Akulimbana - ndi chiyani ichi? Akulimbana mafuta, mankhwala mafuta, alkanes. matenthedwe akulimbana

Si chinsinsi kuti mafuta amapangidwa kuchokera mafuta. Komabe, ziziyenda ambiri alibe ngakhale ndikudabwa bwanji ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa mafuta mu mafuta galimoto awo ankakonda. Njirayi imatchedwa akulimbana, mothandizidwa ndi ayenga sali okha mafuta, komanso zina zofunika mu petrochemicals amakono moyo. Chidwi mbiri za chiyambi cha njira za mafuta kuyenga. Anayambitsa ndondomeko ndi unsembe imatengedwa kuti ndi Russian wasayansi ndi mbewu yokha mu ndondomeko imeneyi ndi lophweka ndi momveka bwino ngakhale odziwa umagwirira anthu.

Kodi losweka

Nchifukwa chiyani amatchedwa cracker? Mawu amenewa kuchokera akulimbana English, kusonyeza pogawanikana pamawere. Ndipotu, ndondomeko ndi mafuta kuyenga, komanso tuzigawo twa ake constituent. Chifukwa amapangidwa kuti alandire mankhwala amenewa, omwe yaing'ono maselo kulemera. izi lubricating mafuta, mafuta galimoto ndi zina zofanana. Komanso, chifukwa cha ndondomeko iyi inatulutsa mankhwala, kufunika mankhwala ndi petrochemical mafakitale.

alkanes akulimbana zikuphatikizapo njira zingapo kuphatikizapo condensation ndi polymerization wothandizira. The chifukwa cha njira izi ndi mapangidwe mafuta coke akukhala, ndi tuzigawo twa wiritsani pa kutentha kwambiri ndipo amatchedwa akulimbana zotsalira. Kuwira mfundo ya mankhwala ndi madigiri zoposa 350. Tikumbukenso kuti kusiya njira izi, pali ena - cyclization, isomerization, kaphatikizidwe.

Kutulukira Shukhov

Akulimbana mafuta, mbiri yake akuyamba mu 1891. Ndiye injiniya VG Shukhov ndi mnzake wake Gavrilov SP anatulukira mbewu mafakitale kwa mosalekeza matenthedwe akulimbana. Ichi chinali unsembe yoyamba ya mtundu umenewu mu dziko. The woyamba, mogwirizana ndi malamulo a Russian Ufumu okhala mu thupi ulamuliro pa dziko. Ndithudi, izi anali chitsanzo experimental. Patatha zaka pafupifupi kotala, njira luso Shukhov anali maziko a cracker mafakitale mu United States. Ndipo mu Soviet Union anali woyamba unsembe choterechi lonse mafakitale anayamba kutulutsa ndi kumasula pa "akulimbana Soviet" mu 1934. chomera ili mu Baku.

Njira English sayansi Barton

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, makampani petrochemical wapanga amathandiza kwambiri ku England Barton, kuyang'ana njira zothetsera kwa kupanga mafuta mafuta. Iwo anapeza njira zabwino zokhazokha, ndiye zimene akulimbana, chifukwa cha zomwe linanena bungwe ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba tuzigawo twa opepuka mafuta. Izi zisanachitike, Chingerezi sayansi chinkhoswe mu malonda processing mafuta, kuphatikizapo mafuta mafuta anali kuchotsa palafini. Kuthetsa vuto kutulutsa mafuta tuzigawo twa, Barton setifiketi njira wake yopangira mafuta.

Mu 1916, Barton njira anamugwiritsa ntchito malo mafakitale, ndipo patangotha zaka zinayi pambuyo oposa mazana asanu mayunitsi ake kale ntchito m'mafakitale a.

Otentha kutentha kudalira bwino kudziwika thunthu la kuthamanga pa izo. Ndiko kuti, ngati kuthamanga pa ena madzi ndi mkulu, ndiye moyenera, adzakhala mkulu ndi kutentha kwa kuwira. Ndi kucheperachepera kuthamanga pa mankhwala, zikhoza kale anayamba wiritsani pa m'munsi kutentha. Ndi kudziwa ichi ntchito sayansi Barton, kukwaniritsa kwambiri kutentha bwino kulankhula akulimbana anachita. kutentha Izi ranges ku madigiri 425 kwa 475. Kumene, ndi ndi mkulu kutentha chikoka pa mafuta zidzakhala asanduke nthunzi, ndi ntchito ndi zovuta zinthu vaporous. Choncho, ntchito yaikulu ya sayansi English anali kupewa kuwira ndi evaporation mafuta. Iye anayamba kucheza kuthamanga ndondomeko lonse.

