Zimasokoneza zinthu fluidity. Kodi kudziwa maganizo zokolola

Zokolola mfundo amatchedwa voteji lolingana mtengo wa elongation yotsalira pambuyo kuchotsa katundu. Khama la kuchuluka izi ndi zofunika kusankha zitsulo ntchito kupanga. Ngati si n'komwe ndi chizindikiro ankaona, zimenezi zingapangitse kuti chitukuko yaikulu mu ndondomeko ya mapindikidwe zakuthupi chosankhidwa bwino. Nkofunika kuganizira zokolola mfundo yomanga nyumba zosiyanasiyana zitsulo.

mafotokozedwe thupi

zokolola malire ndi zizindikiro za mphamvu. Iwo macroplastic mapindikidwe ndi oipa wotsika. Mwathupi, chizindikiro izi zikhoza ankayimiridwa ngati khalidwe la nkhaniyo, kutanthauza kuti voteji Chofanana mtengo wotsika zokolola yachonde mu tchati (chithunzi) zakuthupi anatambasula. N'chimodzimodzinso ankayimiridwa ngati chilinganizo: σ _T = P _T / F _0, kumene P _T ndi zokolola mfundo katundu, ndi F ₀ koyamba mtanda yachigawo m'dera la chitsanzo ankachitira. PT amapereka otchedwa malire pakati pa zotanuka-pulasitiki mabacteria mapindikidwe ndi chuma zotanuka. Ngakhale kuwonjezeka pang'ono voteji (pamwamba FET) adzachititsa mapindikidwe kwambiri. otaya malire zitsulo nthawi amayezedwa makilogalamu / mamilimita ² kapena N / mamita ^2. Ukulu wa chizindikiro ichi zinthu mosiyana monga mankhwala ikukhudzana chitsanzo makulidwe, pamaso pa zinthu alloying ndi zosafunika, mtundu wa microstructure ndi galasi latisi zopindika ndi zina. Zokolola zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi kutentha. Taganizirani chitsanzo cha mfundo yeniyeni ya chizindikiro ichi.

mipope zokolola

The odziwika ndi mmene zinkachitikira anapatsidwa ntchito yomanga kuthamanga piping kachitidwe. Mu mapangidwe amenewa, zitsulo wapadera ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe ali mokwanira lalikulu zokolola nkhawa ndipo kusiyana osachepera pakati deta zizindikiro chizindikiro ndi kulimba kwamakokedwe. Malire apamwamba a zitsulo, motero, ndi apamwamba ayenera kukhala index kufunika kololeka ya opaleshoni voteji. Zimenezi kumakhudza mwachindunji pa mtengo wa wolimba, ndi moyenera, angamulambirire. Chifukwa chakuti chizindikiro mfundo masamu kololeka nkhawa dongosolo kumakhudza mwachindunji kufunika khoma kufunika makulidwe ntchito mipope, ndikofunika molondola kuwerengera pazipita khalidwe mphamvu ya chitsulo kuti ntchito popanga a mipope. Chimodzi mwa zomwe zikufotokozera lodalirika la magawo mwa njira zimenezi ndi kafukufuku pa chitsanzo kwamakokedwe. Nthawi zonse m'pofunika kuganizira kusiyana makhalidwe chizindikiro, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi mfundo kololeka nkhawa - pa ena.

Komanso, munthu ayenera kudziwa mfundo zitsulo zokolola nthawi zonse anapereka chifukwa cha mwatsatanetsatane muyeso reusable. Koma kololeka nkhawa dongosolo mu ambiri kutenga pa maziko a malamulo kapena chifukwa cha specifications luso, komanso modalira anakumana nazo Mlengi. Waukulu payipi kachitidwe, zonse muyezo onena zachipatala amafotokozedwa SNP II-45-75. Choncho, unsembe chitetezo chinthu - m'malo ovuta ndiponso zofunika kwambiri zothandiza vuto. Tanthauzo lolondola la chizindikiro ichi amadalira kwathunthu ndi lolondola masamu mfundo voteji katundu, komanso zokolola mphamvu zakuthupi.

