Universum ndi ... Tanthauzo lonse la lingaliro

Filosofi ya masiku ano imachokera pa mfundo zomwe zapangidwa kwa zaka zambirimbiri. Mosakayikira, ena a iwo ankadziwika kuti ndi amatsenga ndipo anasiya kugwiritsa ntchito sayansi mogwirizana ndi zochitika. Ena adasintha ndikusinkhasinkha, kenanso akulowa mu lexicon philosophical lexicon.

Universum mu mbiriyakale

Ndizosatsutsika kuti anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale amaganiziridwa pa nkhani za kukhala, kudzipereka ndi kukongola kwa nkhani. Ngakhale kuti chitukuko chisanachitike, akatswiri akale ankatha kumvetsa zosawerengeka za chilengedwe ndi zolephera za umunthu.

Mawu a filosofi anaphatikizapo mawu osiyanasiyana, omwe mu nthawi zosiyana za mbiriyakale anali ndi katundu wosiyanitsa. Lingaliro la chilengedwe linadziwika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Inde, kutanthauzira uku kunadalira woganiza ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito mawuwo mu lingaliro lafilosofi.

Akatswiri a atomu akale ankakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe ndi mndandanda wa maiko omwe amadza ndi kuwonongeka mosavuta. Socrates anatsatira malingaliro ofanana. Plato, motsutsana ndi atomists, amaganiza kuti chilengedwe ndi dziko la malingaliro omwe angathe kudziwika ndi dziko lenileni. Panaliponso woyambitsa wotere wa sayansi yamakono monga Leibniz. Iye amaganiza kuti chilengedwe ndi zambiri zamdziko, zomwe zimangokhala zenizeni ndipo zimadziwika ndi dziko lapansi.

Universum mu filosofi yamakono

Pakali pano, tanthawuzo lokhazikika lapangidwa mu filosofi, lomwe limapereka kutanthauzira kwatsatanetsatane: chilengedwe ndi lingaliro limene limatanthawuza zenizeni zonse ndi zikhumbo zake, nthawi ndi malo. Ndilo chiŵerengero cha zizindikiro zonse zapamwamba zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitsimikizire kutsimikizira kukhalako kweniyeni, koma apa pali funso lalikulu. Kodi chenicheni ndi chiyani? Kodi cholinga chenicheni n'chotheka? Mwina chiwonetsero cha "Ine" mu dziko lapansi sichikugwirizana ndi chilengedwe chonse, koma ndi mndandanda wa zochitika zenizeni zokhudzana ndi zina zomwe anthu akuyenera kukumana nacho.

Vuto la lingaliro

Lingaliro la "chilengedwe" mu filosofi yamakono liri ndi njira zingapo zamasulira. Izi zimachitika mwachindunji ndi kukula kwa mawuwo. Wolemba zakuthupi amadziwa lingaliro la "chilengedwe" ngati mgwirizano weniweni wa chilengedwe ndi microcosm, popanda kupanga kusiyana kwenikweni pakati pa izi.

Weniweni angaganize kuti mawuwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha pofotokoza njira yolumikizana pakati pawekha ndi chilengedwe chonse. Chifukwa chake, pali zotsatira zina.

Katswiri wa zaumulungu amadziwa mawu awa monga cholengedwa cha chilengedwe chonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, Mulungu, pokhala kunja kwa nthawi, amapanga zikhumbo za chilengedwe - nthawi, nkhani, malo. Chinthu chokha chomwe chimagwirizanitsa onse oimira filosofi ndi lingaliro la lingaliro la "chilengedwe" monga chinthu choyandikana ndi malingaliro a chilengedwe chonse, dziko, chilengedwe, kukhala.

Anthropology ndi chilengedwe

Malinga ndi akatswiri afilosofi, onse akale ndi amasiku ano, munthu ndi chiyanjano chomwe chimagwirizanitsa macrocosm ndi microcosmic particles. Mosakayikira, munthu ndi munthu wangwiro amene ali ndi lingaliro lachinsinsi la kukhala kwake. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera kuti chikhalidwe cha munthu chimasweka. Ngakhale tsopano munthu sangakwanitse kukhazikitsa umphumphu wa dziko lake lamkati, lomwe nthawi zambiri limachotsedwa kusemphana ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu.

