Zhostovo kupenta. Zochitika Zhostovo kupenta. Zhostovo fakitale kupenta kukongoletsa

Anadabwa zosiyanasiyana ndipo zosiyanasiyana mitundu, akuwaza padziko wakuda kapena akuda trays Zhostovo kupenta mitundu yowala dongosolo zamaluwa, chokongoletsedwa ndi mfundo zabwino kwambiri. Chabwino duwa ndi poppies chofiira, daisies yosavuta olimbikitsa cornflowers, peonies ndi kumusangalatsa chowala aster pamodzi ndi maluwa osadziwika koma mochepa wokongola. Mbalame ndi agulugufe, zosiyanasiyana zipatso ndi zipatso kuyang'ana ngati tikukhala mu losavuta zinthu zimenezi tsiku ndi tsiku monga trays. Ndi angati usafune, simudzapeza aliyense wa thireyi chomwecho - aliyense ndi wapadera! Kodi tinachokera kwa luso zimenezi, monga kuchita zinthu zabwino kwambiri, pamene inu mukhoza kutenga maphunziro Zhostovo kupenta? Za izi ndi za maonekedwe a penti pa zitsulo, khalidwe aluso ku Moscow Zhostovo, nkhaniyi idzafotokoza.

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa lacquer kupenta

Oyambirira, malinga ndi kafukufuku mbiri yakale komanso ofukula zinthu zakale, kuti katswiri luso lacquer kupenta Chinese. Angapo zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo pa Shang Yin, anthu Chinese chokongoletsedwa lacquer zojambula ziwiya banja ndi zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku, zida ndi zipangizo mwambo.

Pambuyo China lacquer kupenta luso anagonjetsa maiko Indochina, Persia ndi India, Japan ndi Korea. Mu lirilonse la zigawo za njira lacquer kupenta anayamba paokha, potengera miyambo ya luso wowerengeka, komanso, pobwereka zinachitikira aluso ochokera m'mayiko ena.

Monga lacquer kupenta anabwera Russia?

amalonda European mu zaka XVI-XVII, malonda ndi mayiko a kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, anabweretsa zitsanzo zosangalatsa za utoto lacquerware kwawo. Anauziridwa ndi kukongola ndi m'maganizo a mitundu thupi ndi cholinga cha zinthu kum'maŵa, chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi lacquered, mbuye wa mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya kuyambira kuti ndi kukongoletsa zosiyanasiyana za "Chinese" kalembedwe.

Akuluakulu chitukuko cha nkhani kupanga lacquer chokongoletsedwa ndi zojambula, m'mayiko European monga Holland, England, Germany ndi France, inachitika kokha m'zaka XVIII.

Ural industrialist Nikita Akinfievich Demidov ankayenda mu Europe, kumene anakhala chidwi lingaliro la lacquer kupenta. Mu 1778, mu Urals ndi, Nizhny Tagil, Urals anayamba kutuluka nsomba maluwa kupenta pa zitsulo.

Zadzidzidzi Zhostovo varnish Painting pa Chitsulo

Anapanga mu Urals ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi lacquer utoto zifuwa zitsulo ndi trays, jugs ndi ndowa, ndi zinthu zina tsiku ndi tsiku anagulitsidwa osati fairs m'dera ndi Krestovskaya Irbit, komanso pa National Makarevskoy wokoma Nizhny Novgorod.

Mwina apa anawona mankhwala Ural ambuye anauzira abale Vishnjakova pa lacquer utoto trays zitsulo. Vishnjakova banja ntchito kuyambira 1825 anayamba makamaka ngati lacquer kupenta mankhwala osiyanasiyana a papier-mache - mabokosi wopera, milandu ndudu, Albums, shuga mbale ndi mabokosi.

Popeza 1830, ambiri a masitolo ili ku midzi ya Utatu parishi, monga Utatu, Khlebnikov ndi Zhostovo idaleka kutulutsa zinthu zopangidwa papier-mache, ndi kugwiritsa kupanga ndi utoto trays zitsulo.

The moyandikana ku likulu la nsomba amaloledwa kuchita popanda intermediaries ndipo ndi msika azilandira, komanso angakwanitse kugula popanga zipangizo.

Mbiri ya chitukuko malonda

Kuyambira 30 ntchentche za m'ma XIX kuti ndi kukongoletsa trays lacquered wa zitsulo zitsulo pafupifupi m'midzi yapafupi. Panthawi imeneyi Zhostovo kupenta anakumana pachimake cha kutchuka kwake. M'zaka zisinthe kufunika kwa mankhwala Zhostovo ambuye anagwa zikuchepa, zikubweretsa kugwirizana aluso anthuwo mu mukupanga yaing'ono akatswiri.

Mu 1928, onse amene mukupanga ka Woyera Utatu, Novosiltsev Zhostovo ndi midzi ina yozungulira anasonkhana apadera mukupanga "Metallopodnos" ndi malo kulamulira mu Zhostovo.

Nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa Zhostovo kupenta, monga kwa handicrafts ena ambiri, zitsulo 40-50s Mu zaka zapitazo. Inali pa nthawi iyi kwambiri utachepa amasulidwe trays, koma kangapo kuchuluka kupanga mankhwala sanali pachimake nsomba ana. kupenta Zhostovo ana - ang'ono matabwa ndi zitsulo thireyi, zidebe mafosholo, chokongoletsedwa ndi zinthu payekha.

mbiri ya makono

Khrushchev ndi "m'firiji pamtunda" kukhala kusiyana maganizo abwino mu miyoyo ya nsomba. Mu 1960, mukupanga "Metallopodnos" anali reorganized ndi nalo dzina lake pano - Zhostovo fakitale ya kupenta kukongoletsa. Chidwi kwa boma, ndi mgwirizano yogwira ambuye ndi akatswiri chinkhoswe mu zisudzo zosiyanasiyana zoweta ndi achilendo asokonezeka nsomba kutuluka mavuto yaitali.

Today fakitale ndi kugwira ntchito, ntchito za antchito analembadi kuti ojambula zithunzi ake kukometsera expositions wa zakale ambiri padziko lonse, komanso kunyumba kwa otchuka chikhalidwe, sayansi ndi ndale.

Features mapangidwe

Monga tanenera kale, Zhostovo kupenta anayamba mchikakamizo cha Ural maluwa kupenta pa zitsulo. Koma Zhostovo ambuye poyamba kukonzedwa ndi zokongoletsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa papier-mache, anatha kusamutsa apeza onse zamakono pa trays zitsulo. Pakuti malaya awo, iwo ankakonda nyimbo zawo, komanso chapadera copal varnish.

No zochepa yaikulu nsomba ndi chitukuko inali pafupi ndi likulu la ankapenta lukutinskih lacquer. Pakuti zina mapangidwe stylistic Zhostovo kupenta mukopedwe Rostov enamel ndipo amajambulapo maluwa okongola zamaluwa Ivanovo zipsera thonje, ndiponso kupenta dongo amachitidwa pa mafakitale ndi wakunja kwatawuni.

Kuchokera pa zimene ndi momwe kuti trays?

Modern Zhostov trays anapangidwa m'njira ziwiri: mwa mitundu ndi kulipira.

Chifukwa ochiritsira pepala zitsulo pa makina wapadera makina kupanga akusowekapo kwa trays akalumikidzidwa muyezo ndi makulidwe. Kenako, mu atolankhani magetsi mwa amatha kuumba wapadera ndi sitampu ophatikizana anagwira seaming m'mbali - interlining. A thireyi mkanda kukhala yamphamvu, Akuzigwira kugudubuzika.

Ojambula zithunzi Zhostovo kupenta akhoza ntchito osati ndi mitundu muyezo trays. Kusankha kwawo pali 26 muyezo mitundu imene kusankha kapangidwe yoyenera kwambiri. Ndiye, ngati izo ndi wapadera, chifukwa watengedwera farrier (wosula), manufactures linapanga thireyi. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, mapepala angapo zitsulo ndi lumo dzanja kudula bulaketi chomwe pambuyo, mchikakamizo cha nyundo ndi anakoka ndi kugogoda. Pamene seaming m'mphepete anaika thireyi mawaya wapadera, amene amathandiza mphamvu yake kenako agwirizane yokha nyundo m'mphepete.

Monga trays ndi asasanyika kupenta?

Pamene trays anali kupezeka mawonekedwe ndi seamed, iwo primed mbali zonse putty ongokhala choko, sitimadzipereka mu kuyanika mafuta. Kamodzi primed thireyi zouma mu uvuni wapadera, mbuye gruntovschik kupukuta pamwamba ndi sandpaper, ndipo Kenako amagwiritsa ntchito wosanjikiza ina putty. Poyamba thireyi yokutidwa awiri wakuda phunziroli wosanjikiza wopangidwa wa kaolin dongo, palafini, Dutch mwaye ndi mafuta. Aliyense wosanjikiza anauma mosamala wopukutidwa. Masiku ano, njira chikhalidwe phunziroli si ntchito, ntchito m'malo kuwononga ku sprinkler fakitale bulauni nthaka. Pambuyo atayanika primed shpaklyuyut thireyi ndi zouma. Ndiye putty thireyi pamanja wopukutidwa ndi mwala pumice.

Only ndiye umagwiritsidwa kuzibweretsa thireyi wakuda utoto pamaziko a turpentine, ndipo pambuyo atayanika izo kamodzi mu zigawo 2-3 TACHIMATA wakuda mafuta varnish. Zouma katungulume thireyi choonadi chifukwa wojambula pa pachithunzipa.

Kodi zikhalidwe wachikuda pa trays?

fakitale Zhostovo kupenta kukongoletsa, kuwonjezera trays miyambo ndi wakuda maziko, manufactures zinthu zomwe ziri zofiira, buluu, wobiriwira ndi buluu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Kulenga iwo pa thireyi zimaonekera wosanjikiza zonyalazo lacquer kuwala. Mpaka uma, kuwaza ndi mkuwa kapena ufa zotayidwa. Kamodzi metallized maziko youma, kujambula izo mtundu mukufuna lessirovochnomu utoto, potero kupereka kwambiri ndiponso wokhathamira, koma pa nthawi yomweyo shimmering, ngati maziko translucent.

