Wazomangamanga oterewa Norman: MBIRI, ntchito

Mu dziko mzinda mapulani wamanga lero oterewa Norman ali amalemekezabe monga kalembedwe tingachipeze powerenga moni zamakono. olimba wake mapulani oterewa ndi zibwenzi kudalira kwambiri cilamulo mzinda kupanga ntchito m'mayiko m'maiko onse. nzika Izi Britain ndi wopambana wa naiprestizhneyshih dziko mphatso: ndi Pritzker (analogi Nobel ntchito kwa zomangamanga) ndi Imperial (wapamwamba UK). Germany linapereka iye dongosolo lake apamwamba m'munda wa chikhalidwe "Pakuti Inagwira" wa ntchito ya wamakono wa yamalamulo ake. Iye analenga angapo ntchito kwa Moscow-City, iye ndi membala aulemu ya Russian Academy of Tirhana.

Oterewa Norman wafika bwino zikomo kokha luntha lake ndi mtima.

Chiyambi cha ntchito

Anabadwa zina zamakono tingachipeze powerenga mu 1935 ku Manchester (UK). Atate wa katswiri wa zomangamanga wakhala akugwira ntchito pa kampani, manufactures turbines nthunzi ndipo magudumu. Polingalira za mavuto nkhani ya banja la 16 wazaka anakakamizika kusiya sukulu ndi kupeza ntchito m'tauni ya Zachuma a. bambo Norman a akulakalaka ntchito wantchito mwana wake. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito zazikulu, achinyamata oterewa nayenso anaphunzira chilamulo malonda. Komabe, ntchito ya udindo silimatikopa mnyamata wamng'ono.

Ngakhale ndiye, motsogozedwa ndi zomangamanga wa Manchester, oterewa Norman anayamba sketching anatulukira nyumba. Mmodzi wa clerks ndi anzake ndinawona umodzi wa zojambula awa, anamulangiza kuchita mwaukadaulo zomangamanga.

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito maloto woyamba yoyamba chaka chimodzi usilikali mu British Royal Air Force, ndipo kenako - ntchito zaka ziwiri zosiyanasiyana chizolowezi: ophika buledi, fakitale, ndi mipando sitolo. Atayendetsa kuyankhulana oterewa Norman anayamba kugwira ntchito mu dipatimenti ya Mapangano mapulani woyang'anira bungwe wothandizira. Kugwira ntchito malonda, anazindikira kuti akhale munthu wamanga, onetsetsani kuti maphunziro.

mapangidwe

mnyamata 21 wazaka anapatsidwa kudali mpikisano pa dipatimenti zogwirizana ya University of Manchester. Komabe, mphambu sikunali kokwanira kuti thandizo, kupereka ufulu kuphunzira ndalama boma.

Choncho oterewa Norman udachita ndalama kulipira maphunziro ake ndi ntchito maola angapo tsiku, wophika mkate, wogulitsa ndipo ngakhale alonda pa m'bala. Koma kupeza mu maphunziro UK si bwino kukwaniritsa zokhumba katswiri wa wamanga wamng'ono. zomangamanga amakopeka mizukwa kunja nyumba zosanja zitalizitali. Oterewa Norman anakonza maphunziro pa US Yale University. Atamaliza maphunzirowo, achinyamata akatswiri ndi mnzake ndipo mnzakeyo Richard Rodgers anabwerera ku Britain, komwe analemba mapulani situdiyo "Team 4".

Kubadwa kwa mkulu-chatekinoloje

Ntchito yawo yoyamba - kamangidwe ka nyumba kukometsera mtunda m'mapiri a Cornwall, ndi yapamwamba London nyumba "Mews House" - pali woyengeka zomangamanga zachikhalidwe.

Kukhala kufufuza kulenga, kufuna kukhala spatially American malingaliro a kamangidwe ka zomangamanga gulu wamng'ono uyu analenga latsopano kalembedwe a zomangamanga - zamakono. Ndipo, ndithudi, mbali ya mfundo zake cilamulo anakonza latsopano malangizo wamanga Norman oterewa. mapangidwe ake a nthawi ikukhudzana makamaka kwa nyumba mafakitale. A kunasintha ntchito yake inayamba mu 1966, ntchito ya yomanga nyumba lakonzedwa kuti mafakitale yotulutsa makompyuta "Rilayens AKULAMULIRA".

Kaso mogwirizana njira, kudziletsa ndi kukongola kwa kamangidwe ka nyumbayi zimenezi wa Britain kulankhula kwa nyenyezi yatsopano m'munda wa zomangamanga. Mmenemo wolemba mwakuya ntchito aesthetics zitsulo profiled, amachita osati udindo wa diaphragms okhwima, komanso choyambirira amasonyeza kuwala, kukuwalira mwa iwo anaikapo machubu fulorosenti. Nyumba imeneyi inali ntchito otsiriza "Magulu a Four", umene unalengedwa mogwirizana ndi Richard Rogers, wamanga Norman oterewa.

