Bajeti - ndi ... Kukonzekera amasangalala ndi bajeti

Aliyense boma lili ndi bajeti yake. The tanthauzo la mawu ndi bwino kuti ambiri a ku Russia. Nthawi zina, umatchedwa "Chief Financial Chilamulo" kapena "chikalata" a boma. Komabe, palinso ndondomeko dera ndi oyang'anira tauni. ntchito yawo ndi zinthu. ndi kapangidwe ka dongosolo bajeti chiyani? Kodi "chachikulu" chilamulo zachuma a boma?

tanthawuzo

"Bajeti" - ziri mu English, "thumba". Kuti ndi malo, omwe lero nthawi zambiri kuwamva monga chuma. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi boma, aliyense wa ake membala, mzinda, banja, kapena munthu. Pali bajeti ya gulu, amene sakhoza kukhala paubwenzi ndi boma. Mawu akuti mu funso - wachilengedwe chonse. Aliyense akhoza kukhala mwini bajeti matabwa ake. Kumene, mawuwa kawirikawiri ntchito kuwomba amchigulu. Kodi zikumveka tanthauzo lolondola?

Akatswiri Russian chikalata malo awa. Bajeti - limachokera ndi Boma la dziko, dera kapena mudzi mndandanda wa ndalama ndi ndalama poyerekezera ndi nthawi yeniyeni ya nthawi, imene kwavomelezedwa motsata malamulo okhazikika. Mawerengedwe a revenues ndalama zambiri masamu - kuonetsa nkhani zambiri.

Chuma Russian, udindo wa m'boma ndi yofunika kwambiri. Akatswiri ena kumatanthauza monga patsogolo. Ndipo chifukwa kusintha kwa chilengedwe kunja okhudza revenues Tingaone ngati zinthu zoipa kwa Russian chuma cha dziko ndi kukula kwa ndalama.

misinkhu bajeti mu Russia

Mu mchitidwe Russian pali milingo angapo kukonzekera ndi kuphedwa kwa bajeti - feduro, dera ndi makonsolo. The unitary limati mlingo dera tingalisiye. Iwo amene mwambo pacimake wa federalism Mwachitsanzo, mu US - ngakhale ndalama oyang'anira tauni akhoza kugawidwa mu akamagwiritsa osiyana.

Pali zosinthika zimene ziwerengero aliyense wa pa kaperekedwe ka ndalama Russian kuwonjezera. Anapanga akonzedwa wamba zizindikiro ndalama. Pankhaniyi, ndi Consolidated bajeti ya dziko. Izo ntchito ngati mukufuna kulosera kapena kuwerengera zazikulu za citukuko.

Ndalama ndi ndalama

Amene magwero amapezera boma, dera kapena boma? magwero waukulu bajeti ndi chiyani? msonkho ndalama nthawi zambiri n'chinthu chofunikira, excises, ntchito ndi milandu zina zokhudzana ndi iwo. Iwo wotumidwa kwa chuma osasinthika dongosolo. Ngakhale nthawi zina malamulo amapereka kwa mtundu winawake wa deduction, imene zimagwirira pafupiko mu mawonekedwe kusintha malipiro kuchokera bajeti, koma zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndalama monga ndalama, omwe, malinga ndi mfundo anakhazikitsa lamulo, anafuna ndalama ntchito anachita ndi akuluakulu boma oyang'anira tauni. Mwanjira pakati zinthu payekha kupeza ndalama awa otchedwa bajeti sistemoy.Raskhody bajeti akhoza wachinsinsi mu muyezo zofunikira ziwiri. Choyamba, ndi osiyana departmental. Ndalama mu nkhani iyi yagawidwa zochokera kufalitsa appropriations poyerekezera ndi olandira yeniyeni. Kachiwiri, monga gulu zotheka ndi zachuma. Pankhaniyi, ndalama yagawidwa potengera chikhalidwe chawo, nthambi lathu.

