Ancient Russia: likulu. Kodi mzinda unali likulu la Russia wakale?

Ancient Russia, umene unali likulu la mzinda wokongola kwambiri, anali ndi kutchuka mkulu mu dziko. Chiyambi cha dziko loyamba la kum'mawa Asilavo ankatenga Kievan Lazaro, choncho amatchedwa likulu loyambirira la mzinda wa ulemerero wa Kiev. Komabe, likulu la Prince Kyi sanali okha amene ankavala mutu. Panali kwambiri za iwo ndi zifukwa moyo wawo ayankhidwa mu nkhani ino.

A pang'ono za boma

Musanayambe kukamba za mitu ya Asilavo boma akale, kuwapatsa iwo nthawi pang'ono ndi malo pa tsamba. Ancient Russia - maphunziro onse kum'mawa mafuko ndi centralized Kalonga mphamvu kuti analipo kuchokera 862 mpaka 1240 (Mongol kuwukira). Iwo amakhala ndi chitukuko mkulu wa chikhalidwe, makamaka anaitenga ku Byzantium. Mapulani, knigopistsy, omasulira, masikolala, steklovary anafika ku Constantinople ndi dziko wake. Koma zamanja ambiri anali bwino Asilavo (zodzikongoletsera kupanga, kulipira, mbiya, luso zimabwera, nkhuni, etc.), iwo Ndakukwaniritsirani luso lawo ndi kuphunzira pa chitsanzo cha dziko, koma anasunga umunthu wawo. Mu Russia nkhani zolembedwa, anaika mchitidwe umenewu, umene unakhala malo auzimu a boma, zinapangidwa ndalama, anakonza yakeyake malamulo. Komanso, akalonga kwambiri kuchita mabanja dynastic, zimathandiza kulimbitsa mbiri ya Russia, ndi ubwenzi yabwino zakunja m'mayiko ena kwambiri kuyambira.

Chifukwa ena mitu?

Ngati mutsata Baibulo boma la mbiri, likulu loyambirira la Russia wakale - zoona, Kiev. Mayi wa mizinda ya ku Russia wakhala yaikulu m'chaka 882, pamene pa Dnieper kumtunda, anafika Aulosi Oleg ndi Igor ndi kupha Askold ndi Dir, anagwira mphamvu. Zinali iye, malinga ndi Chronicle, mzinda adalosera tsogolo kwambiri. N'chifukwa chiyani boma wamphamvu anafunika likulu wina? Ancient Russia, monga ife tikudziwira, popeza anakumana kuyanga pansi Vladimir Mbatizi ndi Yaroslav Wanzeru zakuya, analowa pansi. Makamaka chifukwa cha infighting ndi makangano. Anyamata ambiri ndi zidzukulu, abale ndi amalume akalonga Wamkulu cholowa chawo - mzinda ndi midzi yoyandikana nayo, imene malamulo a aliyense wa iwo. Posakhalitsa panali olamulira kuposa dziko, ndipo ena a iwo anali osakhutira ndi zimene iye anapatsidwa cholowa. Izo ziri pakati pa iwo ndi kuyamba kumenyana malo abwino dzuwa, ufumu wa Kiev, amene anapereka ndalama zambiri ndi chikoka. Koma ena ukulu (cholowa) anali amphamvu kuposa ena ofooka, Akalonga anamaliza pakati pa iwowo ndi zambiri tipite kukamenyana ndi mzake.

Kusiyana pakati pa maukulu anakula Kiev kenako phindu likulu lake. Koma m'bwalolo adatuluka, ndi midzi ina, amene anali mudzi waukulu wa maufumu amphamvu wakale. Izi Veliky Novgorod, ndi Chernigov, ndi Vladimir ndi Suzdal, ndi Galich, ndipo kenako Moscow. Choncho, m'chigawo cha kum'mawa Asilavo sanali likulu wina of Ancient Lazaro anali ambiri a iwo, si kanthu wotchedwa "Gardarika", mwachitsanzo mizinda.

Likulu loyamba

Chotero kodi ankaona mudzi waukulu wa Ancient Lazaro? Capital pa nambala wani - izi ndi Kiev, mzinda otchuka pa Dnieper Mtsinje, mzinda zogona cha m'ma chakhumi. Linakhazikitsidwa ndi lodziwika bwino Prince Kiem (kapena monga kumatheka iwo) anakhala mudzi waukulu wa Veschego Olega, m'malo mwake, Igor ndi mbumba yake kuti Vladimir Monomakh. Kenako ankaona waukulu ndi yokhala okha anapereka Grand Duke yekha achibale zazing'ono. Koma pambuyo nkhondo ya Chitata anakhala m'chigawo, amene imeneyo tinalanda woyamba Grand Duchy la Lithuania, namtsata ndi Rzeczpospolita, Muscovy.

