Zochita Normative - kachitidwe malamulo .... malamulo mitundu

dongosolo la malamulo malamulo ndi chiyani? Kodi zochititsa mu Russia ndi chiyani normative ndi malamulo amachita mchitidwe Russian malamulo?

lamulo ndi chiyani?

zochita Normative - ndi enshrined olembedwa mawonekedwe a magwero a lamulo. Pakati mbali amafotokoza - ofunda mfundo khalidwe (.. Tsiku wa umwana, mutu, dzina za thupi zimene anatenga kachitidwe, etc.), ngakhale kuti chiyanjo cha dongosolo ena (boma kapena makampani), olengeza (kuphatikizapo mwa mayikidwe kulisindikiza otchuka ndi kompyuta ).

Kuti malangizo ochokera maulamuliro, yodziwika ndi buku la chinenero cha boma. Mbali ina yofunika pa zida - iwo ndi enieni malamulo okhudza malamulo a njira ya winawake kapena ndi bwalo yopapatiza ya anthu.

"Normative" ndi "malamulo" zochita - osati chinthu chomwecho?

Maloya ena kudziwa yaitali funso, mfundo "kuchita malamulo". Pankhaniyi, mawu onse ndi ntchito imodzi, ankasiyana hyphen a. Akatswiri ena malamulo m'munda ndikukhulupirira kuti zinthu izi awiri - ndithu chinthu chomwecho. nkhani yolembedwa yawo. zochita Normative - ichi ndi zikalata zofunikira (kupelekedwa ndi boma - mutsogoleli wadziko, boma Duma, etc ...) okha. Iwo sayenera kukangana ndi zinthu zina za udindo wapamwamba (monga Constitution).

Chida chimatanthauza mfundo zambiri. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi zikalata kuti tanthauzo malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, owona anafuna kuti ntchito boma mkati bungweli. Ndiko kuti, pamaso pawo sizikutanthauza malamulo malamulo kuvomerezedwa kwa anthu kunja kampaniyo. MAKONZEDWE zili mabuku amenewa wopita kwa nkhani inayake (dipatimenti, kapitawo ndi zina zotero. D.).

Iwo likukhalira kuti machitidwe zolimbana ndi malamulo amadziŵika ndi muyezo zotsatirazi. Choyamba, ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito zawo. Normative zochita - ambiri ndi malamulo - ndi cholinga payekha. Kachiwiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Malamulo akumuuza mopanda malire mabungwe ndi malamulo - gulu lapadera la anthu. Kachitatu, ndi nthawi ya kuukira. mchitidwe Normative malinga kufikira sanaithetse kapena kukonzedwa. Malamulo, monga ulamuliro, ukunenedwa ntchito zinthu zenizeni, nthawi zambiri kamodzi.

Mwa chilamulo, pali mfundo ina ya view pa funso la ubale wa zochita normative ndi malamulo. Amatanthauza kuti malamulowo amalenga linalake malamulo (kapena kukonza alipo), ndipo ndi chida mlandu kukhazikitsa zolondola za dongosolo limeneli.

ndi zinthu zimene

Tiyeni tiwone, kodi mitundu ya malamulo mchitidwe Russian malamulo. zosiyanasiyana awo zachokera mfundo ziwiri subordination. The choyamba - "chilamulo". Mchitidwe wa mtundu uwu akutengedwa kokha chifukwa akuluakulu (malamulo kapena nthumwi) kapena Mzika ya dziko kupyolera zpani zambiri. Mark kapena kusintha lamulo adakwanisa kufalitsa ulamuliro wake. Machitidwe a mtundu uwu tinapangidwa zonse njira kiyi kugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha boma ndi anthu. Iwo ali malamulo zikuluzikulu: mtundu wina wa zochita ndi mwatsatanetsatane malangizo akutanthauzira unsembe operekedwa mu lamulo. Izi mitundu kuukira anapangidwa kuonerera mosamala kuti procedural.

Lingaliro lachiwiri - ndi "malamulo". Iwo Ndiyeno pa maziko ndi cholinga cha yazamalamulo ndipo hierarchically anamanga chitsanzo chimene malamulo ayenera kutsatira kuti zinafotokozedwa wamkulu magwero malamulo mphamvu, ndi maziko a zochita za mlingo m'munsi. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya malamulo bylaw chilengedwe Russia zotsatirazi.

Izi ambiri zochita boma (malamulo ndi malangizo a Purezidenti wa Russian Federation, malamulo aboma, madongosolo a mautumiki ndi m'madipatimenti). Chili wa nzika za boma (ndondomeko m'deralo, malemba, ndi malamulo anadutsa akuluakulu malamulo ndi wamkulu m'chigawo). Izi malamulo oyang'anira tauni (lamulo chisankho kapena kuti anapanga ndi maholo mzinda, mabungwe mzinda ndi nyumba ofanana).