Nchito ndi phindu bajeti

Ife malizitsani tanthauzo la "bajeti" mfundo zambiri zimene zimagwira ntchito yaikulu kuti ndiwo umazichita. Choyamba, ndi kusokonekera chilungamo cha ndalama mu chimango cha ndalama anthu. chakuti madera osiyana a dziko, pamene izo zifika ku Russia, ndi n'ngosiyanasiyana vuto la zachuma. Kuchokera komwe ndalama chithandizo zambiri amapita kumene pali kufunika chithandizo cha ndalama. Kachiwiri, bajeti limalimbikitsa chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko ndi wamupempha nzika ntchito mu mabungwe kugula mphamvu. Chachitatu, lili pa chitukuko cha muzochitika kiyi chikhalidwe zofunika - maphunziro, mankhwala, asilikali.

Kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa bajeti

Tiyeni tiwone momwe Kapangidwe ka ndalama boma. Ife wotchedwa ntchito izo. Pofuna kukonza awo kukhazikitsa amafuna dongosolo lolingana zochimwazo kumathetsa vuto la kusokonekera kwa ndalama ndi ulamuliro wotsatira pa ntchito yake. Choncho bajeti - ndi amtengo, kawirikawiri centralized, ndipo amapereka ufumu wa nzika, imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kodi kufalitsidwa kwa ulamuliro pa chitukuko cha chuma pagulu? Ntchito yeniyeni apa ndi wa Zachuma Federal. Kodi zimachitika pakati pa malo ndi phunziro la chitaganya pothetsa zolinga departmental? Chifukwa ntchito yake maphunziro ndi udindo Utumiki Federal amasonyezera ulamuliro pa kapangidwe ka udindo m'munsi. Mofananamo - m'madipatimenti ena - Utumiki wa Health, Unduna wa za M'dziko. Kapangidwe bajeti ku mbali ya kufalitsa ndalama pakati pa malo boma ndi zigawo mu Russia ndi ofanana ndi chitsanzo ulamuliro. Pali Office dera la Zachuma Federal. Kwa iwo, ndipo tasked ndi kufalitsa ndalama ndi kasamalidwe bajeti ya utuluke ndalama.

bajeti ya dera, motero akupangidwa m'kupita kwa zimachitika pakati pa akuluakulu phunziro kwa Zachuma la Chitaganya cha. Pa nthawi yomweyo, malamulo amasonyeza njira imene dera timazipeza awo nkhokwe mwini chuma. Bajeti ya dera komanso nkhani zina za boma akhoza wodzilemekeza ndi misonkho dera, komanso magawo kuwapeza mitundu ina ya milandu feduro.

Yosiyana ndi choncho, ngati tikukamba za mlingo oyang'anira tauni. City bajeti ndi kasamalidwe mwachuluka lakutali ku chikhalidwe zanchito. Ndalama kwa kubwezeretsa mizinda yambiri akuitanidwira kupeza zawo. Chuma chachikulu cholinga ichi - malonda ndi katundu ndi mzinda kapena chigawo, komanso ntchito analipira operekedwa ndi mabungwe kuboma. Nthawi zina, mlingo wa bajeti m'dera analandira kuyenerera zina ndi boma. Komanso, chuma oyang'anira tauni ndi kudzadza ndi umene malinga ndi malamulo msonkho - mwachindunji, kapena monga momwe malamulo a Federal Tax Service nyumba amachotsera. Mwina kubwezeretsa bajeti mzinda likuvutika mitundu ina ya malipiro boma mlandu ndi mabanki amene akugwira ntchito pa malire a boma la.

Ndalama mizinda yambiri, ngati analogi awo boma akhoza anagwirizana mtundu. Ndiko kuti, ndi ya phindu ndi zomvetsa kuwalitsa kuthetsa osiyana. Ndalama zimene pamapeto, akhoza kupanga ili malire awo m'midzi. Kukula kwa izi zolembedwa wamba ndalama akhoza imachitika pa mlingo wa matupi wodzilamulira.

