Akupanga chiyesedwe cha mfundo welded, ndi njira zamakono ulamuliro

Tingati palibe makampani, amene sibwenzi anagwira ntchito kuwotcherera. Ambiri nyumba zitsulo ndi wokwera ndipo cholukanalukana ndi welds. Inde, khalidwe la ntchito ngati m'tsogolo chimadalira osati pa kudalirika kwa nyumba anamangapo nyumba, makina kapena wagawo aliyense, komanso chitetezo cha anthu amene ali mu njira zina kucheza ndi yamanga izi. Choncho, kuonetsetsa msinkhu chokwanira cha ntchito za ntchito imeneyi ntchito welds akupanga, umene munthu amatha kudziwa kumene kuli kapena kusapezeka kwa zofooka zosiyanasiyana mu mphambano katundu zitsulo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi patsogolo kulamulira ayankhidwa mu nkhani ino.

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Akupanga kuyezetsa ngati anali yapangidwa 30s lapansi. Komabe, woyamba chipangizo weniweni ntchito anabadwa yekha mu 1945, chifukwa cha kampani Sperry Zamgululi. M'zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi, ulamuliro luso lamakono walandira kuzindikira lonse, kwambiri chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha opanga zida zimenezi.

Akupanga chilema chowunikira, mtengo umene lero akuyamba machubu kwa 100000 -130000 zikwi, poyamba analandira zili kuyamwa. zipangizo amenewa amakhala wolemera ndi katundu kulemera. Iwo anagwira ntchito nzeru amapereka mphamvu ndi AC. Koma mu 60s, ndi Kubwera kwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi madera chilema kwambiri utachepa kukula ndi anatha kuthamanga pa mabatire kuti patapita nthawi, ntchito chipangizo ngakhale m'munda.

Atenge gawo digito

Mu magawo oyambirira zipangizo anafotokoza ntchito analogi chizindikiro processing, chifukwa omwe, monga ena ambiri zipangizo zofanana timakhala kutengeka pa nthawi ya calibration. Koma kale mu 1984 kampani Panametrics anapereka chiyambi mu moyo woyamba kunyamula chowunikira digito chilema lothandiza 2002. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mayunitsi digito akhala zida kwambiri odalirika, Choncho kupereka mtendere kofunika calibration ndi kayesedwe. Akupanga chilema chowunikira, mtengo wa potsata ntchito zake ndi mtundu wa Mlengi, ndinalandira deta mitengo ntchito ndi luso popereka kuwerenga kwa PC ndi.

Zinthu zamakono, kachitidwe zambiri zayamba chidwi zosiyanasiyana phased, lomwe lili ndi zovuta sayansi ofotokoza Mipikisano mchitidwe piezoelectric zinthu kupoletsa cheza lotsogozedwa ndi kutitengera fano yopingasa, ofanana kulingalira zachipatala ultrasound.

Mbali

Akupanga kulamulira njira umagwiritsidwa ntchito malangizo mafakitale. ntchito zake zasonyeza kuti akhoza mofanana mogwira ntchito aone pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mafupa welded zomangamanga, omwe makulidwe a welded zitsulo m'munsi mwa kuposa 4 millimeters. Ndiponso, njira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa mfundo mogwirizana mpweya ndi mafuta mapaipi, ndi madzi a machitidwe osiyana hayidiroliki. Ndipo m'zochitika monga kulamulira m'malo olumikizirana mafupa lalikulu makulidwe chifukwa electroslag kuwotcherera, akupanga anayendera - lokhalo lovomerezeka njira kulamulira.

chigamulo chomaliza ngati katunduyo ndi abwino kapena china chotulutsa kuti ntchito anapanga pamaziko zizindikiro zitatu (i) - matalikidwe chiyambi, makulidwe ochiritsira.

Ambiri akupanga anayendera - ndi njira yomwe ndi waphindu kwambiri mawu a fano zimapezeka Pophunzira ndi msoko (Tsatanetsatane).

ankafuna zifukwa

The anafotokoza kulamulira njira ntchito ultrasound zabwino kuti ali ndi tilinazo apamwamba kwambiri ndi olondola kuwerenga pa kudziwika ndi vuto monga ming'alu, mtengo wotsika ndi chitetezo mkulu pa ntchito poyerekeza ndi njira ochiritsira radiographic. Pakali pano, akupanga chiyesedwe cha welds ntchito 70-80% ya milandu macheke.

transducers akupanga

Popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi ndi akupanga sanali zowononga kuyezetsa imangokhala zodabwitsa. Zipangizo ntchito kupanga malemeredwe ndi kulandira Phokoso akupanga.