Lingaliro la chilengedwe ndi munthu likuwonetsera mkhalidwe wa kukhala wokhazikika, kuwonetseredwa kwa mwiniwake kukhala weniweni, kukhazikitsidwa kwa "I" mwiniwake muzosatha.

Mtendere ndi chilengedwe

Liwu lakuti "mtendere" ndilo lingaliro lofunika kwambiri la filosofi lomwe lili ndi malire ambiri. Malingana ndi lingaliro la filosofi, nthawizina limakhala losiyana kwambiri ndi tanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani lingaliro lakuti atheism ndi chithunzi chachipembedzo cha kulengedwa kwa dziko lapansi.

Lingaliro la "mtendere" limagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zochitika ziwiri zotsutsana kwenikweni. Kulenga chenichenicho ndi ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri ndi cholinga ndipo, pamene njira yowonekera ndi chitukuko ndizochitika zachilengedwe, zimagwirizanitsa mosangalala.

Pali zovuta zodziwikiratu poyerekezera mawu akuti "dziko" ndi lingaliro la "chilengedwe", lomwe liri ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana mosiyana ndi katundu wochepa womwe umayikidwa ndi wafilosofi.

Choncho, kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri kwa lingaliro la "mtendere", "chilengedwe" ndiko kuthekera kozindikiritsa chilengedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa maiko omwe amachokera ku kukhalapo kwa anthu osiyanasiyana. Ndi kuchuluka kwa umunthu umene umapanga kuchuluka kwa maiko, omwe, motengera mawonetseredwe enieni, amapanga zambiri mogwirizana ndi chowonadi.

Chigawo cha Chilengedwe

Zambiri za dziko lapansi zimachokera ku kuthekera kwa mgwirizano weniweni ndi zochitika za dziko lapansi. Chilengedwe chonse, pokhala ndi chiwerengero chokwanira cha nkhani, chimayambitsa kuyanjana kwa maubwenzi osiyanasiyana ndi chenicheni chenicheni, kupanga chiwerengero chokwanira cha zenizeni. Poganiza kuti pakatikati pa chilengedwe chonse chikuphatikizidwa pa chowonadi chenichenicho ndipo chimachokera ku kugwirizana kwa macrocosm ndi microcosm, ndizosakayikitsa kuti n'zotheka kokha pamene munthu akudutsa mu chowonadi pomwepo ndikupereka kwa macrocosmos kusinthidwa. Ndiyenera kulankhula za mtundu wina wa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe chonse.

Thupi losagonjetsa

Funsolo ndi lochititsa chidwi, chifukwa chakuti lingaliro la "chilengedwe" lingatheke pokhapokha ndi lingaliro la kukhala munthu. Zolengedwa zonse ndizokhazikitsidwa mwachindunji ndi zosawerengeka za umunthu mu Chilengedwe. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi dziko liripo kupyola malire a chidziwitso? Inde, tingathe kuganiza kuti, pamapeto pake, dziko lidzatha kudziwononga kapena kuwonongeka mwachindunji ndi munthu, ndiye zotsatira zake ziri zomveka: chilengedwe ndi mfundo zomaliza.

Komabe, ngati titengera kukhalapo kwa Mulungu, ndikumacheza ndi umunthu wake ndi chilengedwe chonse kuti lingaliro la chilengedwe silingakhale ndi malire, pakuti kukhalapo kwake kukudziwika kuti ndi yopanda malire. Muzochitika izi, nkofunika kuyesa kuti musagwiritse ntchito malingaliro omwe ali anthropomorphic ndipo osagwira ntchito kwa Mulungu. Pambuyo povomereza kuti kuthekera kwa ubale kumaphatikizapo kuwonetseratu kwa Mulungu kuti zikhale zenizeni ndi kutulukira kwa zenizeni, pali mwayi wotsitsa Supernature kwa chikhalidwe chachikunja, chomwe chimatsutsidwa ndi afilosofi ambiri.