Auschwitz Museum. Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum

Kumvetsa zimene chimamanga mawu awa zinkaoneka atakwatirana, monga Museum, mukampu, Auschwitz, Birkenau, Auschwitz, m'pofunika kuzindikira imodzi mwa nthawi choopsa ndiponso oopsa mbiri ya anthu.

Auschwitz - ndende msasa zovuta, yomwe inali nthawi ya nkhondo m'dera Auschwitz mumzindawo. Poland anataya mzinda mu 1939, pamene pachiyambi cha nkhondoyi, iye Ufumuyo ndi gawo la Germany ndipo ankatchedwa Auschwitz.

Birkenau - wachiwiri German msasa imfa, ili m'mudzi wa Brzezinka, kumene anthu oposa miliyoni azunzidwapo.

Mu 1946, akuluakulu a Polish atenga ndi pabwalo Museum chisankho bungwe m'dera la Auschwitz, ndipo mu 1947 izo linatsegulidwa. nyumbayi ali m'gulu mndandanda UNESCO World Heritage. Auschwitz owonetsera zakale kukaona ndi pafupifupi miliyoni chaka.

choyamba Auschwitz

Ndende kumsasa ku Auschwitz anali mu Poland mu kum'mwera kwa makilomita makumi asanu kuchokera mumzinda wa Kraków. Iye inali yaikulu msasa imfa chifukwa chopha misa. Apa anaphedwa kuchokera 1940 mpaka 1945, anthu okwana 1.1, amene 90% anali anthu a mtundu wachiyuda. Auschwitz wakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi fuko, nkhanza, misanthropy.

Atakhala Chancellor a Germany, Adolf Hitler analonjeza anthu German adzapezanso mphamvu ngati kale, pamene nthawi yomweyo kuthana ndi oopsa mitundu mdani - Ayuda. Mu 1939, Wehrmacht atalanda Poland. Oposa 3 Ayuda anali ku dera onse olamulidwa ndi dziko la Germany.

Mu 1940 anamanga woyamba kundende ina akaidi ndale za Auschwitz-1 pa malo a nyumba zakale wa asilikali Polish. Nthawi yomweyo anatumiza kwa msasa anthu amene amapanga osankhika Polish: madokotala, andale, maloya, asayansi. Pofika m'chilimwe akaidi 1941 ndale anagwirizana 10 zikwi Red Army akaidi a nkhondo.

Zokwaniritsa m'ndende ku Auschwitz

Auschwitz owonetsera zakale masitolo monga umboni mobisa utoto kanjedza pa makoma a m'chipindacho umboni za zinthu m'ndende ndipo akukhala mu msasa.

Akaidi ankakhala njerwa m'chipindacho twente-foro kumene awiriwo anagona pa bunks yopapatiza kwambiri. The zakudya anali chidutswa cha mkate ndi kuudya msuzi madzi.

Aliyense linaphwanya dongosolo msasa ankayembekezera kumenyedwa koopsa ndi alonda a ndende. Poganizira Zitsulo a mafuko m'munsi, alonda akhoza manyazi, anagundidwa kapena kupha. Vuto la Auschwitz - kubzala mantha pakati pa Polish anthu onse. Lonse msasa m'dera anali wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba padziko kukafika kutsogolo kwa mpanda awiri ndi waya waminga, olumikizidwa kwa magetsi.

ulamuliro wina pa akaidi anapangidwa akaidi malamulo, amene anabweretsedwa kuchokera m'misasa German. Iwo ankatchedwa - capo. Awa anali anthu amene sankadziwa za chifundo kapena chisoni.

Moyo mumsasa molunjika kudalira malo kufalitsa ntchito. Inali mu ankafuna kwambiri m'deralo. Ntchito pa msewu, pansi pa nkhonya ya capo - adafa. machimo - ndi njira yopita ku imfa chipika nambala 11. Kumangidwa, kusunga mu chapansi, kumenyedwa, njala, kapena kungoti anasiyidwa akufa. Kodi kutumiza usiku wina wa anayi makamera n'kupuma. Auschwitz Museum wateteza mtengo chipinda.

Pali komanso inali m'chipinda cha akayidi andale. Iwo anabweretsedwa kuchokera onse m'deralo. Auschwitz owonetsera zakale anasunga mpanda wa imfa imene ili m'bwalo la chipika. Pali anaphedwa isanafike anthu 5000 ndi tsiku. Odwala amene ali ku chipatala, koma anali anatha mofulumira imirirani, kupha dokotala SS munthu. Iye akhapidziwa kudyetsa okhawo amene akhacita. Mu zaka ziwiri, kuposa zikwi khumi akaidi Polish miyoyo ankanena m'nyumbayi tsogolo Auschwitz. Poland sadzaiwala uchigawenga.