Ntchito mizinda yambiri - kupereka zofunika bwino ndondomeko ya m'deralo, mogwirizana ndi malamulo okhazikika ndi malamulo feduro. Izi zikuphatikizapo ndondomeko kulankhula kuphedwa zikusowa zolingalira chuma ndi ngongole.

M'dera waukulu zimachitika pakati pa mizinda yambiri ndi matupi anthu m'dera la mfundo zachuma - ndi lipoti loyamba mwa kulemekeza masika. The mwadongosolo, zimene anatsimikiza ndi malamulo zogwirizana, mizinda yambiri anatumiza kwa kapangidwe mphamvu dera limanena mmene bajeti m'dera anaphedwa.

Kuchepekedwa ndi zochuluka

bajeti kungakhale zikusowa, ubweya ndi moyenera. Mbali yoyamba, ndalama chifukwa nthawi yomweyi - mtengo wotsika. Pankhani chachiwiri - M'malo mwake. Mu kufanana lachitatu anaona (pa tolerances osachepera). Mwa chuma, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuchepekedwa ponseponse (malinga ndi waukulu kwambiri). The anakonza bajeti kusakhulupirika kwa nthawi zambiri kukopedwa choncho. Monga ulamuliro, ukachitikire, mpikisano chuma ndi nthawizonse chinachake kudzaza. Kodi?

Choyamba, ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masheya (zambiri zomangira m'boma). The Investor akugula iwo, chosinthana ndi mtundu wina wa udindo (nthawi zambiri malipiro chidwi patapita kanthawi), boma - kugwiritsa ntchito chimaposa azilipira ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti. Mu Russia, monga kumangidwa kwambiri.

Kachiwiri, zikhoza kukhala bajeti ngongole. Makonzedwe amenewa, omwe akhoza kuwapeza nkhokwe zachuma dera ndi oyang'anira tauni.

Chachitatu, bajeti kungathandize Bank ku Central powapatsa ndalama zofunika.

Makonzedwe a pamwamba amapanga kuchepekedwa ndi mkati. Koma palinso zinthu kunja. Njirazi ndi monga:

- kugulitsa kumangidwa pa msika lonse;

- kukopa ngongole ku mabungwe akunja paokha;

- ngongole kwa maboma ena;

Nthawi zambiri zimagwirira ntchito mkati ndi kunja zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito imodzi. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti wamkulu chidaliro mu chuma cha boma pa angongole dziko ndi mayiko, kupatula mantha akhoza kukhala boma za kuchepekedwa bajeti. Choncho, akatswiri kuti pali pang'ono kufika n'zosadabwitsa kuti m'mayiko ambiri otukuka, kuphatikizapo United States, malinga ndi udindo ngongole boma wofanana 100% ya GDP kapena kuposa. Choncho obwereketsa ndi mokwanira kukhulupirira mtendere wa chuma m'mayiko amene iwo akugula kumangigwa. Ngakhale, pali mfundo ina ya view. Kubweza iye bajeti, pobwereka kalekale kupereka sindingakhoze. Posakhalitsa kapena kenako boma lidzatha chuma msonkhano mangawa yachilendo.

Kodi bajeti Russian

Taonani chimene bajeti, tanthauzo la mawu akuti, tione mmene analandira. Pa chitsanzo cha zimagwirira ntchito mwa Russia. Choyamba, mmene Bajeti amapezeka.

Ndondomeko mu funso, kumafuna kudziŵa zofunika kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe ndi zofunika boma ndalama zogulira ntchito ya matupi udindo kuthetsa mavuto ena. Asilikali bajeti kusiyana Utumiki wa Finance la Russia. Monga ulamuliro, ntchito bajeti chaka makamaka ayamba kale mu January lomaliza.

