Baikal nsomba: mndandanda kufotokoza

Yaikulu madzi oyera m'nyanja pa dziko - Baikal. kuya kwake ndi mamita 1637, ndipo m'badwo wa thupi wapadera wa madzi, malinga ndi asayansi, ndiko kuposa zaka twente-faifi miliyoni.

kungoganizira mwa ofufuza m'nyanja Baikal - ndi nyanja tsogolo: iye alibe zizindikiro za ukalamba, m'mphepete mwake mowirikiza likukula. Yekha mtsinje ukuyenda kuchokera ku nyanja, ndi Angar, amene kutalika - makilomita 1779. Angara linafalitsidwa kwambiri (863 m) ndi yaikulu kwambiri mu dziko.

nsomba Baikal amadziwika osati Siberia, ulemerero wa kale anawoloka malire a dziko lathu. Za kukoma kwake la nthano. Zouma kapena kusuta omul - mphatso mwambo kuti Siberians kubweretsa anzanu m'mizinda yambiri ya Russia. Kamodzi mumayesa mbale ku Baikal nsomba, apaulendo kwambiri akukonza ulendo wawo pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Baikal, kuti kachiwiri kusangalala chikhalidwe zazikulu ndi kukoma kusuta whitefish, Grayling ndi fungo la anawotcha kusuta whitefish ndi zouma kansomba.

Baikal malo

Kusunga wapadera chikhalidwe cha Nyanja ya Baikal mu 1969 Biosphere Reserve, limene lili m'mbali kum'mawa la nyanja anakhazikitsidwa pano. Iwo ali m'gawo lalikulu - mu mahekitala 167.871 la mapiri Khamar-Daban. Malire a Baikal Nature Reserve ali pa mitsinje ndi Mishikha Vydrin. Baikal ozungulira mapiri - ndi chotchinga chachilengedwe ndi mitsinje mpweya kusenza kwambiri amasulidwe m'dambo.

malo uli wopulumutsidwa mazana a mitundu wapadera wa nyama ndi zomera. Kawirikawiri akuluakulu a m'madzi yotchuka Baikal Reserve. Nsomba mu izo zimapezeka mitundu khumi ndi ziwiri. Izi zili choncho makamaka fulakesi, mumapezeka nsomba ndi Grayling. mitundu awa amabwera pa spawning mu mtsinje, ndipo kumapeto kwa dzinja kachiwiri kubwerera kulowa m'nyanjamo, kumene m'nyengo yozizira.

Mitundu ya Baikal nsomba

Ndipo basi mu nyanja (kuphatikizapo malo otetezedwa), pali mitundu yoposa makumi asanu nsomba. fifitini Only ikukhudzana bwanji ndi chiwerengero cha nsomba. Yotchuka kwambiri iwo ali Grayling, whitefish ndi Cisco. Angapo ang'onoang'ono a wamba ngati nsomba wapatali Baikal ngati Baikal Nsombazi, mumapezeka nsomba, njoka yam'madzi ndipo fulakesi. Komanso, moyo mu nyanja nsomba, ide, roach.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, ndi zotsalira zazomera okwana nsomba ndi mazana awiri ndi zikwi makumi atatu matani, kuphatikizapo matani makumi asanu zikwi nsomba. Kuonjezera chiwerengero cha nsomba wapatali Irkutsk analengedwa Ltd. "Baikal nsomba", ntchito imene tikambirana ina.

Pansipa ife inu mndandanda wa mitundu yofala nsomba m'nyanja:

• mumapezeka nsomba;
• fulakesi;
• Cisco;
• Arctic gale-;
• whitefish;
• Grayling;
• Pike;
• ide;
• bream
• Siberia dace;
• minnow;
• Siberia roach;
• minnow;
• carp;
• Lin;
• Amur carp;
• Siberia gale-;
• Amur mlamba;
• Siberia Chipper;
• burbot;
• firebrand Rota;
• 27 mitundu shirokolobok;
• kansomba;
• sculpin.