Auschwitz II

Mu October 1941, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Birkenau Anazi anakhazikitsa msasa chachiwiri, ankafuna akaidi a nkhondo Soviet Army. Osventsium-2 inali nthawi 20 ndipo totaled m'chipindacho 200 akaidi. Tsopano gawo la m'chipindacho matabwa anawonongedwa, koma anapitiriza mwala chubu ng'anjo ya Auschwitz Museum. Zajambulidwa yozizira mu chisankho Berlin okhudza vuto la Ayuda, kusintha chandamale anapatsidwa. Tsopano Auschwitz-2 linapangidwa kuti kupha unyinji wa Ayuda.

Koma poyamba anali ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri kupulula sanali kusewera, ndipo ntchito ngati malo kupita kwa Ayuda ndi analanda kum'mwera, kumpoto, Scandinavia ndi Balkan mayiko. Kenako anakhala waukulu kupha makina.

M'chaka cha 1942 kuchokera ku Anazi ku Ulaya anayamba kufika ku Birkenau Ayuda ndi akaidi ena. ankafika awo anali ikuchitika mamita mazana asanu ku chipata chachikulu. Kenako, kuti imathandizira njira ya kupha njanji akhala anaika pamaso nyumba okha. Kufika okwera zapita kusankha ndondomeko kumene kumatsimikizira amene ntchito, ndi amene - mu chipinda mpweya, ndiyeno - mu ng'anjo ya Auschwitz.

Apangidwe katundu wathedwa anagawidwa m'magulu awiri: amuna ndi akazi ndi ana. Patapita nthawi kusankha adzawonongedwa. Mbali wamphamvu akaidi achinyamata anatumiza kwa m'ndende, koma zambiri za anthu, kuphatikizapo ana, amayi oyembekezera, okalamba ndi anthu olumala - m'zipinda za mpweya, ndiyeno - mu mauvuni nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo. kusankha njira yokha analandidwa osadziwika msilikali mu mawonekedwe a chuma Zithunzi, ngakhale kuti kuchokera pamwamba zoletsedwa kuchotsa zopha anthu ambirimbiri.

Pamene mu 1942 ku Birkenau anafika Ayuda ochokera ku Ulaya, mumsasa apo panali mmodzi yekha mpweya m'chipinda, amene anakhazikitsidwa mu kanyumba lapansi. Koma kuoneka mu 1944 ya zipinda zinayi latsopano mpweya anatembenuka Osventsium-2 malo oipa kwambiri a kupha misa.

crematoria Magwiridwe anafika limodzi ndi theka anthu zikwi patsiku. Ngakhale masiku angapo isanafike ng'anjo ya Red Army pa Auschwitz akuimbidwa ndi dziko la Germany, anakhalabe kupulumuka mmodzi wa machubu ya Mauvuni nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo. Iwo prezhneu anasunga mu nyumbayi. Poland akufuna kubwezeretsa ndi tinyumba ta mtengo umene unatenthedwa kapena kuwonongedwa pa nthawi.

Kupulumuka ku Auschwitz

Kupulumuka mu msasa pafunika osakaniza zinthu zosiyanasiyana: ndi chibadwa cha kudzikonda, mabwenzi, mwayi, Mochenjera anangotchula mtundu, msinkhu ndi ntchito. Koma mmene waukulu kupulumuka amatha kukonza zonse chikugwirizana ndi tsintho: kugula, kugulitsa, kupeza chakudya. Pa nthawi yomweyo kunali kofunika kulowa wabwino gulu ntchito, monga gawo B2G.

Panali zinthu akaidi latsopano. Mwachibadwa, ndi lofunika kwambiri zopita Germany, koma ntchito pano, anali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu ku miyoyo yawo chinthu cha mtengo zobisika zinthu - mphete yagolide, diamondi, ndalama - umasinthanitsidwa chakudya kumsasa wa anthu akatangale kapena ntchito mopereka chiphuphu SS.

Ntchito zimakupangitsa iwe ufulu

akaidi onse anawoloka pakhomo waukulu kumsasa imfa, onani zimene zalembedwa pa zipata za Auschwitz. Mu German amatanthauza "Ntchito zimakupangitsa iwe ufulu".

