Yosavuta pawiri masamba: mitundu, mitundu, kusiyana

M'dzinja - mmodzi wa nthawi wokongola kwambiri pachaka. The zosiyanasiyana kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe nthawi imeneyi amenewo akukantha manyazi, iwo ali osiyana Chrixitu masamba yosavuta zovuta. Phyllotaxy mbewu iliyonse yapadera (nthawizina taphunzira kapena whorled), ndipo pamwamba pake amatha mtima, agwiritsidwa kwa mtundu uliwonse. Tiyeni kuphunzira zambiri za maonekedwe ndi ntchito ya mtundu uliwonse wa tsamba.

Kutsimikiza zomera

Pamodzi ndi maluwa, mizu, umatheka ndi mphukira, masamba ndi zofunika kwambiri ziwalo vegetative zomera, amenenso ali ndi udindo ntchito photosynthesis. Komanso, iwo amagwira ntchito zina, monga nawo ndondomeko ya kupuma, evaporation ndi zomera Guttation. Pali zotsatirazi mitundu ya masamba: yosavuta zovuta, aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe yake ndipo amapezeka winawake mbewu.

Nthawi zambiri, masamba tsamba amapangidwa masamba, koma kwenikweni ndi thupi imakhala mbale (kuti ndi mitsempha) ndi kusamalira chimene chimachokera pa tsinde ndi zikugwirizana tsamba tsamba ndi stipules. Iye nthawizonse amatenga udindo lateral pa phesi, ndi masamba onse imakonzedwa pa izo mu ndondomeko zina kuti imapatsa akadakwanitsira dzuwa. kukula kwake akhoza zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira masentimita 2 mamita 20 (kwa mitengo otentha).

Kapangidwe kunja ndi mawonekedwe

Mbali imodzi ya matupi awa ndi mawonekedwe awo mosabisa, umene uli wofunika kwa pazipita kukhudzana pamwamba ndi chilengedwe mpweya zomera ndi dzuwa. Mawonekedwe ophweka ndi masamba pawiri zosiyanasiyana maonekedwe. Pali chabe zimachitika kuti lamina mmodzi, amene olumikizidwa kwa m'munsi mwa njira ya petiole lapansi. Chipangizo chomwecho zigwirizana lamina angapo oyenerera pa petiole wina. Kumbukirani zikuwoneka ngati mapulo tsamba: pakati pochitika m'mitsempha zothinanitsa, kumene amagwira awiri kapena atatu stipule mbali iliyonse. Chotero zovuta mawonekedwe pepalalo amatchedwa zosiyana, chifukwa lamina ali pabwino symmetrically kwa wina ndi mzake.

The Gawo - mbale ndi mitsempha uja pamodzi pamwamba ndi petiole, stipules (ngakhale kuti iwo si zomera zonse) ndipo m'munsi, ndi chiti pa chikugwirizana ndi tsinde la mtengo kapena mbewu zina.

Mosiyana ndi yosavuta pepala mawonekedwe, mu zovuta akhoza kukumana mitundu angapo, amene katundu chosiyana ndi makhalidwe.

kapangidwe mkati

Akunja lamina pamwamba nthawizonse ataphimbidwa ndi khungu, chomwe wosanjikiza maselo colorless kuphimba nsalu - khungu. Ntchito yaikulu ya khungu - ndi chitetezo zisaonongeke kunja mawotchi ndi kutentha. Chifukwa chakuti maselo ake ndi mandala, dzuwa mosavuta umadutsa izo.

M'munsi pamwamba komanso imakhala ndi mandala maselo amenewa kwambiri pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Komabe, pakati pawo pali ang'ono wophatikizidwa maselo wobiriwira, pakati limene pali kusiyana ndi. Gawo ili ndi otchedwa stoma. Ndi kutsegula kulumikiza maselo kachiwiri wobiriwira kutsegula ndi kutseka pakhomo kuti stoma lapansi. Pa magulu awa amapezeka ndi evaporation a chinyontho ndi ndondomeko mpweya kuwombola. Amadziwika kuti padziko lamina lina kuchokera pa 90 mpaka 300 stomata pa 1 mamilimita ^2.

