka kwake, umboni ndi kuchepa chiwerengero chawo mu nyumba yamalamulo ndi anthu 1959 kuti 258.

Mu 1963, pambuyo pa imfa ya Gaitskell, mtsogoleri Labor Harold Wilson anakhala. Iye ali zaka zoposa khumi monga mutu wa chipanichi. Kale mu chaka chamawa pansi pa utsogoleri wake Labor Party chinapambana pambuyo yopuma khumi ndi zinayi zokha, anapambana chisankho aphungu ndi mipando 317, 13 kuposa osafuna kusintha. Choncho Wilson anakhala munthu woyamba Nduna Labor Klementa Ettli pambuyo UK.

Komabe, utsogoleri Labor mu nyumba yamalamulo anali Kusakhazikika kuti sanawauze mwayi kuzindikira njira zoyambirira za pulogalamuyi. Zimenezi amakakamizidwa kugwira mu 1966 chisankho chapadera chimene Labor Party anapambana Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga chigonjetso amene analandira mipando 364 mu yamalamulo, mwachitsanzo 111 mipando kuposa osafuna kusintha.

Koma mwa oyambirira 70s 'chuma UK anasonyeza kanjedza zowerengera ali kutali abwino. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti mu chisankho chatsopano mu 1970, osafuna kusintha anapambana mokhutiritsa, kupindulira oposa 50% ya mipando mu nyumba yamalamulo ndi Labor anali okhutira 288 mipando (43.1%). Mwachibadwa, chifukwa cha zotsatira anali yosiya ntchito ya Harold Wilson.

Osafuna kusintha si zogwirizana ndi ziyembekezo zawo, ndi mavoti pachisankho chotsatila m'chaka cha 1974 adagonja ndi Labor Party Komabe, ndi whisker a. Zimenezi akhaapatisa m'dzinja chaka chomwecho kuchita chisankho chapadera, zomwe zinachititsa Labor Party chinapambana ambiri khola. Wilson walunjika boma, koma osati chifukwa momveka, mu 1976, kutsanzika. m'malo mwake monga mtsogoleri wa chipanichi ndipo mpando nduna yaikulu ya dzikolo anali Dzheyms Kallagan.

Wotsutsa,

Komabe, kutchuka kwa Callaghan sanathe poyerekeza ndi kutchuka Wilson. The onongani kugonjetsedwa kwa Labour Party mu masankho mu 1979 chinali chifukwa zachilengedwe izi. Nthawi ya pa ndiwofatsa Party, amene anapereka British ngati atumiki kwambiri yaikulu ngati Margaret Thatcher (Nduna ali zaka zoposa 11 mu mzere) ndi Dzhon Meydzhor. The hegemony wa osafuna kusintha mu yamalamulo inatenga zaka 18.

Nthawi imeneyi, Labor anakakamizidwa kupita kutsutsidwa. Callaghan pambuyo yosiya ntchito ku positi mtsogoleri chipani mu 1980, izo lotsogoleredwa ndi Mikayeli Kumapazi (1980-1983), Neil Kinnock (1983-1992) ndipo Dzhon Smit (1992-1994).

Labor latsopano

Atamwalira Dzhona Smita mu 1994 ku May kuti July wa akuchita mutu wa chipani anali Margaret Beckett, koma mtsogoleri chisankho cha Labour Party chinapambana pa achinyamata, wofuna wandale Toni Bler, amene ndi nthawi kuti anadzazidwa ndi chaka 31 okha. Bungwe kusinthidwa zathandizira kuti kutsegula kwa chipani "mphepo yachiwiri." Nthawi mu mbiri ya chipani, kuyambira ndi chisankho cha Blair ndi mtsogoleri wake mu 2010, wotchedwa "New Labourism".

Pakati pa pulogalamu "New Labour" anali otchedwa Njira yachitatu, yomwe ali pabwino chipani monga njira ina m'malo bizinesi ndi zokomera onse.

kubwezera kwa Labor

Kodi bwino njira anasankhidwa ndi Toni Blerom, anasonyeza chisankho aphungu cha 1997, imene Labor Party kwa nthawi yoyamba mu zaka 18 anapambana. Koma sanali chigonjetso, koma kuchotsa weniweni wa osafuna kusintha kutsogoleredwa ndi John Major, pambuyo Labor Party chinapambana 253 mipando. Chiwerengero cha akuluakulu a Labor Party munyumba yamalamulo anali anthu 418, limene liri mbiri ya chipani labwinobwino. Toni Bler anakhala nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Great Britain.

Mu masankho mu 2001 mu 2005 Labour Party kachiwiri kugonjetsa ndi malire lonse, ndi Tingafinye, ankalemekeza 413 ndi 356 mipando mu nyumba ya malamulo. Koma ngakhale zotsatira chonse chabwino, azimuth anasonyeza kuchepa kwambiri kutchuka kwa APs mwa adzaponye chisanko. Izi palibe pang'ono chinathandiza anthu ankhanza mfundo yachilendo ya Labour Party kutsogoleredwa ndi Toni Blerom, anafotokoza, makamaka mu yogwira thandizo ankhondo a phukusi American ku Iraq, komanso kutenga mbali mu bomba la Yugoslavia.

Mu 2007, Toni Bler kutsanzika, ndipo monga mtsogoleri wa chipani ndipo nduna yaikulu anasiyira ndi Gordon Brown. Komabe, chisankho choyamba kwambiri aphungu pambuyo yosiya a Blair, komwe kunachitika mu 2010, inasanduka kugonjetsedwa kwa Labor Party ndi chigonjetso cha osafuna kusintha, kutsogozedwa ndi David Cameron. chotsatirachi anathandiza chakuti Gordon Brown ali anamasulidwa osati premiership, komanso anasiya malo a mtsogoleri phwando.

modernity

Pomenyera positi mutu wa Labour Party mu 2010 adagonja ndi Mkonzi Miliband. Koma kugonjetsedwa kwa chipani mu 2015 chisankho aphungu, amene iye ankawakonda ngakhale zochepa wotsimikizika chifukwa kuposa nthawi yotsiriza, Mr Miliband anakakamizika kusiya.

Panopa mutu wa APs ndi Dzheremi Korbin, amene, mosiyana Blair ndi Brown, ndi nthumwi ya phiko kumanzere wa chipanichi. Panthawiyo, iye ankadziwikanso monga mdani wa Iraq nkhondo.

Evolution wa mfundo

M'mbiri wake, malingaliro a Labour Party lasintha kwambiri. Poyamba, ankafunitsitsa ntchito ndi chilumikizano malonda kayendedwe, pa nthawi zambiri odzipereka zinthu capitalist, potero kufupi osamva ndi mdani wakeyo wosatha - ndi ndiwofatsa Party. Komabe, kukwaniritsa chilungamo chikhalidwe mu dziko nthawizonse m'gulu zinthu za chipani. Komabe, Union Labor chipani ndi chikominisi ndi zina kwambiri mafunde kumanzere.

Cacikulu Labor mfundo tinganene kuti chikhalidwe demokalase anafotokoza.

ziyembekezo

Yotsatira Labor Party mapulani kupambana pa chisankho aphungu pafupi unachitika mu 2020. Kumene, kuzitsatira, kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa imfa panopa sympathies ndale chipani, koma nthawi kusintha maganizo oponya mavoti okwanira.

Dzheremi Korbin akufuna kupeza adzaponye chisanko mtima ndi kubwerera ku lamanzere phiko mfundo, amene poyamba anali wa chibadidwe mu Labor Party.