Zopangapanga ngozi: tanthauzo, gulu zitsanzo. Zimayambitsa ngozi mafakitale ndi masoka. Personal chitetezo ngozi technogenic

Ziribe kanthu zimene siteji ya chitukuko kunalibe anthu, ndipo nthawi zonse inextricably zogwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 21, lotukuka ochuluka maganizo kusintha pa dziko, ndi initiators imene iye yekha. The owopsa kuwasokoneza anthu ndi chikhalidwe, sizimadziwika ndi wowopsa izo akuyankha. Komabe, si nthawi zonse chinachake mlandu chilengedwe: ngozi zamakono mu 70% milandu chifukwa cha vuto la munthuyo.

Chaka chilichonse chiwerengero cha zinthu zimenezi kukula ngoziyo zachilengedwe zimenezi zikuchitika, n'zomvetsa chisoni kuti pafupifupi maziko tsiku. Asayansi amati pa zaka 20 zapitazi chawonjezeka pafupipafupi awo ndendende kawiri. Mwatsoka, Chiwerengerochi onse kubisa chomvetsa chisoni: opangidwa ngozi - si mtengo kwambiri kuthetsa zotsatira zawo, komanso wolumala moyo ndi anthu kapena kupunduka.

mfundo zofunika

Mwa njira, zimene ndendende mawu akuti izi? Ndi yosavuta: moto, n'zimene ndege, n'zimene galimoto, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zinachitika chifukwa cha munthuyo. The zambiri lotukuka zachokera njira luso kasamalidwe, ndi pafupipafupi opangidwa ngozi. Izi, kalanga, ndi axiom.

kupanga siteji

Zochitika zonse mu dziko palibe "mulimonse" ndipo sakhala pomwepo. Ngakhale chiphala kuphulika poyambirira pa yotsimikizika gawo kudzikundikira osungunula chiphalaphala. Ndipo mu nkhani iyi: opangidwa ngoziyo khalidwe akuyamba ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha kusintha zoipa kapena makampani kapena makamaka kutenga chinthu. ngozi iliyonse (ngakhale opangidwa) chikuchitika mchikakamizo cha siyana, zinthu zowononga dongosolo alipo. Technologists ndi magawo asanu a tsoka:

• Koyamba kudzikundikira zolakwika.
• Chinamwali cha ndondomeko (a Zigawenga, vuto linalake, chosasamala).
• Mwangozi chabe.
• Zotsatira Action, zimenezi yaitali kwambiri.
• Njira kuthetsa ngozi.

Popeza tikambirana opangidwa tsoka, ife kufotokoza zimene zimachititsa ndi zinthu zinanso:

• Oversaturation ndi kumwetsa kuchulukitsa kwa ndondomeko kupanga.
• Poyamba, zolakwa mapulani komanso kupanga.
• Depreciation zida, lotha njira yopanga.
• Kulakwitsa kapena zoipa mwadala ndi ndodo, uchigawenga.
• Kusamvetsetsa ndi zochita anzake a akatswiri osiyanasiyana.

Ndicho chimene chikuchititsa mavuto ngozi munthu. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti ngakhale zaka 100-150 zapitazo kunali mitundu yochepa kwambiri: kusweka kwa ngalawa, ngozi pa fakitale, etc. Monga lero, tsiku lomwelo zosiyanasiyana mafakitale ndi luso pogwiritsa kuti amafuna gulu osiyana ngozi opangidwa ... Ife kuchifotokoza icho.

ngozi Transport

Choncho ndi zinazake kwambiri yokhudza magalimoto, chifukwa zolephera luso kapena zinthu zina, chifukwa panali kuwononga katundu kuwonongeka ndithu, anthu anaphedwa kapena kuvulala. Anali kudziwa kuti akumvetseni bwino lonse la mtundu uwu wa zochitika, ife kupereka zitsanzo zotsatirazi:

• 1977, Los Rodeos ndege (Islands Canary). A ngozi yoopsa akakumana awiri monga "747". Chifukwa cha tsokalo anapha anthu 583. Lero lalikulu ndi kowopsya ngozi mu mbiri ya dziko lonse yapachiweniweni ndege.
• 1985, ku Japan "747" JAL Flight 123 inagwera m'phiri chifukwa cha zolakwa navigation. tsoka zinapha miyoyo ya anthu 520. Mpaka tsopano, amaona yaikulu ngozi ndege boma.
• September 2001, United States. Wathuwu kugunda kwa ndege ndi World Trade Center nsanja. Chiŵerengero cha akuvutika akadali osadziwika.