The chidwi Ndipotu: maselo zobiriwira nthawi ili mbali ya pepala limene pazipita mpweya kuwombola. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, akuyandama pa chomera madzi, kapena maluwa kapisozi, stomata ili mbali lakunja akukumana mpweya.

mitundu

Asayansi kudziwa mitundu iwiri waukulu wa masamba: ndi pepala la chigwa ndi zovuta. Kapangidwe ka aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe yake. Malinga mwamawonekedwe, chiwerengero cha mbale ndi mawonekedwe a m'mbali awo, masamba pawiri angathe ogaŵikana mitundu yambiri. Kotero, apa ndi mitundu ambiri, ngati anasankhidwa ndi maonekedwe awo:

• zimakupiza woboola pakati (zooneka ngati semicircle a);
• lanceolate (pachimake, nthawi zina spines alipo padziko);
• Lancet (zinthu zambiri, ndi m'mbali mwapang'ono);
• chowulungika (ovoid mawonekedwe kuti tapers pang'ono kwa m'munsi a);
• palmate ndi lobed (nthawi zina kusokonezedwa, popeza onse ndi kuchuluka kwa masamba);
• palmate (mbale mogwirizana kwa petiole, maonekedwe akufanana zala);
• singano (wochepa thupi ndi lakuthwa kwambiri).

mndandanda umapititita kwa nthawi yaitali Komabe, mawonekedwe zovuta za pepala ali mitundu yambiri malingana ndi mawonekedwe a m'mbali, ndi malo tsamba masamba okha.

Mitundu ya zomera

Pamodzi m'mbali mwa apo ndi apo ndi zambiri n'zotheka kudziwa zimene mitundu imene chomera anapatsidwa. Mitundu izi zimapezeka mu chikhalidwe, nthawi zambiri:

• konsekonse - ndi m'mphepete yosalala, amene ali kwina kwathunthu mano;
• zida - monga dzina lake likunenera, mu masamba awa alipo pa m'mbali mwa mano;
• denticulate - amatikumbutsa macheka, amene ali akuthwa kwambiri ndi zazing'ono incisors;
• wavy - amenewa ndi zamkati undulating imene palibe kuti okhwima kapena muyezo mawonekedwe.

Features a mtundu uliwonse

M'pofunikanso kwambiri kukambirana za zizindikiro zapadera masamba mophweka ndi pawiri, monga izi angakuthandizeni kudziwa zimene mtundu wa zomera ndi zimene mitundu adzaupereka. Kotero, m'modzi mwa zinthu zambiri zochititsa chidwi za mtundu uliwonse - chiwerengero cha mbiri. Ngati pali zinthu zitatu, ndiye ife trifoliate woboola pakati mapepala. Ngati zisanu - palmate, ndipo ngati kwambiri, ndiye iwo amatchedwa pinnately wogawanika. Pa wina mbale, inu mukhoza kuona wapadera dongosolo veining, imene zakudya kulowa zimakhala mkati. Mitundu yosavuta zovuta, iwo amasiyana maonekedwe ndi dongosolo. Pano pali njira zambiri ubiquitous a mtsempha malo:

• arcuate (pamene venation akufanana ndi menorah - chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za Chiyuda);
• mtanda;
• kotenga;
• palmate;
• yomweyi;
• khoka;
• pinnate.

Chinthu china zimasiyanitsa - ndi njira imene imakonzedwa pa masamba tsinde la. Zambiri ndi zovuta - onse popanda yekha, amagwira ku mapesi a zomera m'njira ziwiri:

• kudzera ndi chogwirira, zimene zinachitikira chomera wa unayambika;
• popanda chogwirira, pamene m'munsi limakula ndi chimakwirira tsinde, atakhala kutsogolo kwa ife kubzala.