mayunitsi ndi wosiyana ndi anawagawira mu:

• njira yopanga kukhudzana ndi mankhwala mayeso.
• njira ya kulumikiza zinthu piezoelectric mu Kulumikizana chithunzi cha chilema ndi dislocation wa elekitirodi wachibale kwa piezo-amafotokozera.
• Lamayimbidwe lathu wachibale pamwamba.
• Chiwerengero cha zinthu piezoelectric (osakwatira, pawiri, Mipikisano mchitidwe).
• M'lifupi mwa gulu opaleshoni pafupipafupi (narrowband - bandiwifi wa octave n'komwe, wideband - bandiwifi kuposa octave wina).

zopindika anayeza makhalidwe

Mu dziko la sayansi ndi makampani onse amatsogolera Standard. Akupanga kuyezetsa (GOST 14782-86) pankhaniyi nazonso. muyezo nthawi kuti ziwonongeke ndi kuwayeza magawo zotsatirazi:

• Zofanana m'dera chilema.
• The matalikidwe a mbendera Echo, amene anatsimikiza kuganizira patali ndi chilema.
• Ndondomeko ya chilema pa nsonga ya kuwotcherera.
• Mwadzina kukula.
• Makonzedwe mtunda pakati zopindika.
• Nambala ya zopindika kutalika asankha china chotulutsa kapena olowa.

masuku pamutu wa chowunikira molakwika

Nondestructive kuyezetsa, ndilo njira akupanga ali ntchito yake, umene umati waukulu muyeso chizindikiro - matalikidwe a sakusiyana analandira kuchokera chilema mwachindunji. Kusiyanitsa Echo waukulu matalikidwe chili wotchedwa kukana tilinazo. Nayenso, ndi kukhazikitsidwa ntchito muyezo chitsanzo amakampani (nthongo).

Kuyambapo chilema limodzi ndi limalowera. Pakuti ichi tilinazo chionetsero kukanidwa. Kenako, mu njira imene ultrasound akuyerekeza analandira Echo ku chilema ndi wapezeka ndi mlingo yoikika kukanidwa. Ngati matalikidwe anayeza ndi wamkulu kuposa mlingo kuvomereza, akatswiri amaganiza kuti chilema si zomveka. Ndiye msoko kapena mankhwala ali wokanidwa ndi anatumiza kwa younikanso.

The zopindika ambiri mu kali ndi welded ndi: kupanda maphatikizidwe, malowedwe chosakwanira, akulimbana, porosity, slag inclusions. Ndi kuyan'anila zimenezi moyenera limatchula kuyendera ntchito ultrasound.

Mungasankhe ultrasound maphunziro

M'kupita kwa nthawi, ndondomeko yachinsinsi walandira njira zosiyanasiyana zothandiza kuphunzira mfundo welded. kuyezetsa akupanga amapereka ambiri a options pansi kulingalira maphunziro lamayimbidwe nyumba zitsulo, koma kutchuka kwambiri chidatengedwa:

• Echo njira.
• Mthunzi.
• Galasi mthunzi njira.
• Echo galasi.
• Delta njira.

Njira nambala wani

Nthawi zambiri makampani ndi njanji ntchito Echo zimachitika njira. Ndi chifukwa matenda oposa 90% ya chilema, amene akukhala zotheka chifukwa kujambula ndi kusanthula pafupifupi chizindikiro angaonekere ndi chilema pamwamba.

Palokha, njira zachokera woomba katundu zitsulo nyemba za Phokoso akupanga ndi kulembetsa anayamba.

Ubwino wa njira ndi awa:

- kuthekera yokha kupeza mankhwala;

- mwachilungamo mkulu tilinazo chibadwa mkati;

- apamwamba pamalo olondola chilema wapezeka.

Komabe, pali zovuta, kuphatikizapo:

- otsika kukaniza kuti kusokonezedwa imaonetsa pamwamba;

- pa kudalira amphamvu matalikidwe chizindikiro kwa chilema malo.

zikutanthauza anafotokoza Kuyendera katundu mu mankhwala wakapezayo akupanga nyemba. Kulandira reply chizindikiro amapezeka iwo ofanana kapena wachiwiri crawler. chizindikiro zimaonekera mwachindunji ku ziwonongeke ndi padziko osiyana mankhwala gawo (mkanda).