Photos cha chilengedwe ichi chikusonyeza bwino zilandiridwenso opanga wake, omasuka ntchito yomanga ndi ndigwira zisanachitikepo zipangizo ndi nyumba, kupeka kutanthauzira yoyambirira ya buku mkati mwa danga, pamene kupanga pamakoma wapadera ndi ultramodern. Sinali ntchito za amisiri. Yopangidwa ndi mapulani chilengedwe odziwikiratu: mu zomangamanga padziko lonse anabadwa kalembedwe watsopano - zamakono.

kampani yekha, malingaliro awo

Zimasonyeza kuti onse anali kusintha kumanga mfundo yomanga anayambitsa ndi Norman oterewa. Ntchito za moni-chatekinoloje kuti m'malo mwa ochiritsira positi ndi mtengo machitidwe structural mu limaonetseratu-chikhato "akuyandama" Kamangidwe yachigawo. Iwo kusiyana ndi kuwakantha m'maganizo galasi pamakoma Khoma ndipo, ndithudi, mfundo yatsopano aya Kulumikizana. Kunja, zomangamanga zimenezi zimapangitsa Musamadzinamize surreal.

Mu 1967, zapansi wamanga kampani m'maganizo "oterewa ndi othandiza", limene mpaka 1983 (mpaka imfa ya mnzake) akugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi wotchuka wamanga Buckminster Fuller. bwenzi latsopano oterewa yotchuka mapulani chilengedwe cha awo amene amadziona bwanji domes chikhato kuwala okhudza lalikulu malo m'tawuni ndi kulenga mwayi kwa kutanthauzira pa malo munthu Mipikisano cholinga ndi microclimate yoyenda yokha amapereka.

Zina zamakono, amamuonera zikomo kwambiri limaonetseratu kuti chokwanira, anatigogomezera kaso mzikiti, anasonyeza ake mu London doko ndipo wina siteshoni "Fred Olsen Center" (1967), mu nyumba ya "Willy Faber ndi Dyuma" (Ipswich, 1974)

Yotsatira chosaiwalika nyumba, zimene zinabweretsa kutchuka mayiko wamanga, anakhala Sainsbury Center, anamanga kum'mawa Britain mu 1977 pa University. lingaliro oterewa ndi - kugwirizanitsa pansi pa denga wina ndi chosiyana m'madera awo zinchito: a zakale, mali, yunivesite yokha, munda yozizira unali wopambana.

Mwina izi nthawi kaja mfundo kusintha kamangidwe kampani. Mkulu wa olemera ndalama payekha chinayamba Norman oterewa kutisokoneza. 10 zabwino koposa za ife azipereka m'nkhani ino. Kumanga, chirengedwe chimene padera talente yake ndi moyo, tsopano mbali ya malo m'tawuni m'midzi yambiri. Tiyeni tiyambe ulendo wathu pafupifupi.

London: nyumbayi-nkhaka

Atypical zomangamanga kuti London kuchita ndi pang'ono nthabwala amatchedwa "kumbali gherkin" kapena "achigololo ndudu." Koma nthawi zambiri sorokaetazhnoe nyumba ya likulu la Swiss za inshuwalansi kampani Swiss Re, ndi njira imodzi yaikulu kwambiri mu dziko, otchedwa "Gherkin" (The Gherkin). Iye sanaphwanye, monga mantha, mapulani maonekedwe likulu British, mwangwiro zikugwirizana izo. Zikwi ogwira ntchito ya udindo apa. Odyera ndi mipiringidzo ili pansi pamwamba pa chilengedwe cha British.

New York: Tower Horst

Hearst Corporation TV ufumu mu mzinda, zimene anthu am'deralo timawutcha "Big Apple", komanso kulandira mphatso kuchokera oterewa. ntchito wamanga ankaganiza kulenga Baibulo la zomangamanga m'deralo yaitali. Polingalira za pambuyo pa zaka 30 za Great Depression, America zii, ndiyeno amayima pomanga tingachipeze powerenga inawomba nyumba yaitali mtengo, Kulekezera kuyala maziko ndi simenti m'munsi.

Pamwamba pawo Norman Voster kumanga wothwanima galasi mapanelo Triangular ergonomic nsanja mazenera yaikulu galasi oti muli nazo zida zimene ogwira ntchito kudziwika ofalitsa Cosmopoltan "ndi Esquire akugwira ntchito tsopano. Kudziwa momwe wa katswiri wa zomangamanga ndi nyumba wobiriwira: lotengeka ndi nthenda yake ya chibadwidwe mpweya ntchito mpweya wabwino ndi mvula yake madzi umene unagwa pa denga, - kachitidwe mpweya ndi kuthirira mbewu.