Yoika akulimbana

Barton zida inkakhala zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mwa amene anali kukatentha, amene umagwira pansi kuthamanga. Iye zopangidwa ndi zitsulo wandiweyani ndithu, lili pamwamba ng'anjo, kuti, nayenso anali okonzeka ndi machubu utsi. Iye ankatanthauza kuti madzi ozizira zobwezedwa. Ndiye, ngalande lonse walangizidwa chidebe anafuna madzi kusonkhanitsa. Pansi pa thanki linaikidwa chubu nthambi, aliyense chubu adali ndi valavu akufuna.

Kodi akulimbana

The ndondomeko akulimbana ndi motere. kukatentha ladzala ndi mankhwala mafuta, monga mafuta mafuta. Pang'onopang'ono, mafuta usavutike ndi ng'anjo. Pamene kutentha anafika madigiri zana makumi atatu, kuyambira nkhani za kukatentha anali kuchotsedwa (chamunthuyo) akupezeka m'menemo madzi. Kudutsa chubu ndi utakhazikika, madzi akulowa thanki chopereka, ndipo muzikachokera kapswa chitoliro chimatsika. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndondomeko anapitiriza mu kukatentha, imene mafuta mafuta mbisoweka ku zigawo zina - mpweya ndi mpweya wina. Iwo anatenga njira zofanana ndi za madzi kuti akafike ku payipi ya.

Ndiyotani pakuchotsa madzi ndi mankhwala mpweya mafuta anali wokonzeka akulimbana wotsatira. Uvuni mphamvu anasungunuka, ndiponso kutentha kwa kukatentha pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka mpaka kufika madigiri 345. Pa nthawi iyi, evaporation wa chimasanduka opepuka. Kudutsa chubu kuti coolant, ngakhale kumene iwo anatsala m'chigawo cha gasi, mosiyana nthunzi. Kamodzi mu chidebe kusonkhanitsa, chimasanduka awa angatsate payipi, monga valavu kubwereketsa anatseka ndipo iwo kuti apite mu dzenje. Iwo anabwerera kudzera chitoliro kubwerera ku thanki, ndipo kenako abwereza njira yonse, palibe njira yotulukira.

Choncho, iwo anakhala zambiri pa nthawi. Zotsatira zake zinali kuthamanga kukula mu dongosolo. Pamene mavuto kukufika ku atmospheres asanu, chimasanduka kuwala akhala akulephera asanduke nthunzi kukatentha kwambiri. Chimasanduka, m'mbuyo, kufinya yunifolomu anali anakhalabe mu kukatentha ngalande ndi yosonkhanitsa chidebe firiji. Imodzi iyo inayamba chifukwa cha mkulu kutentha akuwaza chimasanduka lolemera. Chifukwa, iwo anatembenuka mu mafuta, ndiyo mu hydrocarbon kuwala. mapangidwe ake wayamba kulankhula pafupifupi 250 madigiri, chimasanduka kuwala ndi pogawanikana pamawere chamunthuyo, ndi condensate anapanga m'chipinda yozizira, anasonkhana mu thanki yosonkhanitsa. Kenako, kudzera chitoliro mafuta unaturuka okonzeka mu chidebe imene zoipazi anachepetsedwa. kuthamanga chinathandiza kuchotsa zinthu gaseous. Ndi mpweya amenewa achotsedwa pa nthawi, ndipo atamaliza mafuta anazitsanulira mwa muli lamanja kapena akasinja.