Choncho, imfa ya moyo - ndicho chinthu choyipa amene opangidwa ngozi. Zitsanzo za masoka zililinso mu USSR:

• November 16, 1967 pamene zouluka kuchokera Ekaterinburg (ndiye Sverdlovsk) inaonongeka IL-18. anthu onse 130 amene anali pa nthawi imeneyo pa bolodi anaphedwa.
• May 18, 1972 pa ndege Kharkov inaonongeka An-10 unatha pamene ankafika. Total anapha anthu 122. Patapita kuti chifukwa amenewa ngozi chotheka anali kwambiri zofooka structural za makina yokha. More ndege ya mtundu umenewu sanali molakwika.

Ndipo tsopano tiyeni tikambirane za mtundu wa ngozi opangidwa ndi masoka ungathe kusokoneza aliyense: pambuyo pa zonse, mwayi kufa pa ngozi ndege ndi yaing'ono kwambiri, zomwe si zoona Mwachitsanzo, moto.

Moto ndi mabomba

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa masoka ambiri chiyambi zachilengedwe ndi technogenic mu dziko, kuyambira kale mpaka pano. Zinapangitsa zinthu lingamutsatire kuwonongeka, kuwonongeka kwambiri kuti chikhalidwe, anapha anthu ambiri. Opulumuka amavutika maganizo, kuthana ndi ndani yekha kawirikawiri amalephera, chifukwa amafuna zamaganizo oyenerera.

Pamene m'mbuyomu posachedwapa panali ngati opangidwa ngozi? Zitsanzo zakale posachedwapa:

• June 3, 1989 - chochitika zoyipa mbiri m'dziko lathu, pafupi ndi tauni ya Asha anayatsa anagubuduza mbadwa ya sitima ziwiri zonyamula. Mwina, izi zinachitika chifukwa cha kutayikira mpweya ku payipi yaikulu mpweya. Total anapha anthu 575, pakati pawo - ana 181. Zimayambitsa yeniyeni ya chochitikacho komabe si bwino.
• 1999 Mont Blanc mumphangayo. Mwakwera galimoto zinagwira moto. Moto kotero omwazika kuti anatha adafuthula pokhapokha masiku awiri. 39 anafa. Iwo anapezeka wolakwa kulamulira utumiki mumphangayo, komanso dalaivala wa galimoto anafa.

Kodi zina zopangidwa ngozi? Zitsanzo mwatsoka ambiri.

Ngozi kumasuka (kapena kuopseza) wa ziphe amphamvu

Pankhaniyi, malo kunja ndi ejected ambiri zinthu zomwe zikutanthauza ake pa zamoyo ndi ofanana ndi poizoni amphamvu. Ambiri mankhwala sangokhala kokha nacho digiri yapamwamba ya kawopsedwe, komanso loopsali kwambiri, mofulumira anamasulidwa mu mlengalenga kuphwanya mkombero kupanga. Munthu anapanga ngozi ndi masoka kwenikweni mantha chifukwa pakapita anapha anthu awo ambiri, ngakhale zambiri - olumala, ana amabadwa ndi deformities zoopsa ndi nthenda ya kumtundu.

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zambiri zoopsa mtundu wa ngozi zili choncho kamodzi zinachitika mu nthambi ya kampani American "Union Carbide". Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mzinda India Bhopal amaona kuti n'chimodzimodzi ndi hade padziko lapansi. Kuwonongeka zinachitika mu 1984: chifukwa cha kupusa zosaneneka chosasamala ndodo yake mu mlengalenga muli matani methyl isocyanate, poizoni amphamvu. Zonsezi zinachitika ili usiku. Ndi m'mawa, mitembo chosaneneka ndi nyumba yonse ndi misewu: ululu kwenikweni anatentha mapapo, ndipo anthu amisala ndi kumva kupweteka kwambiri, anayesa kuthamangitsidwa mu mlengalenga.

Utsogoleli US akunenabe kuti ndiye anapha anthu 2.5 zikwi, ndizo basi osalimba a anthu mu mzindawo unali pa nthawi imeneyo kuti, osalephera, afa osachepera 20 chikwi. Anthu enanso 70,000 anatsala olumala. M'deralo, ndi lero, ana ndi deformities zoopsa. ngozi zimene sayansi akhoza kupikisana ndi kuchucha ziphe amphamvu?