Chinthu choyamba, Unduna wa Zachuma simulates zochitika zosiyanasiyana zimene chuma angathe. Ngati iwo ali ovomerezeka ndi boma, bungwe akuyamba, ndiponso akasupe a ndalama zolowa ndi dongosolo. Nkofunika nthawi izo mpaka 15 July. Pambuyo - bajeti kusodza kamodzinso anatumizidwa ku Boma kuganizira. Iye ali mwezi kuchokera kupanga maganizo kusintha kwa bukuli. Pambuyo - bajeti amapita ku boma Duma. ndondomeko izi zikuchitika mu magawo angapo.

Choyamba, asilikali bajeti ya Boma Duma maguluwo kuphunzira okha. Izi nawonso akatswiri nawo m'Komiti ya bajeti. Zotsatirazi, chikalatacho imatumizidwa kapangidwe ena Duma, Pulezidenti ndi Kuwerengetsera Komiti, kotero kuti mapeto laperekedwa. Atayendetsa onse a magawo ikuyamba chiyanjo cha bajeti.

The ndondomeko akusangalala bajeti

Kusintha kumeneku, komanso yokonza chikalata waukulu chuma cha boma, kuyambira mu State Duma. Onse ayenera kudutsa kuwerenga anayi.

M'nthawi ya State Duma kukambirana mfundo za bajeti, izo poyerekeza ndi Mapa chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko, komanso zinthu za mu ndondomeko ya msonkho. Kodi kuphunzira makhalidwe zofunika chikalatacho - magwero a ndalama, ndalama, kapena mu zolinga za kuchepekedwa bajeti.

Mu kuwerenga chachiwiri ovomerezedwa ndi zinthu a Tikaganizira monga anakhazikitsa gulu chiwembu. Amaonekera ndi phindu thandizo Fund cha la Russia. Nthawi mkati amene State Duma ayenera kuganizira bajeti mu kuwerenga chachiwiri, kuyambira kupanga loyamba - masiku 15.

Kuwerenga lachitatu limatchula nkhani inayake pa ndalama ndi madipatimenti atathana udindo ntchito olondola a ndalama. Mawu akuti, chimene chili chofunika kuti akakomane State Duma za kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikalata mu kuwerenga chachiwiri - masiku 25.

kuwerenga chachinayi zikuphatikizapo kulingalira kusinthidwa zotheka bajeti. Komanso ikufotokoza zimene mungachite kuti kufalitsidwa kwa revenues ndi ndalama pa maziko miyezi itatu iliyonse.

Kakusintha magawo onse a zokambirana mu State Duma bajeti kusodza chitumidwa kwa nyumba chapamwamba wa Nyumba ya Malamulo Russian - Bungwe la Federation. Ngati senators kuvomereza chikalata, izo anatumiza siginecha Pulezidenti. Pambuyo - anapeza udindo wa chilamulo feduro. Kuyambira chaka chamawa, chakudya choperekedwa kwa momwemo ayamba mosavuta.

Kukhazikitsa bajeti

Bajeti - ndi lamulo kwa olondola kuphedwa. Udindo dipatimenti wake - Federal Zachuma, mlandu kwa boma. Akatswiri ena kutsindika mfundo yakuti pa kuphedwa kwa kapangidwe bajeti ya nthambi za simungathe kupanga kusinthidwa aliyense kuti mpukutuwu. Iwo ayenera kukhala ndi udindo wa malamulo amene atenga ndi nawo State Duma, Bungwe la Federation ndi mutsogoleli wadziko. Bajeti - ndi chikalata, umene uli kukhazikitsa ndi kusakhulupirika adzatenge mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi. Ngati pali kufunika kuti abwereze zinthu za ndalama waukulu ndalama zimapezeka boma (monga ulamuliro, mu Zikatero tikulankhula kuchepetsa iwo), ndondomeko ya sequestration chitakwaniritsidwa. Mu Russia, mbali yake yaikulu ili kuti, ngati akuluakulu adzatenga kusankha koyenera, ndalama mu bajeti ndi kuchepetsedwa kukwaniritsa zonse - mu mwezi uliwonse kuchokera pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo pa sequestration mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka.

