Kapangidwe kunja kwa nsomba. Kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe ka nsomba. Features ya kapangidwe kunja nsomba

M'nkhani ino tikambirana za mkati ndi kunja Kapangidwe ka nsomba. Komanso, ife mwachidule pofotokoza zinthu zimene zamoyo kubalana wa zamoyo izi. Nsomba, mwina - gulu bwino kwambiri inakhala. Sizoti ndi ambiri kuposa magulu ena, komanso olemera kwambiri mitundu: iwo mwina osachepera 23 000. Kapangidwe kunja kwa nsomba ndi zizolowezi za nyama zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Ena mwa iwo amakhala nyanja, pamene ena - mu madzi; wina anali pa akuya kwambiri, ndi zina - padziko; ena mwamtendere kudya algae, zomera ndi invertebrates, pamene ena - ogwirira aukali, pomenyana osati mtundu wawo, komanso nyama zina dziko.

mpweya nsomba

nsomba zonse kupuma ndi ikukoka madzi finely nthambi makutu makola ambiri amene amapanga padziko lalikulu angathe kungolandira mpweya mwa madzi ndi kumasula mpweya. madzi amawapopa mwa magulu a m'kamwa ndi pharynx, ndi mitundu fupa - operculum, ndi panopa okolozhaberny zosiyana kayendedwe magazi mu makutu a. Chifukwa, kukumana ndi madzi, magazi limayenda ndi mpweya ndi anamasulidwa ku mpweya.

Kutiumba nsomba thupi

Nsomba osiyana kwambiri mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula. Izi, kumene, amasonyeza zosiyanasiyana njira atengere zosiyanasiyana malo, amene yekha angapezeke mu madzi m'madzi ndi watsopano. Motero, thupi la nsomba moyo mwa algae, akhoza yokutidwa ndi outgrowths khalidwe mwina kukhala slozhnoraschlenennuyu mtundu. Onse zipangizo ndi masking zolinga komanso luso la nsomba zina kusintha mtundu kugwirizanitsa ndi maziko. Anthu a madzi amatope yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa barbels chogwirika kuzungulira pakamwa, kuwathandiza kufunafuna chakudya. Thupi mawonekedwe a nyama nsomba - yosalala streamlined mizere ndi kukamwa kwake ndi mano lakuthwa.

Mosiyana, kuphwa fulonda wodekha ndi kusonkhanitsa nyamazo pa seafloor lapansi. Ndiuze zambiri za nsomba ovuta. Onse amaphatikiza flatfish flatfish detachment. Thupi la nsomba monga adagulung'undisa pambali. Mafupa a Chigaza Mwachitsanzo, ankatembenukira mu njira yakuti maso ake anali pa mbali mofanana pa mutu. Nsomba wamkulu woona mbali amakhala kumbuyo; izo imene'yi inki, koma mbali akhungu ndi woyera. Mitundu ina, amayenda pansi thanthwe mumchenga, ndi mosemphanitsa, motero, kusintha mtundu.

The zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha mitundu ya nsomba

Kapangidwe kunja nsomba anayamba pa zaka mamiliyoni kusanduka mu chitukuko cha liwiro pazipita ndi see m'madzi. Ambiri zolusa Bony mitundu - ndi osambira kwambiri. Iwo amatha kuyenda pa liwiro la amayesetsa zitatu sikisi matupi awo lachiwiri ndi zikuchitikazo mkati mtunda wofanana chimodzi chokha kutalika thupi. Chisinthiko adzatumpha kwa nsomba Bony anali chitukuko cha chikhodzodzo awo kusambira. nsomba Cartilaginous, amene mafupa tichipeza chichereŵechereŵe, ndi chikhodzodzo kusambira, choncho kumira, ngati salinso kusambira. Kwezani iwo kupereka pectoral zipsepse. Koma nsomba zambiri cartilaginous asamukira pa moyo benthic. Bone, chifukwa ndi chikhodzodzo kusambira anagula buoyancy zonse. Kapangidwe kunja nsomba Bony zimawathandiza ntchito zipsepse pectoral ngati mabuleki kapena nkhafi kusuntha m'mbuyo. Zimenezi maneuverability ndipo amalola kuti adziwe ambiri niches zachilengedwe. mphamvu Locomotor wa nyama zimenezi yosiyanasiyana, ndipo izi zimaonekera mu mapuloteni minofu awo. Mu osambira kudya, ngati nsomba nsomba kapena akukumana ndi katundu chinawonjezeka, monga kusamuka nsomba, minofu makamaka wofiira, pamene pang'onopang'ono akuyandama nsomba, monga fulonda, - woyera.

zipsepse nsomba

M'pofunika, ndiponso pa zipsepse ndi pofotokoza dongosolo kunja. Nsomba, monga mukudziwa, ntchito muziyendayenda. Komabe, osati kokha kwa iye. Zipsepse Bony nsomba ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, dorsal ndi kumatako sakulola inversion nsomba. The zipsepse pectoral kawirikawiri mabuleki. M'mimba popewa kulimbikitsa wa kumaso kwa thupi mwa pang'onopang'ono kumiza nsomba. Wophatikizidwa zipsepse kulola nyama kutuluka, ndipo analumphira m'madzimo kumuchitikira. Kapangidwe kunja ndi kayendedwe ka nsomba n'zogwirizana. Imayenera chiwongolero ndi caudal chipsyepsye. Shark zipsepse ndi zipsepse pamene galimoto: ndi dorsal, kumatako ndi mchira kupewa kupatuka pa mpikisano. Kwa nsombazo, palibe chikhodzodzo kusambira, ziri zofunika kwambiri ntchito ya mchira ndipo pectoral zipsepse nsombazo kupereka buoyancy zofunika chifukwa buoyancy ake.