Chimasanduka kwambiri kuwala chamunthuyo, m'pamenenso ndinapirira ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha anakhala mafuta. Choncho, pambuyo kutembenuka kwa theka la zili kukatentha mu mafuta suspend ntchito. Anathandiza mwapadera anaika mu unsembe wa mita kudziwa chiwerengero cha chifukwa mafuta. Uvuni kuzimitsidwa payipi overlaps. Zandichitikira chitoliro kuti zikugwirizana kompresa, pa mwake, anatsegula, awiri anasamukira ku kompresa ichi, kuthamanga m'menemo anali zochepa. Limodzi ndi chitoliro izi overlapped zikubweretsa yopanga mafuta, kuswa kugwirizana kwake ndi unsembe. kanthu chowonjezera pokonzekera kuzirala kwa kukatentha, ndi kukhetsa kwa izo mankhwala. Ntchito ina ndiye ife kuyeretsa kukatentha ku utakhala wochepa motani za coke ndi kotheka kuti achite latsopano akulimbana ndondomeko.

Magawo a kuyenga ndi unsembe Barton

Tikumbukenso kuti n'zotheka komanso yogawanika mafuta, mwachitsanzo akulimbana za alkanes, wachita kale anamuona asayansi. Komabe, sizinapezekebe ntchito distillation ochiritsira, monga akuwaza zimenezo zinali osafunika. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, ndi nthunzi koopsa anali nawo mbali. Mothandizidwa ndi mafuta si digested koma asamasanduke nthunzi.

Kwa linakhalapo, mafuta makampani kuyenga wopyoza magawo angapo. Choncho, kuyambira zaka zao za sikisite wa XIX atumwi ndi chiyambi cha m'ma otsiriza, mafuta kukonzedwa kubala kokha palafini. Iye anali ndiye chinthu chuma, ndi zimene anthu analandira Kuphunzira mu mdima. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa nthawi ya processing amenewa, anachokera ku tuzigawo twa mafuta opepuka, ankaona zinyalala. Anatsanulira mu dzenje ndi kuwonongedwa ndi moto kapena njira zina.

Khazikitsa akulimbana Burton ndi njira wake anachita chinthu chachikulu mu dziko lonse gawo mafuta kuyenga. Ndi njira iyi ya sayansi English zotheka kukwaniritsa bwino yopanga mafuta. Zokolola za mankhwala woyengeka mafuta komanso ena aromatics chawonjezeka kangapo.

Kufunika kwa ntchito akulimbana

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, mafuta anali, inu mukhoza kunena, zinyalala mankhwala a mafuta kuyenga. Galimoto kuthamanga mafuta, pamene panali ochepa, choncho mafuta sichinayambe ankanena. Koma kupita kwa nthawi mayiko zombo mwakula likunena, motero, chofunika ndi mafuta. Only pa zaka khumi kapena khumi ndi awiri a zaka mazana makumi awiri, kufunika mafuta chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 115!

Akamagwira distillation yosavuta mafuta, ndi, zambiri ndendende, buku ake si kukumana ogula ndi alimi okha. Choncho anaganiza ntchito akulimbana. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti mlingo kupanga. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta zosowa za States.

Patapita kanthawi, chinapezeka kuti akulimbana za mankhwala mafuta akhoza ikuchitika osati mafuta mafuta kapena dizilo. Monga chuma yaiwisi kwa Izi zinali zoona ndipo yosakongola mafuta. Komanso, opanga ndi akatswiri mu munda atsimikiza kuti mafuta analandira akulimbana ndondomeko anali wa makhalidwe abwino. Makamaka pamene ntchito magalimoto iwo ntchito zonse ndi chachikulu kuposa masiku. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti mafuta akamagwira akulimbana anapitiriza ena chimasanduka, yoyaka pa distillation ochiritsira. zinthu zimenezi, nayenso, pamene ntchito injini kuyaka mkati ndi katundu kuti azinyadira ndi kuwotcha bwino kwambiri, chifukwa cha injini si mafuta mabomba.

othandizira akulimbana

Akulimbana - zimachitika kuti munthu ogaŵikana mitundu iwiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mafuta, monga petulo. Nthawi zina, angathe kuchitidwa ndi losavuta kutentha mankhwala mankhwala mafuta - matenthedwe akulimbana. Nthawi zina n'zotheka kukhazikitsa ndondomeko osati mwa kutentha komanso ndi Kuwonjezera wa catalysts. ndondomeko oterowo amatchedwa othandizira.