njira mthunzi

Bukuli lili ndi kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane matalikidwe wa kugwedera akupanga opatsirana ku chopatsilira kuti wolandila lapansi. Ngati kumene kuchepa chizindikiro ichi, akusonyeza pamaso pa chilema. Kwakukulu kukula kwa chilema adzakhala kakang'ono kuposa matalikidwe cha chizindikiro analandira ndi wolandila lapansi. Kuti mupeze mfundo zolondola ayenera udzakhazikitsidwe coaxially emitter ndi wolandila pa zomenyanazo mayeso chinthu. The kuipa njira imeneyi tinganene kuti otsika tilinazo molimbana ndi njira Echo ndi kuvuta kafukufuku lathu (piezoelectric transducer) wachibale kwa ray chapakati cha chitsanzo cha kutentha. Komabe, pali ubwino amene mkulu mu kukana kuti kuwasokoneza, otsika chizindikiro matalikidwe, malingana ndi chilema malo, palibe zone akufa.

njira galasi mthunzi

akupanga kawirikawiri ntchito yowunikira kulamulira khalidwe welded pamodzi zolimba mafupa. The chosonyeza waukulu chilema ndi wapezeka, ndi attenuation wa matalikidwe mbendera, kumene munthu amasonyeza padziko zosiyana (zambiri chimatchedwa pansi). The mwayi waukulu njira - ndi kudziwika bwino zofooka zosiyanasiyana, dislocation ndilo muzu china chotulutsa. Komanso, njira amakhala ndi kuthekera yokha mwayi kwa msoko kapena mwatsatanetsatane.

Echo-galasi njira

The zosinthika kothandiza kwambiri vuto vertically anakonza kupeza. Afufuze imagwiridwa mwa probes awiri omwe kusuntha pamodzi pamwamba pafupi msoko pa mbali imodzi. Choncho m'gulu lawo imagwiridwa mu njira monga kukonza kafukufuku chizindikiro ankalankhula kwa kafukufuku wina ndi iwiri anasonyeza kuchokera chilema alipo.

The mwayi waukulu njira: zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito amayang'anitsitsa mawonekedwe zopindika, kukula kwa amene alumphe 3 mm, ndipo anapanduka ndege ofukula ndi madigiri oposa 10. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri - kugwiritsa ntchito AEDs ndi tilinazo chomwecho. Chotero njira amagwira ntchito ultrasound kufufuza mankhwala wandiweyani mipanda ndi welds awo.

Delta njira

Anati akupanga chiyesedwe cha welds akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu akupanga reradiated chilema. Yopingasa yoweyula imene imagwera pa chilema, mwina anasonyeza galasi, pang'ono n'kukhala kotenga ndi kukonzanso limatulutsa yoweyula diffracted. Chifukwa ndi adani a kafukufuku anakhumba yoweyula. A sangathe njira tinganene kuti msoko zikulilima m'malo okwezeka kuchulukitsa kwa decoding wa chizindikiro analandira pamene ulamuliro wa mfundo welded ndi makulidwe 15 millimeters.

Ubwino wa ultrasound ndi ovuta tanthauzo lake

mkulu pafupipafupi welds kafukufuku ndi phokoso - Ndipotu, si zowononga kuyezetsa, chifukwa njira imeneyi sangathe chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa malo mankhwala mayeso, koma bwino kwambiri detects kukhalapo ziwonongeke. Komanso, mwapadera ayenera kukhala mtengo wotsika wa ntchito ndi mkulu kuphedwa liwiro awo. N'kofunikanso kuti njira ndi otetezedwa kwambiri thanzi la munthu. Onse maphunziro zitsulo ndi welds akutsatiridwa pamaziko a ultrasound mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 0,5 MHz 10 MHz. Nthawi zina, mwina kugwira ntchito ntchito mafunde akupanga ndi pafupipafupi 20 MHz.

Analysis ultrasonically china chotulutsa ayenera kukhala limodzi ndi ingachititse lonse la miyeso kukonzekera monga kuyeretsa kapena pamwamba pa mayeso china chotulutsa, kugwiritsa ntchito gawo ankalamulira wa madzi enieni kukhudzana (angakhale angelo kuulemu, glycerin, makina mafuta). Zonsezi zachitika kuonetsetsa yake khola lamayimbidwe kukhudzana, kenako amapereka chithunzi anakhumba pa chipangizo.

Kulephela ntchito, ndi kuipa

Akupanga kuyezetsa ndi kosathandiza mwamtheradi ntchito anayendera kuwotcherera zitsulo mankhwala ndi dongosolo coarse (mwachitsanzo, kuponyedwa chitsulo kapena austenitic china chotulutsa ndi makulidwe kuposa 60 millimeters). Ndipo onse chifukwa Zikatero pali ndithu kupezeka amphamvu ndi attenuation wa ultrasound.

Komanso, sikutheka kuti athe zimaonetsa mosapita m'mbali wapezeka chilema (tungsten kulolerana, ndi slag kulolerana Al.).