US ndalama: madola pepala ndi ndalama

Lero dollar ndi ndalama wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko. Limeneli liyenera ndalama zikudziwika kulikonse. Kodi mtundu wa ndalama mu United States kupita tsopano? Kodi iwo anachokera kuti?

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Zonse zinayamba ndi thaler, kapena kani "yoahimstalerov". Limenelo linali dzina la ndalama zasiliva kutauni wanga wa Jáchymov (ano Czech Republic). dzina mwamsanga anatola asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda Britain, Dutch, Italy, Flemings, kusintha phokoso mu njira yake. Choncho, dollar mu British atsamunda America poyamba otchedwa ndalama Spanish. Monga ndalama kudziletsa USD analengeza mu 1785.

Paper ndalama mu mawonekedwe a nsinga anaonekera zambiri Massachusetts mu 1690. Re-anamasulidwa iwo mu 1703, ndipo Patapita zaka zingapo pepala ndalama Zafalikira mpaka United States. Pa nkhondo yomenyera ufulu ngakhale anaonekera "Ngelezi dollar," amene anathamangitsidwa mu kufalitsidwa ndalama zitsulo.

The vuto lalikulu la ndalama zimenezi zinali depreciation mofulumira. Pofika 1781 ndalama depreciated pafupifupi 40 nthawi. zaka zisanu atabwera lamulo mokakamizidwa zolimba ndalama pepala mu golide kapena siliva. Mu 1792 apo zinayamba kupangidwa US ndalama.

mbiri ya makono

Ngakhale miyezo anatengedwa ndi Boma, ndalama American si khola ndi muyezo. Choncho, mu 1861 pali yamtundu umodzi, amene apatsidwa ntchito yosindikiza American Bank Kamene Co. Inakhazikitsa zolemba mu zipembedzo wa 5, 10, 20 madola anali wobiriwira ndipo pomwepo unadziwika ngati "greenbacks".

Mu 1913, US ndalama opangidwa mwapadera sadalengedwa chifukwa cha ichi Federal Reserve Banks. Kwa zaka zambiri, dola anakhalabe bata. Anakakamizika kuzandima Wamkulu Depression mu 1933. Komabe, pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, udindo US ndale dziko chawonjezeka kwambiri, ndi m'mayiko a ku Ulaya anayamba imatsogoleredwa mwachangu ndalama American. Madola Posachedwapa ndalama yaikulu ya "Europe akale", chimakankhira ngakhale mapaundi chabwino.

Mu 1971, padziko lonse malo ndalama wayamba zimamutchipitsa kachiwiri. Patapita nthawi, pa kuyamba kwa Pulezidenti Nixon ija golide dollar reinforcements. Ndalama US kale anali kudziwa zina, kotero devaluation sanali bwanji udindo wake wa dziko. Mpaka pano ndi kubwerera.

lero dollar

Pakali pano, dola imatengedwa dziko la United States ndalama. Komanso, ngakhale XIX-XX m'ma anakhala ndalama zosavomerezeka mayiko ena ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Canada analengeza ndalama zake dziko mwamsanga 1857. Ndalama US ali ndi kachirombo Amalawi El Salvador, Panama, Palau, Bermuda, Marshall, Virgin Islands, Timor East, ndi zina zotero .. M'mayiko ena, dola zololeka ntchito limodzi ndi ndalama dziko Mwachitsanzo, pamaso izo zinali mu Zimbabwe.

The Federal Reserve System analengedwa mu 1913, lomwe masiku ano ndi udindo amasulidwe ndalama US yosindikiza. Ngongole ndi ndalama amapangidwa mogwirizana ndi zofuna za dziko, kupitirira alandira theka la kuchuluka okwana madola kusindikizidwa. % 1 yekha wa ndalama anapanga si mu ufulu kufalitsidwa. gawo mkango wa banknotes kusindikizidwa ndi cholinga m'malo makope nsanza.

banknotes

ngongole yonse, amene inakhazikitsa mu 1861, komabe amaonedwa chomveka ndi yovomerezeka. Paper ndalama chikalata zipembedzo wa 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, madola 100 US. Iwo ali ndi ufulu atembenuza mu iwowo.