Kugwiritsa otsiriza, njira processing, opanga mkulu-octeni mafuta.

Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu ndi njira yofunika kwambiri imene amatipatsa kuyenga ofunika Mkhalidwe. Othandizira akulimbana anadzetsa makampani mu mmasate ya atumwi otsiriza, walola alimi kuti ubwino kwa ndondomeko lonse. Zikuphatikizapo kake omasuka wachibale wa mayikidwe ndi njira zina (deasphalting, hydrotreating, alkirovanie ndi T. D.). Ndi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira imeneyi akhoza zimachitika ndi chiwerengero yofunika kwambiri ntchito othandizira akulimbana wagawo mu buku lonse la mafuta kuyenga.

zipangizo

zipangizo zopangira ntchito akulimbana othandizira mafuta mpweya zingalowe omwe ndi nusu kukhala kuwira osiyanasiyana kuchokera madigiri 350 kwa 500. Pankhaniyi komaliza kuwira mfundo wayikidwa mosiyana ndi zimadalira zili zitsulo. Komanso, chizindikiro ichi amakhudza coking feedstock. Sizingakhale magawo oposa atatu peresenti a.

Kuyambirira hydrotreating chofunika ndi kutulutsa nusu amene anachotsa chifukwa cha mankhwala osiyanasiyana sulfure. hydrotreating komanso amachepetsa coking.

Ena odziwika bwino, pali njira zingapo anachita ndi iwo, mmene muli akulimbana za tuzigawo twa waukulu makampani fakitale msika. Zikuphatikizapo coking peresenti sikisi eyiti cha mafuta. Komanso, zopangira angakhale hydrocracking zotsalira. Mwina osowa, tinganene imatengedwa zosowa yaiwisi namwali mafuta. Gulu zofanana (milliseconds luso) akupezeka mu Republic of Belarus pa fakitale Mozyr.

Mpaka posachedwapa, pamene ntchito othandizira akulimbana mafuta, ntchito mpira amorphous chothandizira. Zinali atatu kapena asanu millimeter mikanda. Tsopano Mwaichi catalysts ntchito akulimbana za osapitirira 60-80 microns (zeolite microspheroidal chothandizira). Iwo amakhala ndi membala zeolite ali oyenerera pa zotayidwa silicate masanjidwewo.

The njira matenthedwe

Monga mwachizolowezi, matenthedwe akulimbana ntchito kwa processing wa mafuta, ngati n'koyenera mu mankhwala mapeto ndi yaing'ono kulemera maselo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zingaphatikizepo chimasanduka unsaturated, coke mafuta, mafuta amene kuwala galimoto.

Malangizo a njira processing mafuta amadalira kulemera maselo ndi chikhalidwe cha feedstock, komanso ngati mwachindunji pa zinthu pa zimene akulimbana yokha. Izi linatsimikizidwa ndi akatswiri pa nthawi. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zimene zimakhudza liwiro ndi akulowera wa akulimbana matenthedwe amaonedwa kutentha, kuthamanga ndi nthawi processing. Last alandira gawo kuonekera pa madigiri mazana atatu, mazana atatu ndi makumi asanu. Pofotokoza ndondomeko likugwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe aone kuti pali woyamba kuti akulimbana. Pa chifukwa cha akulimbana ndi yeniyeni, pa katundu wake zikuchokera amakhudza kusintha kuthamanga. chifukwa kusintha liwiro ndi makhalidwe a zochita sekondale, monga, monga kale uja, ndi polymerization ndi condensation amene anatsagana ndi akulimbana. Chisoni aone kuti pali ndondomeko matenthedwe chiri motere: S20N42 S10N20 + = C10 H22. Zimakhudza zotsatira ndipo zotsatira zake kudakali buku la reagents.

Tikumbukenso kuti akulimbana za mafuta, kuyendetsedwa ndi njira izi, si yekha. Ntchito yopanga ayenga ntchito ndi zina zambiri ndondomeko mankhwala. Choncho, nthawi zina otchedwa zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni akulimbana, anagwira ntchito mpweya. Ntchito pa ulimi ndi akulimbana magetsi. Ndi njira imeneyi, opanga acetylene anawakonzera kudutsa magetsi mwa dziko lapansi.