Posankha machitidwe kutchinjiriza chitoliro amagwiritsidwa zochokera chizindikiro ichi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zinthuzi mwachindunji nawo ndi zitsulo m'munsi chubu, ndi moyenera, kutenga nawo mbali mu ndondomeko electrochemical, zikuwononga moyo chikhalidwe cha payipi ya.

zipangizo kwamakokedwe

The kwamakokedwe mphamvu amasankha mtengo pa zimene voteji adzatsala zikutsatiridwa kapena kuchepa, ngakhale elongation lapansi. Ndiko kuti, chizindikiro ichi kufika mfundo yovuta pamene anasintha kuchokera zotanuka dera pulasitiki wa mapindikidwe zakuthupi. Iwo likukhalira kuti zokolola mfundo zingadziŵike ndi kumuyesa ndodo.

mawerengedwe a PT

The kukana zinthu zokolola mphamvu ndi nkhawa pa zomwe ayamba kukhala mapindikidwe pulasitiki. Tiyeni tione mmene mtengo uwu ndi kuchita masamu. Mu zatsopano kuchitidwa zitsanzo cylindrical tizindikire kufunika kwa maganizo yachibadwa mu chigawo mtanda pa nthawi ya mapindikidwe sizingasinthe. The njira yomweyo mu choti torsion toyesa tubular zokolola tipeze zokolola mphamvu kukameta ubweya. Zipangizo kwambiri mlingo anatsimikiza ndi chilinganizo σ _T = τ _m √3. Nthawi zina ndi kutambasuka mosalekeza wa nyemba cylindrical mu Zithunzi malingana nkhawa wabwinobwino wa elongation kumabweretsa anapeza otchedwa zokolola maganizo dzino, i.e. lakuthwa voteji dontho pamaso mapangidwe wa mapindikidwe pulasitiki.

Komanso, kuwonjezeka kwa kupotoza ili ndi phindu zina amapezeka pa voteji zonse wotchedwa TP thupi. Ngati m'dera otaya (yopingasa gawo zithunzi) ali ndi kutalika kwambiri, ulusi oterowo amatchedwa Choncho-pulasitiki. Ngati tchati sakutero Pad, zitsanzo lotchedwa kuumitsa. Pankhaniyi, sikutheka mwachindunji phindu lenileni limene pulasitiki mapindikidwe amapezeka.

Kodi zokolola mphamvu?

Tiyeni tiwone mtundu wa njira. Pa nthawi imene maganizo chithunzi si anasonyeza malo kofunika kudziwa TP makonzedwe. Choncho, phindu ili ndi voteji limene wachibale yotsalira mapindikidwe ofanana peresenti 0.2. Kuwerengetsa chithunzi ndi kudziwa voteji olamulira ε m'pofunika kuti akuchedwa wofanana ndi 0.2. Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi, yotengekatengeka molunjika mzere kufanana kwa gawo koyamba. Chifukwa, ndi mphambano mfundo za mzere molunjika ndi tchati amasonyeza kufunika nkhawa umboni chifukwa cha nkhani imeneyo. Komanso, njirayi imatchedwa luso Fri. Komanso, mosiyana olekanitsidwa zokolola wochangamuka torsion ndi kupinda.