Pali ngongole mu zipembedzo za 500, 1000, kapena 10 000. Koma iwo pokhala phased chifukwa cha anachitazi ntchito. Chifukwa ichi, mtengo wa banknotes oterowo ogulitsira malonda ndi apamwamba kuposa maonekedwe ake akunja. Banknotes mu zipembedzo za $ 10 000 ku zolowa zoposa 100. Mu 1934, Reserve Bank of United States linatulutsa wachilekaniro 100 000 madola Komabe, ntchito kokha kwa malipiro mu Federal Reserve System.

Mwamtheradi ngongole zonse ndi yofanana. kulemera wawo uli pafupi 1 gram. Mu 1928 izo anayamba kupanga lingaliro ambiri maonekedwe a dola. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndalama US anaika zithunzi za mapulezidenti ndi andale zofunika. Choncho, pa ngongole limasonyeza woyamba Minister US wa Finance Hamilton, John Marshall - wapampando wa ku Khoti Lalikulu. Pa banknote mu dollar 1 ukufanizidwa ndi pulezidenti woyamba wa United States Dzhordzh Vashington.

Mosiyana ndi banknotes dziko yosonyeza kuti zizindikiro wofunika m'mbiri ya dziko. Kumbali n'zosiyana wa banknote mu 1 dola US anaika Mwambi chachikulu: "Timakhulupirira Mulungu" pa bilu ya $ 5 ndi Lincoln Chikumbutso Utumiki wa nyumba Finance zikusonyezedwa 10, ndi White House - kuti madola 20. The ambiri osowa banknote kupezeka - $ 2, kuchita kusainira Chikalata cha ufulu wa dziko la United States akufotokozedwa pa mbali iwowo.

ndalama

Aliyense ndalama US, malinga ndi phindu mwadzina, ali yake dzina wamba. Panopa pali ndalama kupezeka mu cent 1, amene mwinamwake amatchedwa "khobiri" masenti ndalama 5 (faifi tambala), masenti 10 (kobiri), 25 masenti (kvoter), $ 1 (dollar). Palinso ndalama masenti 50 pansi pa dzina "Theka." Iwo amatuluka mu muyezo waung'ono, makamaka kwa okhometsa.

US Ndalama ndalama zimatenga mints ochepa San Francisco, Denver, West Point, New Orleans ndi Philadelphia. Aliyense masamba amalembedwa ndi mumamera British P, S, W, O, D.

Woyamba ndalama US kuyambira 1792, zinapangidwa ku golidi ndi siliva, mu chiŵerengero cha 1 15. ndalama The kwenikweni anali kukhala mawu akuti "Ufulu" ndi zizindikiro kugwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi. Kumbali n'zosiyana anaikidwa mphungu. Tsopano okha ndalama collectible anapanga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ntchito zina za nthaka, aloyi faifi tambala ndi mkuwa.

Mtengo ndi osowa ndalama

Ndipotu wina mu 1853 chikwiyire maonekedwe a ndalama mu masenti 3, amene ankaona osowa. Ndi chotero mtengo wakhala waponya mtengo wa wotumizira sitampu. Iwo anasiya kum'thamangitsa mu 1889, ndi zosatheka kupeza.

Mu 1848 ku California akuyamba "Gold kuthamangira", kotero kusankha kumasula latsopano golide ndalama 1 ndi 20 madola mu 1849. Pambuyo "Great Depression" ndalama za golidi kuchotsedwa kufalitsidwa, ndi mtengo kwambiri awa tsopano ankaona kuti $ 20 1933 lachitsanzo chaka.

Pambuyo kwambiri mtengo ndalama American amaonedwa dollar siliva, 1804 magazini, amene anagulitsidwa kwa $ 4 miliyoni, ndi masenti takzhe5 1913, anapereka makope asanu (omwe Ndipafupifupi miliyoni 4).