France Bridge "Viaduct Villot"

Nyumba iyi choposa kutalika wotchuka Eiffel Tower, Norman oterewa akulowa ntchito zawo (pamwamba 10). Photos ya mlatho Tarn Mtsinje motsatizana kuchokera kum'mwera kwa France kwa Spain, amasonyeza wapadera lingaliro kulenga. Mlatho pakati limati amakhudza banja wamtali mizati, makilomita panjira, shrouds patatu anticorrosion ❖ kuyanika. Iye osati yotsitsa amadwala zonse magalimoto sachedwa chifukwa msewu A-75, komanso anakopeka alendo ambiri, kukhala odziwika mapulani chosaiwalika cha France.

London kusitediyamu "Wembley"

Zikuluzikulu tsiku bwalo lonse, kulenga chithunzi ano adali ndi dzanja lake mu Norman oterewa, analandira omvera koyamba mu 2007. The lodziwika bwino m'bwalomo mpira, ndi Mama wa dziko mu maonekedwe ake amakono amatenga 90 zikwi oonera! Wazomangamanga elegantly anachenjeza kuthekera kudziponya (zambiri zikuchitika pa polowera ndi kubwereketsa pa bwaloli.) Anthu maguwa kubwera kudzera escalators, ndi okwana kutalika mamita 400. Mbali yaikulu ya ntchitoyi ndi Chipilala wosakhwima mamita 130 m'litali, wosamalira kutsetsereka padenga la nyumba masewera. Losonyeza Triomphe usiku kuonekera mbali zonse za London.

Chotero dongosolo denga n'kofunika kusamalira udzu. Chifukwa dzuwa zachilengedwe ukufika kuisamalira wa udzu wa bwalolo.

Germany. Berlin. Reichstag

Mu nyumba iyi, popanda kukokomeza, kuwatenga alendo onse Berlin. Anaumba Reichstag, lomwe limatchulidwa Bundestag, kupatula zokopa mbiri, wakhala mkulu zamakono zodabwitsa. Wopambana mu zaka 90 mpikisano zomangira wake Norman oterewa ali osati kupereka nyumba ya Assembly Federal (Bundestag) galasi mzikiti kupereka 360 madigiri view a mzinda - mitima ya Germany, komanso anapanga redesign lofunika voliyumu zam'mimba. Tikakhala labwinobwino kunja chigoba cha nyumba ya wamanga walenga wapadera haytekovskogo chilengedwe mkati. Izi zimatheka ndi thandizo mapanelo ano ndi nyumba zitsulo. Bright, masoka mwala ndi kukongoletsa konkire kupereka malo ano a Bundestag nthawi yomweyo lalikulu ndi ergonomic maonekedwe.

Kazakhstan. Astana. "Khan Shatyr"

Kodi mukuganiza wamanga aliyense anamangidwira chihema waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse? Funso ndi losafuna. nyumbayi chimakwirira yaikulu m'dera minda 10 mpira. Denga yake yapadera mwadala zinakonzedwa mawonekedwe a zenizeni oblique phirilo. wapadera wake - mu asymmetry ndi (wazomangamanga ndinabwereka lingaliro la Art Nouveau). Zikwi zingwe, akhomere izo sankalimbana nafe, pomanga nsanja pa nthawi yomweyo anali atathana 650 okwera mafakitale. Kumangidwa kwambiri wa nyumbayi inali ngati amasonyeza ndi!

Mkati mwa maofesi woyenera haytekovskogo ndi Kazakhstan yaikulu kugula ndi zosangalatsa pakati ndi ambiri odyera, masitolo, amagulako, zibonga, cinemas.

Komabe, wakuti "Khan Shatyr" ndi wapadera kwa steppe dziko dziwe lamkati ku gombe (mchenga mu ❖ kuyanika amene anali wotchuka woyera chiphala mchenga ku Maldives).

Britain. London. Ndege "Stansted"

Kamangidwe ka nyumba iyi, anamanga mu 50 kilometre mtunda kuchokera London, Ambuye oterewa anali kachiwiri pachiyambi. Iye poyamba anakana malamulo onse chakale cha ntchito yomanga maofesi amenewa. kulenga mfundo yake yaikulu - mophweka zovuta - kamodzinso unaonekera mu zonse. Wapadera osachiritsika denga galasi mothandizidwa ndi chimango zigawo chitoliro, contours amafanana Imatithandiza piramidi amateteza podikira ku mvula achilengedwe. Ndi kukhetsa amakono nyumba pafupi ndege, chokhala yaikulu galasi kyubu haytekovsky.