Kuchepa kwa chimakwirira zoteteza

Pomaliza kufotokoza mbali ya kapangidwe kunja nsomba, ndipo tiona kuti zinthu pang'onopang'ono kwa mitundu ano ayenera kutengedwa ngati imfa ya chimakwirira awo katundu zozitetezera. Zolusa zoopsa, nsomba cartilaginous, palibe kufunika kwa chitetezo choterocho, ndipo mmalo mwake iwo apanga akhakula khungu amphamvu. Nsomba Bony chipolopolo wakale m'malo mwa chophimba kuwala kwa nonoverlapping mamba kuteteza nyama, koma si manyazi kayendedwe wake.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa nsomba

Nsomba makolo inakhala adzalandira mwachibadwa msana - popereka thandizo kwa kayendedwe minofu. Zipsepse kukhala mitanda zolimba, wopangidwa mwa fupa, chichereŵechereŵe kapena mamba kusinthidwa. matumbo ake nsomba Bony ndi chikhodzodzo kusambira. M'mimba msempha amanyamula magazi kwa mitsempha gill. makutu ali otetezedwa ndi chivundikiro gill. ubongo ndi bwino anakamba. Nsombayi ali makamaka kutchulidwa olfactory babu. Wophatikizidwa impso bodza pansi pa msana, chiwindi - kumbuyo mtima. Intestine kumatako kutsegula malekezero inali kutsogolo kwa nthawi genitourinary.

Mphamvu ziwalo za nsomba

Pakuti kugwirizana kayendedwe kwa kusaka, kupewa ngozi kapena kucheza mu paketi (ndi cholinga gulu chitetezo) nsomba ayenera bwino anayamba mphamvu, molondola kuwadziwitsa iwo za chilengedwe. Choncho, nsombazi kudziwa nyama zachitika kudzimva wochenjera kwambiri kununkhiza. nsomba zambiri chidwi bwino, ndiponso ali bwino wolemekezeka m'madzi wachikasu ndi wobiriwira mitundu.

mitundu ndi makutu zabwino, ntchito kuti maganizo a chizindikiro kukambirana naye kapena nkhosa. chiwalo cha kumva mbali ya kukhotakhota ya khutu la mkati la nyama - thupi n'kofunika kwambiri kuti amayankha udindo wa thupi danga ndi mathamangitsidwe okhota, m'pofunika kukhalabe olimba pamene kusambira. Pa nsomba za m'nyanja ndi m'mitsinje ndi thupi lina lapadera - lateral mzere, amene amagwira ntchito ngati khutu la inakhala, koma simuzindikira mphepo youlutsa mawu, ndi amazipotokola zosiyanasiyana m'madzi, chifukwa cha gululi.

kumzere wakumbali

thupi ili akutumikira monga ngati lakutali chogwirika cholandilira. Mfundo lateral akuthamanga kuchokera kumutu mpaka kumchira mbali zonse za thupi nsombayo. Ndi madzimadzi wodzazidwa njira, amene chikugwirizana kunja ozama mabowo mamba. Lililonse dzenje ndi tcheru limba - neuromasts. Amakhala ndi gelatinous misa - cupula - ndi magulu maselo imalandira tsitsi, ulusi mitsempha wotumidwa kwa ubongo.

ubongo nsomba

The mfundo ziwalo mphamvu akudza mu chigawo chomwe mufuna ubongo, Pakati pali sankadziwa kuti basi chiyambi cha kaimbidwe kupuma ndipo mtima. kumva ndi ziwalo bwino misempha okhudzidwa kuti hindbrain, ndi lalikulu mababu olfactory, olfactory, kapena chemoreception - ndi forebrain. Akukhulupirira kuti chemoreception amagwira ntchito yofunika panyanja, zakudya ndi mating. Nsomba kwambiri changwiro cha ubongo, asaaonerera pa makhalidwe awo - ndi zithunzi kugwirizana ndi maso. The cerebellum amayang'anira kuyenda ndi mfundo imalandira.

Kotero, ife anafotokoza mkati ndi kunja Kapangidwe ka nsomba. Pomaliza, mawu ochepa za kubalana awo.

Kawetedwe nsomba

Zimaswana nyama zimenezi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mu ena pali mkati umuna; ena - kunja. Komanso, pali hermaphrodites mwa nsomba. Koma chirichonse njira ya kubereka, nsomba ndi lachonde kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'nyanja zikuluzikulu (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) mu sitepe imodzi buttonhole ndi mazira miliyoni 8, ngakhale kuti anthu - yekha zikwizikwi. Juveniles zambiri tosaoneka kukula, nthawi yoyamba gawo la zomera ndi. Zambiri za izo angotayika pamaso akafika kukhwima, koma zambiri mitundu umapulumuka. Asayansi akukhulupirira, mwachitsanzo, kuti Atlantic, pali pafupifupi ¹⁰ December herrings. Nyanja nsomba gwero lofunika mapuloteni anthu.