Chithunzi pa mtundu maziko amafuna kusintha mtundu monga mbali ndi luso. Motero, ndi yekhayo pang'ono anasankha glare ndi mithunzi pang'ono kukopedwa.

Art kupenta Zhostovo thireyi

Zhostovo amisiri kuchita wapadera maburashi gologolo kupenta ndi utoto mafuta kuchepetsedwa ndi turpentine ndi mafuta linseed. Aliyense wojambula ndi imodzi ntchito pa katundu angapo. Amapeza yambiri ntchito utoto woyera ndi varnish (gulfarba), kuwaza ufa wa zotayidwa, kapena otchedwa golide anasungunuka - sitimadzipereka mu turpentine kapena mandala lacquer golide ufa.

kupenta Zhostovo zichitike magawo awiri: zamalevka ndi poise. Mu sitepe zamalevki burashi lonse wojambula atamukoka waukulu silhouette zikuchokera padziko mwa machitidwe a thireyi. Pakuti kukhazikitsa amagwiritsa kuchepetsa (razbelennye) utoto. Ndiye thireyi zamalevkoy ntchito nafota kwa maola 12 pa kuyanika nduna.

Kenako, mbuye kumayamba komanso akuyandikira kubala malo owala, amaika mithunzi wachikuda ndi glare n'kukulemberani kuti akagawire buku la zikuchokera. Stamens wa maluwa ndi masamba milozo silhouetted mizere woonda. zinthu zikuluzikulu Zhostovo kupenta, monga maluwa lalikulu, amagwirizana ndi ang'onoang'ono zimayambira, udzu ndi mbali zina za zikuchokera. Zambiri chokongoletsera atsopano pa bolodi.

Ndidatsiriza ntchito atatu opukutidwa ndi varnish ndi zouma mu mauvuni, ndiye pamanja otpolirovyvayut pamwamba ndi galasi mapeto.

Kuweta kupenta amajambulapo maluwa okongola

Nthawi zambiri Zhostovo ojambula zithunzi kuchita dongosolo losavuta maluwa mu mawonekedwe a bouquets, amene rhythmically alternating munda waukulu ndi maluwa akuthengo yaing'ono. Childs, nyimbo m'munsi zimapanga maluwa angapo zikuluzikulu monga duwa, aster, peony, tulip dahlia kapena atazunguliridwa ndi maluwa lotayirira kakang'ono ndipo masamba ndi zimayambira inakula woonda, nthambi ndi masamba. Kuwonjezera maluwa lalikulu munda, ena ojambula zithunzi kubweretsa Amaonetsa zikuchokera wodzichepetsa violets, maluwa, bindweed kapena pansies.

Bouquets ngati munda ndi maluwa akutchire akhoza wodzilemekeza ndi chithunzi cha zipatso, zipatso, mbalame ndi agulugufe. Nthawi zina amisiri akamachita trays akadali yekha lifes zipatso kapena Magulu a zipatso monga rowan.

Kuwonjezera dongosolo maluwa, ndi nkhani analengedwa Zhostovo kupenta, ndi chithunzi chimene inu mukhoza kuwona pansipa. Monga ulamuliro, izo amaonetsera zithunzi za ku moyo wa anthu wamba, zokongola, malo, komanso kavalo atatu. Mokulira Zhostovo kupenta (zithunzi ndi kuperekedwa m'nkhani) - kwenikweni ndi luso.

Limaonetseratu zikutanthauza Zhostovo Akutsatira Tirhana

Poyamba, zikuchokera kwa trays unatengedwa kuchokera zojambula, koma kutanthauzira kwawo aliyense wojambula anali ake. Today ambuye kuzindikira nyimbo tsopano chakale, komanso kufuna kupeza atsopano.

Tikumbukenso kuti aliyense ntchito Zhostovo kupenta nyimbo anawalemba ndege ndi ogwirizana kupanga thireyi, iwo mwangwiro anasamutsa makonzedwe mozama ndi buku kukopedwa zinthu. Njira yofunika ya mawu Zhostovo luso ndi rhythmic ndi mtundu bwino chithunzi.

Kodi ndaphunzirapo?

Phunzirani zimene Zhostovo kupenta, momwe kujambula njira imeneyi, n'zotheka mu Zhostovo. Pa fakitale, mankhwala amene ali wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi, pali oongoka maulendo a trays m'nyumbayi ndi makalasi mbuye kuyandikira lacquer. Pafupifupi mudzi uliwonse uli ndi bungwe kuyenda kupereka maulendo ku fakitale, kumene inu mukhoza kuwona momwe kuti Zhostovo kupenta. Master kalasi pa nawonso operekedwa ndi pulogalamu. Ulendowu kwa Zhostovo akhoza bungwe paokha chisanafike kukhudzana ndi Museum ndi kuwonjezera maola ntchito.