Control mmene bajeti ndi kuphedwa pa nthawi yomweyo, awiri nthambi za boma. Ngati izi ndi nyumba woimira - ndi funso la ulamuliro aphungu. Ngati bungweli, mlandu boma - ofanana kuyang'aniridwa utsogoleri anatchula.

Ntchito ya ulamuliro aphungu amapatsidwa ku Komiti ya Banki. bungwe ali ndi mphamvu kuchita chiphasochi - mu utumiki wa mkati nyumba zawo, komanso makampani, amene akhoza mwa njira inayake nawo kukhazikitsa bajeti. The Komiti kafukufuku ayenera malipoti miyezi itatu iliyonse kuti chimango malamulo mmene chikondwerero chachikulu malamulo zachuma anthu. Komanso, thupi aphungu amapereka maganizo malipoti opangidwa ndi boma, lomwe imakhudzanso kuphedwa bajeti patsogolo.

Kodi kuchita njira zofanana pa mayiko a m'dera lawo komanso oyang'anira tauni? Ambiri, njira ofanana ndi amene anachitika mwa nyumba mphamvu feduro nkhani kuti litsatidwe RF Bajeti Code.

Kusiyana kwambiri zingaoneke mu njira ikuchitika pa mlingo oyang'anira tauni. Mwachitsanzo, m'mizinda ina ndi zigawo Russia udindo wa meya - kuwatsogolera m'njira zina zofanana ndi udindo wa Pulezidenti wa correlative ndi akuluakulu ena. Koma pali mizinda yambiri komwe positi mutu wa utsogoleli - m'malo mwadzina. Pali kwambiri ntchito za yamalamulo m'deralo.

The peculiarity wa kuvomerezedwa ndi ndemanga ya ndalama oyang'anira tauni chakuti mfundo zonse za ndondomeko zimenezi ziyenera yokhala lofalitsidwa. Izi imakhudzanso magawo onse a ntchito za makonsolo. Kuyambira chigamulo chimene amavomereza bajeti mpaka lipoti la chilango cha chikalata waukulu ndalama za boma ndi. Komanso, mudziwe kuti aliwerenge, monga chikhalidwe itatu iriyonse ya mudziwe mmene bajeti ndi kuphedwa.

Subsidy, subvention kapena subsidy?

Sankhani zimene ndi udindo wa bajeti ndi kufufuza chikhalidwe cha zodabwitsazi, zidzakhala zothandiza kuwerenga ena mwa mawu osafunika chikalata waukulu chuma cha boma. The Russian TV akatswiri ena a iwo ntchito nthawi zonse.

Ndi zothandiza kudziwa zimene amapereka. Akuti izi kuzindikiridwa ndalama Russian operekedwa ndi bajeti ya mlingo wina ndi mzake. Ang'onoang'ono zofunika pa nthawi imene chinthu chiphaso awo akuona kufunikira kuphimba mtengo weniweni. Izi muyeso amaperekedwa thandizo bajeti kwaulere.

Mawu akuti "subsidy" kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito nkhani ndi "subventions". Nthawi zina ngakhale mfundo ziwirizi amadziŵika. Koma zimenezi si zoona. Mu subventions mu Russia ndi kuwamva monga njira bajeti ya mlingo wina ndi mzake, kutumiza kwaulere Komabe, pa zifukwa zina zenizeni.

mawu onse, tatchulazi, ndi pafupi "subsidy". Koma kusiyana pakati pa iyo, subventions ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi noticeable. Chinthu kupeza ndalama ikhoza kukhala osati mlingo wosiyana wa bajeti, komanso anthu enieni kapena gulu. Muyeso kiyi Pankhaniyi - chiyambi cha likulu la bomali. Monga ulamuliro, thandizo - ndi tsankho reimbursement. Iwo ankadziwa kuti malo ndalama ndi zina ndalama.

Pali chidwi chodabwitsa china - ngongole bajeti. Izi riziki thandizo boma ndalama, nawonso, pa maziko kwathunthu reimbursable.