Ancient Lazaro, likulu amene amadziwika Kiev, mbamphedza chitukuko cha mizinda. Mu mzinda waukulu wa mipingo mwala zinamangidwa (pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity), malinga ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri, anamanga chipata chatsopano, akuchita masukulu ndi stacks. zokopa ambiri a m'badwo wa golide ya boma ndipo masiku ano ku likulu la Ukraine. Izi makamaka Golden Chipata St. Sophia Cathedral, Akukwera ndi St. Michael Golden-ozungulira Cathedral, Utatu Church, Vydubychi obisika.

Staraya Ladoga

Pali mzinda wina lidziwe chidwi cha mbiri yakale - Staraya Ladoga. The likulu lakale la Russia chiwerengero ziwiri zikhadabvala pakati pa zaka za m'ma chitatu, ndipo mu 862 - 864 zaka unali likulu la Rurik. Malinga ndi mbiri, pambuyo kalonga lodziwika bwino anatumikira ku Novgorod, mzinda umene m'tsogolo wapatsidwa udindo "Wamkulu". Today mukuona Cathedral wa Mfundo ndi St. George Church, anamanga mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka akhumi.

Staraya Ladoga lero - ndi m'mudzi waung'ono, amene ali ndi zaka mazana khumi ndi ziwiri. maphunziro ofukula zinthu zakale posachedwapa n'zotheka kuganiza kuti kuthetsa linakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko Masewerera a Nordic. Zinali oyimitsira, kumene anakonza ziwiya ndi kumanga zombo latsopano,

Rurik m'dera Novgorod

Likulu la wakale Russia Ladoga anataya mutu wake ngati Rurik anachoka New Castle, pafupifupi awiri makilomita kuchokera pakati pa mzinda wamakono. Tsopano akusendera wapadera zipilala kamangidwe ka nthawi kalonga, chifukwa sichinayambe kukhudzidwa ndi Mongol khamu, ndipo, kotero, sanali agwidwa ndi kuwonongedwa. Iwo Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, Sofia, Cathedral St. George, St. Anthony ansembe yotchedwa, mpingo Mpulumutsi wathu, kubadwa kwa Yesu mwa namwali, Annunciation, Petro ndi Paulo, St. Paraskeva-Friday.

The heyday ya m'linga zinachitika mu nthawi ya mabwalo Novgorod, kumene zochita zonse zofunika pa moyo wa boma si Komiti anavomera. Pali 1136 ndi 1478, ndi madera ake prostilalas mazana makilomita - kuchokera Urals ku Baltic (kapena Viking) nyanja. Kutacha zamanja, anachita malonda ndawala, anamanga nyumba mwala, mabuku olembedwa ndi mbiri.

Lero, Novgorod (likulu la Ancient Lazaro ndi Republic Novgorod) angatchedwe Mecca alendo Russia, monga kubisa nkhope kupyola mu Zakachikwi.

Vladimir pa-Klyazma

likulu lina la dziko wakale Russian amati Vladimir, amene anali makamaka mu nthawi ya 1243 - 1389 zaka. Grad Vladimir Monomakh anakhazikitsidwa mu 1108, ndipo theka patapita zaka izo anasamutsa nyumba yake Andrew Bogolyubskii. The heyday wa Pamudzi anatenga malo mu ulamuliro wa Vsevolod ya Big Nest, amene anamvera dziko lonse lapansi kupatula Polotsk ndi Chernigov. Pa nthawi ya ulemerero mu Vladimir amafanana Golden Chipata Uspensky ndi Dmitrievsky aang'ono.

Pomaliza

Pansi kulasa nokors Batu Khan, mwatsoka, ine unatha Ancient Lazaro. likulu izo anataya kukopa kwake ndipo kwa zaka zambiri anali bwinja, aiwala zamanja kuti akhala sinadzatengedwe ndi achibale mu Golden gulu. Koma dziko pang'ono ndi pang'ono atachira nkhonyayo kwambiri, mbadwo watsopano wa anthu anakulira amene poyamba anagonjera Mongol goli, kenako waponya izo. Choncho, dziko la Russia linatsitsimuka kachiwiri ndi kulowa nyengo yatsopano ndi nkhope latsopano.