A wapadera malangizo - malamulo lonse. Iwo anatengedwa mu mabungwe kunja ulamuliro Russian ndi anawagawa mitundu iwiri - malangizo amene mayiko boma yeniyeni kusankha mmene kukhazikitsa kudzipereka mayiko ndi malangizo amene mwachindunji kumanga pa zofunikira States. Russian Constitution limanena kuti mfundo ndi malamulo kuti malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi mapangano a Chitaganya cha Russia ndi m'mayiko ena mbali ya dongosolo dziko malamulo. Ndipo ngati pangano ndi dziko lina amakhazikitsa malamulo ena kuposa anthu zinafotokozedwa malamulo womulera mu Russia, zotsatira apamwamba malamulo adzakhala ndi gwero lonse la chilamulo.

Chilamulo ndi mchitidwewo: chiŵerengero cha mawu

Mawu akuti "kuchita" ndi "lamulo" nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi maloya. Izi ndi zoona, koma Ngati munthu: ngati ndi "lamulo" kumatanthauza opangidwa ndi anthu kupyolera andale kapena malamulo mwachindunji, mokakamizidwa kwa magulu onse kapena ena a anthu. tizikhala - kaya zolembedwa m'mabuku malamulo funso kapena zikalata kufotokoza mokoma ntchito yawo.

Chilamulo - mndandanda wa malamulo, zonse izo ziri mu chikhalidwe, kapena zokhudza madera ena - mwachitsanzo, malamulo banja. zochita Normative - malamulo m'njira malamulo ngati amenewa. Mbiri yakale, iyo inali yoyamba chodabwitsa cha mchitidwe malamulo. Koma kuwulula zotsutsana pakati pa miyambo ya anthu osiyanasiyana, mayiko ndi m'maiko anayamba akhazikitsidwa mu Machitidwe malamulo zingachititse mosiyana zina chikhalidwe "wowerengeka" malamulo aliyense mofanana. Malamulo ku mawonedwe a terminology ano malamulo kungakhale n'chimodzimodzi.

Akukwera malamulo

Mmene zochita malamulo akhoza anagawira m'magawo angapo. Pali obshchefederalnye zochita - iwo amamanga pa gawo lonse la Russia. Pali malo a ufulu wa nzika za chitaganya -, iwonso, ntchito kwa anthu a m'madera ena, komanso kuti anthu onse (kaya zogona komanso ngakhale nzika), akubwera ndi nkhaniyo kapena mongoyembekezera akukhala momwemo. Pali zochita oyang'anira tauni malamulo, zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwa anthu a mzinda, County kapena chigawo, komanso akudza kwa anthu. Pomaliza, pali machitidwe m'dera malamulo - iwo zimaonetseratu kuganizira yopapatiza (iwo akhoza zonse ntchito za mabungwe, makampani kapena boma lililonse).

malamulo

Federal malangizo - magwero a malamulo, amene wobvomerezedwayo mwa dongosolo yeniyeni. Iwo anapatsidwa mphamvu wapamwamba malamulo poyerekezera ndi zochita dera, oyang'anira tauni ndi m'dera bwino. malamulo Federal ndi subspecies mu mawonekedwe a machitidwe a chikhalidwe malamulo, ali ndi mphamvu apamwamba malamulo (pamwamba - yekha RF Constitution). Izi subspecies malamulo womulera cholinga cha kutanthauzira lolondola ndi chitukuko cha malamulo onse opezeka mu Constitution. Iwo ithandiza kuonetsetsa kuti nzika za malamulo a boma mpata uliwonse kukhazikitsa malamulo awa ufulu.

zochita Municipal malamulo

Lililonse boma Russian ali ndi ufulu kuti apereke malangizo ake. Ndi chida chachikulu cha boma. Nazi zitsanzo zochepa za machitidwe oterewa. Izi zikhoza kukhala njila kusonyeza mphamvu zinapatsidwa kwa thupi wamkulu wa boma zakayendesedwe ka mzinda. Mwachitsanzo, ofesi ya Moscow meya a angatanthauze ndi Mitino chigawo mphamvu m'munda wa ntchito chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro ndi nzika.

Kungakhale chisankho pa pabvomelezo la Malamulo uliwonse, ndi udindo kukhazikitsa amene adzagona pa boma la. Mwachitsanzo, chigawo mu Moscow Bourgeois Council mukayese malangizo a mmene adzakhala njira yeniyeni ya mavuto pa chitukuko cha banja, malinga ndi Chilamulo cha Moscow "Pa gawo la maboma a m'mayikowo mphamvu osiyana m'dera la m'ndende ndi otumikira." Mizinda yambiri akhonza mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana kuti chitukuko zomangamanga ndi malo mbiri chikhalidwe.