Mulembedwa chiyani pa zipata za Auschwitz - ndi kutalika kwa olamulirawo ndi mabodza. Konse ntchito amamasula anthu kundende ina, poyamba kuti aphedwe. Only imfa, kapena nthawi zina - kuthawa ndi.

Woyamba chipinda mpweya

The zatsopano woyamba ndi zipinda mpweya pa Auschwitz unachitika mu September 1941. Kenako mazana akaidi Soviet ndi Polish anatumizidwa ku chapansi wagawo 11 anaphedwa ndi poizoni - cyanide ofotokoza mankhwala pa Chimphepo - B. Tsopano msasa wa Auschwitz, yomwe si wosiyana ku ndende zina zambiri, anatenga sitepe yoyamba kukhala ulalo zofunika yankho la funso Ayuda.

Pamene kupita kwa Ayuda, mwaumbanda kuti resettlement kum'mawa kwa atsopano lankhosa pa malo omwetsera wakale zipolopolo, zomwe zili kutali ndi msasa wawo waukulu. Wathedwa anauzidwa kuti iwo anabweretsedwa ku ntchito, zimathandiza mu Germany; koma choyamba muyenera kuti kupopera mankhwala. Anavutika anatumiza m'chipinda gasi, zida ndi shawa. The timibulu Zyklon - B unali mwa dzenje padenga.

The achoke akaidi

Mu 1944, m'dera la Auschwitz anali zopezera m'misasa, kuwatsogolera tsiku kwa anthu oposa zikwi khumi powonekera wa German chomera mankhwala. Ntchito m'misasa woposa makumi anayi lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana: zomangamanga, ulimi, makampani.

Ndi m'ma 1944 ndi ulamuliro wa Hitler unali pangozi. Mantha ndi pasadakhale mofulumira asilikali Soviet Anazi anawachotsa ndipo analiza mmwamba nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo, kubisala zizindikiro milandu awo. mumsasa anali atasamukamo, ndi gulu la akaidi anayamba. January 17, 1945 akaidi 50,000 imene misewu Polish. Iwo anathamangitsidwa ku Germany. Zikwi nsapato ndi anthu scantily atavala anafa ozizira mu njira. Wotopa ndi m'mbuyo akaidi ndime anawomberedwa alonda. Iyo inali imfa ulendo wa akaidi a msasa Auschwitz. Kundende ina owonetsera zakale m'masitolo mu makonde a zithunzi m'chipindacho ndi ochuluka kwambiri a iwo.

kumasulidwa

A masiku angapo pambuyo achoke akaidi ku Auschwitz m'gulu asilikali Soviet. Pa gawo msasa anatulukira akaidi za zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri theka akufa, zakudya m'thupi ndi odwala. Amangoika analibe nthawi kuwombera: kunalibe nthawi. Iwo akukhala mboni za chiwembuchi ya Ayuda.

Pa kumenyanako anapha asilikali 231 wa Red Army yomasulira Auschwitz. Onsewo anapeza mtendere manda Unyinji wa mzinda.

Iwo anapulumuka Auschwitz

January 17 chinali chikumbutso 70 la kumasulidwa wa Nazi Auschwitz yozunzirako. Koma ngakhale lero, akaidi moyo wa msasa, anapulumuka pa ngozi fuko.

Zdizslava Volodarchik: "ndinapeza kanyumba komwe ine ndi ana ena. Nsikidzi, nsabwe, makoswe. Koma ndinapulumuka Auschwitz. "

Klavdiya Kovachich: "Ine anakhala zaka zitatu mu msasa. Zonse njala ndi ozizira. Koma ndinapulumuka Auschwitz. "

Kuchokera June 1940 ku January 1945 ana 400 000 anaphedwa. Izo siziyenera kuchitika kachiwiri.

Posonyeza kupululutsa zigawenga

Rudolf Hess, commandant wa Auschwitz, wodzipereka kwa Polish Supreme Court Anthu ndi kumpachika pa Auschwitz mu malo a msasa Gestapo likulu mu 1947.

Josef Kramer, commandant wa Birkenau, anapachikidwa mu ndende German mu 1945.

Richard Baer, ndi commandant wotsiriza wa Auschwitz, anamwalira mu 1960 pamene kudikira kuzengedwa mlandu.

Josef Mengele, Mngelo Wa imfa, kupewa chilango, iye anamwalira mu Brazil mu 1979.

Mavuto a zigawenga nkhondo anapitiriza 60s ndipo 70s kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Ambiri a iwo chilango.