Dziŵani zina.

whitefish

Izi nyanja ozizira madzi nsomba spawns ndipo amakhala ku nyanja. anthu ukufanizidwa ndi nyanja ndi mtsinje ndi mitundu nyanja, ndi udindo wa subspecies. Iwo amasiyana chiwerengero cha gill rakers, mamba perforated ili mu mzere lateral. Nsomba Baikal nyanja whitefish mawonekedwe ali twente-faifi kwa sate-faifi gill rakers. nsomba amakonda zimaswana mu nyanza.

Sig-linunda whitefish - mtsinje mawonekedwe ndi kwambiri zochepa stamens, pazipita twente-foro. ndi nsomba, komanso makhwawa wake ali pakhomo, amathera moyo mu kusamuka zonse. Childs spawns m'mitsinje, 250 Km from m'kamwa, ndiponso kudyetsa mu madzi m'nyanja. Mosiyana ndi achibale awo la nyanja ndi otsika kwambiri ndi zolimba-koyenera mamba thupi.

Whitefish kufalitsa pafupifupi onse pa nyanja, koma ndende yaikulu limatchula Barguzin ndi Chivyrkuisky Bay, pa Selenga madzi osaya ndi mu Nyanja Small. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu malo chisanadze estuarine cha mitsinje ndi Upper Angara Kichera. Whitefish wakonda madzi osaya ndi nthaka mchenga. Oimira mitundu nyanja-mtsinje moyo mamita makumi awiri kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira iwo kutsikira akuya 150 m, ndi kasupe ndi chilimwe - mamita 40-50.

Kulemera avareji toyesa asanu ndi magalamu 500, seveni cig akulemera theka kilogalamu, ndipo ndi zaka 15 kulemera kwa nsomba angafikire makilogalamu 5. Asodzi amadzinenera kuti iwo anali ankatha kugwira whitefish yolemera makilogalamu oposa 10. Whitefish - lofunika Baikal nsomba, zomwe nsomba, malinga ndi asayansi, ndi zofunikira kudula, makamaka pa spawning. Kuonjezera chiwerengero zake ziyenera yokumba kuswana ndi lamulo mwachangu kulera. Zimenezi amaganizira zinthu zachilengedwe wa magawo onse a chitukuko.

omul

Baikal nsomba omul kwake anthu asanu a nyanja;

• ambassadorial;
• Selenga;
• Chivyrkui;
• North Baikal;
• Barguzin.

Ngakhale asanafike nyanja, mudzaona wotchuka kwambiri ndi zokoma whitefish Woimilirako - North Baikal. Iwo Tingaone mu malo ogulitsira onse m'mizinda, sitima, m'midzi. Panjira ya anthu am'deralo adzadzipereka inu zouma ndi mchere omul, ndipo pamene inu mufika nyanja mutha kuona atsopano-anagwira Arctic Cisco.

Baikal Omul - nsomba a mtundu whitefish, nsomba banja. The kamodzi yaikulu ndi ndizofunikira otchuka okhala Nyanja Baikal, lero kwambiri utachepa kukula, ndipo mwatsoka, ndi pafupi kutha. Kutalika kwa thupi lake tsopano alibe upambana masentimita makumi asanu ndi akulemera makilogalamu atatu.

Wotchuka kwambiri pakati alendo, ngakhale, ndi anthu am'deralo kusangalala - Cisco kusuta. Kwenikweni ndi chakudya chokoma chenicheni, osati dziko lathu komanso kunja. Yothandiza Baikal nsomba, nyama amene ali kukoma wapadera kwambiri kuti sangathe kusokonezedwa ndi zina. Ndi ofewa ndi aliwonse. Ndi kukonzekera bwino zikuoneka kukoma zachilendo chomwe ndi kuzindikira izo. Ambiri mwa alendo kwa nthawi yoyamba kulawa ungwiro uwu, amanena kuti palibe zokoma zambiri sanadye mu moyo wanga.

kukhwimitsa chitetezo

Nsomba Baikal chifukwa cha kutchera misampha kwambiri tima kwambiri amachepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu. Pa zaka makumi asanu zapitazo izo wagwidwa za zikwi makumi anai quintals nsomba. Pachifukwa ichi, ndi pulogalamu yapadera chifukwa kugwira whitefish anayamba kupanga ndi kutengedwa mu 1982, zomwe kunapangitsa kuti kuwerengetsa nkhokwe za, komanso kukhala njira malo zomveka. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ambiri moyembekezera zikhalire Cisco. Tikukhulupirira kuti chifukwa ichi ntchito chitetezo Baikal zithunzi nsomba zimene mungathe onani pansipa, adzakhala anakhalabe, anthu kwambiri.