malamulo Local

Tiyeni kukumbukira mfundo tinachita pamwamba, izi za kusiyana pakati pa "normative" ndi "malamulo" kuchita. Malinga ndi ena maloya, magwero a mtundu wachiwiri zikuphatikizapo aliyense zikalata si onse (zifukwa kwa akuluakulu a) khalidwe. The ambiri kawirikawiri anakumana chitsanzo cha zinthu ngati zimenezi - ndi zikalata ali mu mabungwe kufalitsidwa. Ali ndi zizindikiro zingapo. Choyamba, iwo anatengedwa ndi kampani yokha. Kachiwiri, ali ndi lamulo. Chachitatu, iwo kukhala ndi chitsogozo ndi: pa makonzedwe zili chikalatacho, gulu lonse kugwa, kapena ndi dongosolo osiyana (kapena zambiri). Zitsanzo za zida kuti: malembedwe aantchito, tchuthi ndandanda, dongosolo kuvomereza mapepala ndi kuthetsa. Macitidwe zolimbana ndi malamulo ali zizindikiro momveka kwa kutanthauzira.

miyambo Western ndi kum'mawa kwa lawmaking

Ponena zimene ali normative ndi malamulo zochita, tisaiwale kuti pali awiri njira m'mbiri kukonzekera kwawo. West, khalidwe la Europe ndi kumlingo kwa Russia, ndi kum'mawa, lililonse la Gulf, Asia, India ndi maiko ena kumadera amenewo. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri kwa mwambo European - formalization Macitidwe, lamulo, umayenda.

Mu East, ndiwo malamulo - mwambo zochokera magwero achipembedzo. Mu West, pali utsogoleri wolowezana wa malamulo, siteji apamwamba amene ali Constitution (kapena malamulo, izo zatha). Mu East, pali kuyesetsa mu mawonekedwe a chilamulo makolo Macitidwe ena akhoza kukhala womasuka kwambiri ndi wachibale kulowezana kwa wina ndi mzake, koma afunika kutsatira ndi gwero kuyesetsa ya malamulo.

The mavuto chachikulu cha dongosolo Russian malamulo

Akatswiri ena malamulo kuti dongosolo Russian malamulo amamuchititsa mwambo Western. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chakuti aliyense normative malamulo kuchita ndi pa siteji ena - kugonjera ndi malamulo mwalamulo mphamvu kapena zokha anthu ofooka. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu dziko Russian monga akatswiri angapo a taonera, pali zambiri East - ndi kunyalanyaza malamulo Kwalamulidwa ndi malamulo, cholinga mwambo. M'malingaliro a ambiri ku Russia malangizo - Imeneyi ndi "pepala".

Pa nthawi yomweyo pali mtengo wina m'dziko la - otchedwa "idealists malamulo" amene amatsatira lamulo kwa mphako ngati makalata. Chifukwa, mu Russia palibe muyezo logwirizana la kuzindikira pagulu la malamulo.

lawmaking

Kodi zolimbana, zochita malamulo? Chilamulo - amene iye analemba? Creation malangizo ambiri amati lawmaking, ndipo pali njira zingapo zofunika kuzitsatira njirayi. Choyamba, izo pravoustanovitelnaya ntchito matupi boma. Kachiwiri, legitimization izi (koletsedwa) mphamvu ya makhalidwe malamulo umene wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali. Kachitatu, ndi lamulo kupanga mwa demokalase mwachindunji (mwachitsanzo, kudzera referendum a). Maloya muyimbe mfundo yaikulu ya lawmaking - anakonza, moyenera, kugwirizana, demokalase.

Malamulo Technology mbali ya malamulo

zochita Normative - malo a malamulo, amene ndi tanthauzo, sizingatheke kukhala angwiro, ngati chifukwa anthu amene amasintha, ikusintha. Kuchita zinali pafupi zoona, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya luso malamulo - zipangizo, njira ndi njira kusintha magwero a lamulo. Ntchito yaikulu ya maloya ntchito umenewu - kupanga malamulo monga kwambiri kumvetsa anthu ngati n'kotheka, waluso, mandala. Malamulo a magulu malamulo m'dera lina ayenera kukhala bwino zomveka interrelationship. Pali mitundu zinayi zofunika njira malamulo - malamulo, systematizing, kuwerengera ndi lamulo. zochita Normative la Chitaganya cha Russia, akukhulupirira maloya, ayenera bwino monga gawo la mtundu uliwonse wa sayansi.

monga malamulo

M'mayiko osiyanasiyana pali malangizo dziko mmene malamulo ntchito. Mu Russia, limagwirira izi zikufotokozedwa mu Constitution (Article 54). Kodi kunena? Poyamba, mfundo yakuti palibe lamulo kukhazikitsa kapena udindo kukulitsa izo sizingakhoze ntchito retroactively. Kachiwiri, palibe amene amachititsa zochita za kuti nthawi lopunthwitsa sanali ku mawonedwe a malamulo alipo ya malamulo. Chachitatu, ngati, adatha chinthu akugwa pansi pa nkhani ya lamulo anavomera latsopano, malamulo ufulu wochulukirapo kuti ntchito. Nayenso mosasintha wamba m'mayiko onse mfundo za malamulo a - kuganizira nthawi, malo ndi gulu lapadera la anthu (ngati ife sindikuyankhula za anthu onse).