Britain. Boston. Museum wa Tirhana Zabwino

A ambiri zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho ya m'nyumbayi waukulu kwambiri Britain walenga vuto. Si zokwanira alipo malo kuwapezera malo okhala. Kuthandiza kutsamba Baron oterewa. Mu nkhani iyi, popanda kusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zilipo atathana cha nyumbayi, anamanga yaikulu masiku ano zinayi storeyed nyumba, zimene zinachititsa kufotokoza lonse la Art American. Danga vuto kwavomelezedwa kuti m'nyumbayi kwa zaka zambiri.

Germany. Frankfurt. "Commerzbank Tower"

Kuti Frankfurt nyumba ingathandize kamangidwe, ofanana Nsanja ya London kapena Eiffel Tower kwa Paris. Mwachidule, uwu ndi khadi malonda a mzinda. Wapadera triangular inawomba nyumba yaitali kukhazikitsa mfundo nyumba zachilengedwe European. Mkati pa apansi anayi wapadera mwauzimu anadzala minda: Mediterranean, ndi North America, Asia. Anthu amene ali mu nyumbayi, yomwe ili mu wapadera zachilengedwe chilengedwe-haytekovskogo.

moyo tsogolo

Mmodzi wa mapulani chidwi kwambiri nthawi yathu ndi Norman oterewa. Ntchito, ndi mapulani British maestro ku zomangamanga pasadafike. Iye ndi Albucasis ndi chosintha kutchukitsa maonekedwe a kamangidwe ka m'mizinda padziko lonse. kampani mapulani "oterewa ndi othandiza" zonse akumanga nyumba yophiphiritsira wapadera ku Ulaya, ku America, mu Asia. Characteristically, ali pambuyo erection awo anapereka bala kutalika mlingo zomangamanga, kukhala mfundo za chitukuko cha zomangamanga amakono a mizinda ndi zigawo.

Iye ali wanzeru. nyumba yake ndi zogwirizana m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana: kaya ndi wamakono wa nyumba boma kapena kukonzanso kwa nyumbayi mafakitale ntchito yomanga cilamulo kusitolo kapena chandamale cha zomangamanga m'tauni: mlatho kapena ndege.

Pakali pano, iye yakhazikitsa ntchito m'mayiko 22. Monga bwana wamkulu wa kampani yake ndi moyo kwa zaka zambiri patsogolo akukonzekera ntchito ya Norman oterewa.

Ntchito mu Russia - si kopindulitsa kwambiri ogwira ntchito, koma ndi chidwi. mfundo ndi yakuti, Ataganiza woyamba kugwirizana ndi mbuye, ndi Moscow boma wapita zina ndi kuchedwa kukhazikitsa enieni a ntchito. Ndi za inawomba nyumba yaitali ya, "Russia" ntchito, kutalika mamita 612 pa dera la Moscow Mayiko Business Center "Moscow City". Nyumba iyi ya 118 apansi pambuyo erection ake, adzakhala apamwamba mu Europe. An kuchuluka chidwi ya zomangamanga, zomwe zakonzedwa pa malo mamita lalikulu 520.800. Yomanga inayamba mu 2007. Komabe, kutsatira polojekiti kwathetsa Investor chachikulu - kampani Shalva Chigirinsky, akukumana ndi mavuto a zachuma. Ndiye kuti kampaniyo "oterewa ndi othandiza" anali akufuna kuchepetsa kutalika kwa nyumba katatu. Iyo inasonyeza zolinga zopinga ndalama za boma Moscow ku mavutowo. Ndiye, mu March 2012, kutalika anakonza nsanja chinaikidwa kwa mamita 360. Ndipo potsiriza ntchitoyi palimodzi adzasiyidwa. Today pa malo kumanga inamangidwa dongosolo mwapadera.

Pomaliza

Today iye ankaona wamanga wa nambala 1 mu dziko. Mu gulu lake la akatswiri 500 ntchito momaliziratu, ndi wina 100, iye inaitanitsa chaka pansi mgwirizano. Maestro The chinsinsi cha kupambana a zomangamanga ndi - mu zinthu payekha, komanso wamphamvu pakati pa gulu lake, womwenso anthu padziko lonse: David Nelson ndi Spencer de A Gray.

A mbadwa ya banja ntchito kalasi anali mwayi zokwanira kudikira kuti athe kuzindikira kulenga angathe kwambiri. Iye anatha kutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwawo kwa Britain malingaliro a kamangidwe, ndiyeno lonse. Wazomangamanga oterewa Norman mwachangu zipangizo mizinda ndi mayiko analenga yekha kalembedwe mapulani. Ngakhale zaka zake wolemekezeka (Baron-wamanga zaka 80), iye sizimapita mu mithunzi, kupitiriza outpace oveteredwa amisiri zamakono zonse zina zamakono kalembedwe.