Masoka kumasuka zinthu nyukiliya

Za mtundu wina owopsa masoka chiyambi sayansi. Cheza osati amapha zamoyo, koma amakwiya chigumukire kuwonjezeka kuwonongeka ma ndi masinthidwe: zinyama ndi anthu ongoyendayenda dzuwa, pafupifupi ndithu kukhalabe chumba, kukhala khansa ambiri, ndi ana awo, ngakhale zingaoneke getsi, nthawi anakhudzidwa ndi nthenda ya kumtundu. Woyamba opangidwa ngozi ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ngati zimenezi zinachitika pa nthawi imene masuku pamutu unyinji wa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi makina amene limene linkapereka zida amasankha ureniamu ndi nyukiliyazo basi wakhala anapezerapo.

Si kale, zonse zochitika zotsatirazi m'tauni Japanese wa Fukushima: malopa, malinga ndi zimene zikuchitika kumeneko tsopano, poizoni Pacific Ocean nyukiliya madzi zaka mazana ambiri. Zotsatirapo za Japanese simungakhoze, ndipo n'zokayikitsa iwo bwino, chifukwa anasungunuka mafuta nyukiliya wapita patali m'nthaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ngati ife pofotokoza za "nyukiliya" ngozi zopangidwa ku Russia ndi Soviet Union, kubwera m'maganizo yomweyo milandu iwiri: Chernobyl ndi chomera "Mayak" mu dera Chelyabinsk. Ndipo ngati Chernobyl amadziwa pafupifupi aliyense ngozi pa "Mayak" pang'ono amadziwika. Izi zinachitika mu 1957.

Mu zaka khumi izo zisanachitike, mu 1947, zinadziwika kuti dziko mwachangu akusowa ndalama yaikulu zida amasankha ureniamu-235. Vuto ili mu mzinda chatsekedwa wa Ozersk lalikulu ogwira ntchito kwa kupanga zigawo zida za nyukiliya zinamangidwa. ndondomeko unakhazikitsidwa kuchuluka waukulu wa zinyalala za nyukiliya. Iwo ophatikizidwa mu "mabanki" wapadera ili cavities ndi kusema m'thanthwe. Wozizilitsa zinachitikadi pogwiritsa ntchito koyilo zitsulo. Pakutha 1956 mmodzi wa machubu kunatulukira ndi kutayikira, beseni salinso ozizira. Patapita chaka chimodzi, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za nyukiliya wafika misa yovuta ndipo onse chakumene ...

chitsanzo china

Koma si nthawi zonse lingaliro la tsoka zopangidwa kumafuna mabomba, moto ndi / kapena uchigawenga. A chitsanzo chabwino ndi American Medical (!) Mankhwala Therac 25, amene anapita kupanga mndandanda mu 1982. Poyamba, kunali kupambana kwa madokotala American: Zida chipangizo cha mankhwala cheza wakhala analenga potsatira njira kuwerengetsera kompyuta! Ndizo chabe anadzapeza kuti "mankhwala" ndi nyukiliya kwambiri, deta yolondola pa chiwerengero cha anthu amene akadali palibe. Popeza kuti kupanga izo anatengedwa pokhapokha chaka, chiwerengero cha anthu amene akhudzidwa n'zochititsa chidwi ...

Nthawi zonse zakumwamba, zimayambitsa opangidwa ngozi achabe - zolakwika kapangidwe pachiyambi. Pa nthawi ya "yowunikira" anthu pafupifupi sindikudziwa kuti zipangizo ochiritsira mu mkulu maziko poizoniyu adzitsitsa pa mlingo zosaneneka, ndipo mwachidule chidaliro cha America nzeru yokumba ndi dyera ndiwo atsogoleri a magulu mankhwala.

Kumasulidwa zinthu biologically woopsawo

Mawu amenewa kawirikawiri kufaniziridwa kulowa malo a kwachilengedwenso zida: ta nkhondowo mliri, kolera, nthomba, etc. Ndi bwino kuti boma la zochitika ngati padziko lonse safuna ... Anali kumeneko ngozi sayansi ku Russia? N'zovuta kunena. Koma mu Soviet Union izi zinali ndendende. Zimenezi zinachitika mu April 1979 mu Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Ndiye, ambiri zingapo anthu odwala ndi tizilombo ta matenda, ndi tizilomboto kupsyinjika zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo sanali zizigwirizana zachilengedwe.