Grayling

Baikal Grayling White ndi subspecies wa Grayling Siberia. Mu Nyanja ya Baikal, nsomba amakhala pafupifupi pa gombe, ndi ambiri la kum'mawa, kumene kuya si upambana mamita atatu. Pakuti spawning umber wakonda osaya mchenga ndi miyala pansi kapena masikono. Spawning kumayambira mochedwa April zimatha mpaka m'ma May. Panthawi imeneyi, kutentha madzi ranges kuchokera 7.5 kuti +14,6 ° C.

Pa nthawi imene mating, Grayling kusintha mtundu: thupi mwamuna amakhala mdima imvi, ndi mtundu zachitsulo Sheen. Ndipo pa zipsepse m'chiuno, dorsal chipsyepsye awonekere mawanga mkuwa wofiira. M'mphepete kumtunda kwa dorsal chipsyepsye ali chokongoletsedwa ndi malire mdima wofiira. Dzira chitukuko cha mtundu kumatenga za seventini masiku.

Nsombazi

Ndi wamkulu ndi nsomba lalikulu mu Baikal Kamchatka. Mfundo yoyamba za angapezeke mu malipoti Nikolaya Spafariya ndi Avvakum, amene anapita nyanja zodabwitsa m'zaka za m'ma XVII. Nambala yaikulu Nsombazi mu zimalosera I. G. Gmelin (1751), pamene ananena ulendo wake kudzera Siberia. I. G. Georgi - amadziwika zachilengedwe-wofufuza - m'zaka XVII mochedwa, anafotokoza mu zolemba zake Nsombazi amene amakhala mwa nyanja, komanso usodzi wa nsomba mu mtsinje Selenga.

Kwa zaka zambiri, iye anaphunzira Baikal Nsombazi A. G. Egorov. Iye anagwirira ntchito kwambiri pa phunziro la mitsinje, kumalo ananena kukula kwake, kugawa, zamoyo ndi nsomba m'madera osiyana la nyanja. Wotchuka Russian wolemba V. P. Astafev anamutcha iye "Mfumu ya nsomba".

Nsombazi - yekha woimira nsomba cartilaginous mu nyanza. mtundu ranges ku Brown kuwala kwa woderapo, mimba nthawi ndithu mbandakucha. Pamodzi thupi lonse ndi mizere asanu zhuchek wapadera fupa, ndi pakati pawo - mbale zing'onozing'ono fupa ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Caudal chipsyepsye, zambiri ndendende, Lobe ake chapamwamba yaitali kuposa pansi.

Kodi wamba Nsombazi?

The Nsombazi ambiri mu ankadziwana la mtsinje Selenga, mu kumalo nyanja ya Baikal. Iye amakhala pa akuya mamita mpaka makumi asanu. Mu autumn, pamene mphepo yamphamvu, akhoza kupita akuya mamita 150. Nyengo pakamwa pa mitsinje ikuluikulu mu maenje. M'chaka cha nsomba limakula kuti avareji masentimita 5-7. The wamkulu kufika mita kapena kuposa m'litali ndi akulemera makilogalamu 100. Baikal Nsombazi ndi kutchulidwa Red Book of Russia ndi Buryatia, monga mtundu, ali osowa.

sors nsomba

Kwa mitsinje zazikulu ndi zazing'ono m'nyanja "kubwera" limadziwika ku Siberia nsomba: nsomba ndi Pike, ides ndi Dace, roach ndi carp, Koma kwambiri Baikal sanamvere, chifukwa pali kuya wina, zakudya zina, kutentha osiyana. nsomba izi anazolowera mu litters - pa kumalo osaya nyanja ya Baikal, ndi nyanja mumapezeka nsomba ndi Lenka anagwa m'nyanja pa makhwawa lalikulu nyanja ya Baikal, ndi angapezeke mu mitsinje.