Mlingo otaya Sungunulani

chizindikiro Kudziwa luso achitsulo polemba mawonekedwe liniya. The Sungunulani otaya mlingo kwa kasakaniza wazitsulo zitsulo ndi zitsulo ali nthawi yake makampani zitsulo - castability. Ndipotu, ndi reciprocal wa kukhuthala zazikulu. The System Mayiko mayunitsi (SI) akufotokoza otaya madzimadzi mu Pa ^-1 * m ^-1.

mtheradi kwamakokedwe

Tiyeni tione mmene zimenezi anatsimikiza ndi maonekedwe a katundu mawotchi. Mphamvu amatanthauza mphamvu ya mfundo zomwe zili pa zinthu zina ndipo mwa zotsatira zosiyana anazindikira popanda fracturing. Mawotchi katundu zambiri anatsimikiza mwa matchati ochiritsira sprains. Mayesero ntchito zitsanzo muyezo. zipangizo mayeso zili ndi chipangizo amene analemba taperekachi. Kuwonjezeka katundu owonjezera zimayambitsa pulasitiki yokulirapo mapindikidwe mu mankhwala. Zokolola mphamvu ndi kwamakokedwe mphamvu pa yopuma zogwirizana ndi katundu wapamwamba, yapitayi chiwonongeko chotheratu cha chitsanzo. Mu mapindikidwe pulasitiki zipangizo tikunena m'dera lina kumene kuchepetsa m'dera a chigawo mtanda. Limatchedwanso khosi. Chitukuko cha zithunzi angapo mu chuma anapanga kachulukidwe mkulu wa dislocations ndipo pali otchedwa germinal discontinuity. Chifukwa cha enlargements awo mu nyemba ndi pores lapansi. Merging pamodzi, iwo apanga ming'alu amene kuwonjezera transversely kwa olamulira a motsatizana. Ndipo pa nthawi yobvuta pa chitsanzo inawonongedwa.

ndi DC kwa vavu ndi chiyani?

mankhwala amenewa ali mbali ya konkire anatsindika, tidalamula amakonda kulimbana kwamakokedwe. Kawirikawiri ntchito zitsulo mipiringidzo, koma pali kuchotserapo. mankhwala ziyenera kugwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi unyinji wa konkire pa magawo onse a potsegula mosachotsera yomanga imeneyi, cholimba ndipo ali katundu ductile. Komanso kukumana ndi zinthu zonse mafakitale a mitundu ya ntchito. The katundu makina wa zitsulo ntchito popanga kuli nthambi, anaika lolingana GOST ndi zinthu luso. GOST 5781-61 amapereka makalasi anayi a mankhwala. Mfundo zitatu zoyambirira ukunenedwa chifukwa chopanga ochiritsira, komanso Free mipiringidzo mavuto machitidwe prestressed. Kwamakokedwe zokolola mphamvu zolimba malingana kalasi mankhwala angafikire 6000 makilogalamu / ^cm2. Choncho, kalasi chizindikiro loyamba ili pafupifupi makilogalamu 500 / masentimita ^2, wachiwiri - 3000 makilogalamu / masentimita ^{2 wachitatu} 4000 makilogalamu / masentimita ^2, ndipo lachinayi - 6000 makilogalamu / masentimita ^2.

Pelekani wolimba

Pakuti adagulung'undisa mu GOST zofunika kasinthidwe 1050-88 PT amapereka mfundo zotsatirazi: kuthetseratu 20 - 25 kgf / mamilimita ^2, chilemba 30 - 30 kgf / mamilimita ^2, chilemba 45 - 36 kgf / mamilimita ^2. Komabe, zitsulo chomwecho, chopangidwa ndi chilolezo m'mbuyomo ogula ndi Mlengi, kupanikizika zokolola mwina makhalidwe osiyana (a GOST yomweyo). Choncho, zitsulo grade 30 ndi FR kukula 30 41 kgf / mamilimita ² ndipo yang'anirani 45 - mu osiyanasiyana 38-50 kgf / mamilimita ^2.

Pomaliza

Sanakonze osiyanasiyana nyumba zitsulo (nyumba, milatho, etc) patukani mphamvu ntchito monga chizindikiro cha mphamvu muyezo pochita kuwerengetsera chovomerezeka katundu mfundo ankalemekeza mwachindunji chitetezo china. Koma nsupa opanikizika ukulu wa katundu chovomerezeka ndi kuchita masamu pa maziko a UT, komanso kulimba kwamakokedwe, ndi zinthu mfundo ntchito.