awiri mabaibulo zimene zinachitika mwangozi kutayikira la mabungwe chinsinsi kafukufuku ndi mchitidwe wa zonyoza zimayenda. Mosiyana ndi maganizo a "kazitape" mu utsogoleri Soviet chilengedwe, Baibulo chachiwiri ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo: Akatswiri mobwerezabwereza ananena kuti mliri yokutidwa malo a ananena "mpweya" m'goli. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kutayikira anali m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, "panayambira", za kudwala-fated Institute Research, chiwerengero cha milandu wakhala zochepa. Zambiri mwa anthu ankakhala ndi moyo nthawi zina. Ndipo wina. "Voice of America" anakuuza zimene zinachitika m'mawa pa 5 April. Panthawi imeneyi, kokha angapo milandu chinalembedwa, ndipo iwo anali pansi pa matenda "chibayo".

nyumba mwadzidzidzi caving

Monga ulamuliro, chifukwa ngozi mafakitale ndi masoka a mtundu - zotsutsana kwambiri pa siteji ya kapangidwe ndi yomanga nyumba. Amayambira chinthu ndi ntchito makina lolemera, nyengo siili, ndi zina zotero. D. kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi kochepa, koma nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi kufa ngozi ya anthu ambiri.

Zimenezi zikhoza kukhala chitsanzo yabwino "Transvaal Park". Lamavutoli zosangalatsa Moscow, lomwe ndi kugwa kwa denga zaka 14 February 2004. Nyumba nthawi kuti panali anthu osachepera 400, ndi osachepera 1/3 iwo - ndi ana amene makolo awo mu dziwe la anawo. Total anapha anthu 28, ana asanu ndi atatu. Chiwerengero cha anavulala - anthu 51, ana osachepera 20. Poyamba ankaona zigawenga kuchita Baibulo, koma anali zikuipiraipirabe: mlengi pazipita anapulumutsa kumangako, ndi chifukwa kuti thandizo dongosolo ndi kukongoletsa kuposa chithandizo chenicheni cha padenga. Pansi pa katundu wochepa ndi chisanu, iye anagwa mitu ya holidaymakers anthu.

Kutha kwa kachitidwe mphamvu

nkhani zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:

• Ngozi mphamvu, limodzi ndi kusokoneza nthawi yaitali mu magetsi.
• Ngozi pa Intaneti mphamvu zinachititsa kuti ogula kachiwiri amapezeka mosatsata ya magetsi kapena zina mphamvu.

Mwachitsanzo, May 25, 2005 mu Moscow panali kugwa, kusiya popanda magetsi sanali ochepa chabe lalikulu m'madera mzinda, koma m'madera ambiri a m'dera Moscow, komanso ena midzi pafupi Kaluga ndi Ryazan. Zingapo anthu zikwi kwa nthawi yaitali akhala choletsedwa mu sitima sitima aja, madokotala ambiri anachita maopaleshoni ovuta monga mwa tochi.

Bwanji ngati inuyo mutakhala pakati pa tsoka opangidwa

Ndipo ife tikambirana chitetezo munthu pa opangidwa mwadzidzidzi. More ndendende, mu miyeso yake motetezera. Bwanji ngati inuyo mutakhala mu malo olakwika pa nthawi yolakwika? Choyamba, monga corny monga izo zikumveka, musayese mantha, chifukwa mu chikhalidwe ichi, anthu akufa mu malo oyamba. Lophunzira maganizo, muyenera kuyesetsa kupeza kwambiri kapena zochepa otetezeka, kapena njira potulukira pangozi (vuto la moto, mwachitsanzo). Pewani mpweya inhalation ladzala ndi fumbi, mpweya kapena utsi. Chifukwa chaichi m'pofunika ntchito thonje-gauze bandeji kapena kungoti kuswa zinthu osafunika zovala, moisten ndi madzi ndi kupuma kupyolera zidutswa izi minofu. Nkofunika kuti bandeji improvised anali yopangidwa ndi zisulo chilengedwe!

Musati muyesere kuyesezera kukhala ngwazi, kusiya panayambira tsoka pa wawo: alimbikitse ndi kugwirizana ndi akuvutika ena ndipo dikirani kuti njira ya magulu kupulumutsidwa. Pamene ngoziyi inkachitika pa nyengo yozizira, inu ayesetse kusamalira mphamvu posonkhana zonse chakudya ndi zovala ofunda. Ngati muli pamalo oonekera, tcheru anthu opulumutsa, akuyatsa moto chizindikiro kapena ntchito Launcher wapadera roketi (ngati).