Masamba a zomera: yosavuta zovuta

Ngati ife m'kagulu zomera chifukwa cha masamba, n'zotheka kudziwa mfundo zotsatirazi. Zambiri zambiri wamba kwa zomera zonse herbaceous, kuphatikizapo zitsamba ndi mitengo. Zovuta pali ngati zitsamba ndi mitengo Komabe, monga kuyenera yosavuta, pa tsamba kugwa, iwo agwa si zonse mwakamodzi, ndipo m'madera: choyamba, mbale palokha, ndipo kenako umatulutsa.

Tiyeni tione zitsanzo za dzina la masamba mophweka ndi pawiri la zomera. Ambiri a mitengo kukula mu Russia, masamba ndi losavuta mawonekedwe. Aspen, birch ndi popula ndi akalumikidzidwa osiyana: Lancet, kuzungulira ndi scalloped m'mbali ndi mkondo woboola pakati, motero. Ndi isanayambike frosts yophukira aliyense wa iwo masamba kuguluka kwathunthu. Iwo anapeza mu mitengo ya zipatso monga apulo, peyala ndi chitumbuwa; mbewu monga Mapila ndi chimanga, komanso masamba mophweka.

mitundu zovuta alipo pa nyemba, pinnate ngati masamba mtola. Masamba mitengo palmate ndi mawonekedwe zotsatirazi :. Maple, mgoza, lupine etc. Kumbukirani Trifolium pratense, mawonekedwe ake amatchedwa ternate m'mbali ciliated.

Kodi ntchito zimagwiridwa ndi masamba?

Zambiri ndi zovuta mitundu ya matupi awa chifukwa kwakukulukulu nyengo. M'mayiko otentha, mitengo ndi masamba lalikulu kutumikira monga mlonda ndi dzuŵa.

Komabe, ntchito yaikulu ndi yofunika - zimafunika dzuwa. Monga amadziwika, mitengo ndi Ntchito imeneyi kusandutsa mpweya woipa kukhala mpweya ndi mayamwidwe mphamvu dzuwa.

The chachiwiri ndondomeko zofunika kwambiri ndi kupuma ma. Kugwiritsa mitochondria masamba kupeza mpweya ndi kutulutsa mwa stomata kale carbon dioxide, limene ntchito pa dzuwa. Popeza dzuwa kumachitika kokha mwa kuwala, mpweya awasungira usiku mu mawonekedwe a organic zidulo.

Transpiration - ndi evaporation madzi kuchokera pamwamba pa masamba. Zikomo ulamuliro uwu zikusintha kutentha akukhudzidwira ndi chinyezi wa mbewu. Mlingo evaporation zimadalira kukula ndi makulidwe mbale ndi liwiro mphepo pa nthawi inayake.

Anatengera ndi kusinthidwa

masamba ambiri - kumodzi ndi zovuta - ndi luso atengere mmene chilengedwe. Mu ndondomeko ya kusanduka anapeza luso vidizmenyatsya. Kuti ndi zozizwitsa iwo:

• mphamvu yakuwonaera phula lomwe lili padziko ndi kuteteza evaporation kwambiri m'malovu madzi;
• kupanga zapamwamba kwa madzi pamene mvula, izi zimachitika chifukwa coalescing konsekonse kotero kuti apange sac ngati chidebe (mitundu ina angapezeke mu otentha liana ambiri);
• luso kusintha pamwamba pa mbale, kudula pamwamba masamba ziletsa zotsatira za mphepo yamphamvu, potero kuteteza zomera zisaonongeke.

Ambiri mwa mfundo zokhudza ntchito ya ziwalo zimenezi n'kofunika zomera adakali bwino anamvetsa. Izi zokongoletsera wokongola zachilengedwe, kuwonjezera pa ntchito pamwamba, kuchita vuto lina zokongoletsa - iwo kusangalatsa anthu ndi ulemerero wake ndipo zosiyanasiyana mitundu yowala!