Anthu a kuya madzi abwino

Pafupifupi mamiliyoni makumi awiri zapitazo, nsomba cottoid anayamba kudutsa mu mtsinje, kuyesera kuti azolowere moyo madzi oyera. M'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi iwo ali m'nyanja. Poyamba anakhazikika ku madzi osaya, ndiye - madzi akuya, ndi ndime madzi. Today ku mitsinje ndi nyanja ya Europe ndi ku Asia, kuphatikizapo zilumba za Japan, amakhala 14 mitundu cottoid nsomba ndi amene pali 33 mitundu.

Ambiri (84%) cottoid nsomba moyo pansi pa Nyanja ya Baikal. Nthawi zambiri monga "kukhala" pansi. Iwo akhoza ngakhale kukhudza dzanja lake, ndipo kokha mu nkhani iyi iwo ali "kudumpha" kwa makumi anai - eyite masentimita ndi amaundana kachiwiri, akuponya pansi.

Mitundu ina ya nsomba pansi amakonda kukumba mu mchenga kapena matope, kotero kuti maso pozinga yekha Tingaone pamwamba pansi. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimapezeka pansi miyala (amachita zikutchedwa sculpin), m'maenje, mu mphako. Mu 1977, akatswiri ofufuza za sayansi sitima zapamadzi "Pisces kalasi kwambiri submergence galimoto", anawona pa akuya mamita 800 wofiira sculpin. Iye anakumba dzenje matope, amene kutola, atapereka kokha mutu ndi kupha, tidapita zapitazi pobisalira ake, nkhanu, amphipods.

mtundu

Baikal nsomba zokodwa mu madzi akuya, ndi mtundu ambiri osiyanasiyana. mitundu m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amakonda kukhala ndi imvi kapena imvi wobiriwira mamba, ndipo pa mbali ya thupi kuoneka bwino bwino mdima mawanga. Nthawi zina pali nsomba, utoto yachilendo simargedo wobiriwira. Ndi kukula akuya zolengedwa m'madzi coloration kusintha kwa wofiira mikwingwirima imvi, pinki, ngale imvi, zofiirira, lalanje.

kansomba

Ngakhale zinthu zosangalatsa nsomba cottoid, apadera ambiri a iwo ayenera kuzindikira golomyankas. Ichi ndi anthu waukulu mu nyanza. zotsalira zazomera ake okwana pafupifupi kawiri, onse nsomba zina zimene zimakhala mu nyanja. Ndi matani oposa mazana ndi zikwi makumi asanu. Ndi moyo mwankhanza nsomba, zomwe si zimaswana: iye akubala moyo mwachangu.

Nyanja ya Baikal kunyumba kwa mitundu iwiri ya nsomba - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Onse a iwo akupezeka pa kuya osiyana, pansi kwambiri. Kansomba kupatula zooplankton kudya ndi ana awo. Ndipo ngakhale ngakhale, ndi pachaka kukula nsomba ndi za zana limodzi ndi zikwi makumi asanu matani. M'mawu ena, chaka chimodzi, izo zikusintha anthu kwathunthu.

Pa kansomba n'zosatheka bungwe mafakitale kugwira chifukwa imafalira pa maulendo ataliatali ndi chakudya cha Baikal chisindikizo ndi omul. Mamembala waukulu mitundu kufika masentimita 25 m'litali (akazi), amuna - 15 masentimita.

LLC "Baikal nsomba"

Kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, tinakambirana za izo kwa kubalana yokumba chuma nsomba za m'nyanja ya Baikal, kampani unakhazikitsidwa mu 2009. Imakhala ulimi nsomba zochokera Belsky ndi Burduguzskogo hatcheries.

Mu zinthu zimene bungwe ili mu madzi a dera Irkutsk, ndi m'nyanja Baikal, kuphatikizapo chaka opangidwa podroschennye mwachangu mitengo yofunika kwambiri nsomba ngati Grayling, Nsombazi, omul, peled ndi ena.

Kuyambira 2011 mchere zosiyanasiyana ndi Republic of Buryatia, Trans-Baikal Gawo, dera Irkutsk kuposa zidutswa miliyoni anayi nsomba wamng'ono anamasulidwa.